1、翻译基础翻译基础Translation Techniques英语特殊句型的翻译outlinen 英语否定句的翻译反译法n 英译汉中的正传反n 英译汉中的反转正n英语被动句的汉译n 九种倒装形式1.1.Translate the following sentences:(1)“Dont stop working,”he said.n他说，“继续干活吧。”(2)He went into the insecure building.n他走进那所危楼。(3)He knew he was mortally ill.n他知道自己得的是不治之症。n（4）他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。He still could
2、not understand me.(正译)nStill he failed to understand me.(反译)n（5）Please withhold the document for the time being.请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译）n请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）1.2Definitionn正面和反面表达主要是指在英语里是否用no,not 或者带有否定前缀如de-,dis-,im-,in-,un-,-less的词，在汉语里是否用“不”、“非”、“无”、“没有”、“未”、“否”等字。n在英译汉过程中，我们常常遇到这样一种情况，即原词所表达的并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反
3、义，或者说是对其字面意义的否定，可这种否定又往往不出现否定词，这种情况并不很少，给翻译工作带来很大的麻烦。riot police 防暴警察（即 anti-riot police）crisis law 反危机法案（即 anti-crisis law)1.3.英译汉中的正转反：n动词nThe first bombs missed the target.n第一批炸弹没有击中目标。nSuch a chance was denied me.n我没有得到这样一个机会。n副词nWe may safely say so.n我们这样说错不了。nA:The boy is quite clever.B:Exactl
4、y.n甲：这孩子很聪明。乙：一点不错。nHe is not stupid,merely ignorant.n他并不愚笨，仅仅是无知而已。nIt would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out.n甚至只要有一点点风声漏出去，结果就不堪设想。nThe explanation is pretty thin.n这个解释是相当不充实的。n介词nThis problem is above me.n这个问题我不懂。nIt was beyond his power to sign such a contract.n他无权签订这种合同。
5、nThese planes were held back to protect the enemys home islands instead of being used where they were badly needed.n这些飞机被留在后方保卫敌人本岛，未用于其他急需的地方。n连接词nThe guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered.n游击队员宁愿战斗到死，而绝不投降。n名词nThis failure was the making of him.n这次不成功是他成功的基础。nBy about six-thirty
6、the sounds of aircraft,trucks and tanks had become quite familiar,but a series of small explosions nearby seemed cause for new anxiety.n大约到六点半，大家对飞机、卡车和坦克的声音已经很习以为常了。但是附近一些轻微的爆炸声似乎造成了新的不安不安。n短语nThe islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war.n岛民发现自己远远没有远远没有做好作战准备。nBoth sides thought t
7、hat the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity.n双方认为，那和平建议是一个他们可以接受而不失体不失体面的面的建议。nWe believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.n我们相信，年青一代将不会辜负不会辜负我们的信任。nWhen Philip missed the last bus,he was at a loss to know what to do.n菲利普误了最后一班公共汽车，茫然不知该怎么办。nEveryone has t
8、he right to be free from hunger.n人人有不挨饿的权利。n句子nIf it worked once,it can work twice.n一次得手，再次不愁再次不愁。nHe was 75,but he carried his years lightly.n他七十五了，可是并不显老并不显老。nMy guess is as good as yours.n我的猜测并不比你的高明。我的猜测并不比你的高明。nThe decision has to come.n决定还没有做出。决定还没有做出。nMen are too clever to let themselves be c
9、heated by fashion designers.n男人们很聪明，他们不会上时装设计者们的当。1.4.英译汉中的反转正：英译汉中的反转正：n（一）动词nI rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded.n一天我和他乘车转了一转，看看船如何卸货卸货。nThe doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.n虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。n（二）副词nHe carelessly glanced through the note and got away.
10、n他马马虎虎地马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。nMany agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect resigned dishonorably.n许多人认为首相辞职实际上是很丢面子丢面子的。n（三）形容词nHe was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.n他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。nAll the articles are untouchable in the museum.n博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。n（四）名词nIt was said that someone ha
11、d sown discord among them.n据说有人在他们中间搞挑拨离间挑拨离间。nHe manifested a strong dislike for his fathers business.n他对他的父亲的行业表示强烈的厌恶情绪厌恶情绪。n（五）短语nDont lose time in posting this letter.n赶快赶快把这封信寄出去。nStudents,with no exception,are to hand in their papers this afternoon.n今天下午学生统统统统要交书面作业。n（六）句子nThe significance of
12、 these incidents wasnt lost on us.n这些事件引起了我们的重视。nSuch flights couldnt long escape notice.n这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。n（七）双重否定nThere is no rule that has no exception.n任何规则都有例外。nHardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S.citizens.n美国公民科盲日益严重，这种调查报告几
13、乎月月都有。2.1 Passive Voice in the English LanguageEnglish passive voice is used to indicate an unknown subject,for the purpose of emphasis,or for the sake of stylistic device.1)When the active subject is unknown or cannot be readily stated,for example:We are kept strong and well by clean air.清洁的空气使我们身体
14、健康。2)When the actor is known but need not be mentioned,Visitors are requested no to touch the exhibits.观众请勿触摸展品。2.1 Passive Voice in the English Language 3)When the actor is emphasized for some special purpose,The three machines can be controlled by a single operator.这三台机器可以由一人单独操控。4)When the passiv
15、e structure is used as a stylistic device to avoid the incoherence of structure shifting,John was a lawyers son and was destined to the bar.约翰是律师的儿子，注定要当律师。英语中被动语态使用范围很广。凡是在不必说出主动者、不愿说出主动者、无从说出主动者或者是为了便于连贯上下文等等场合，往往都用被动语态。英语使用被动式，常常是为了表示某种客观、间接和非人称的口气，以迎合某些表达的需要。汉语要表达同样的口气，往往不用被动式，而是用无主句、主语省略句、主语泛称句
16、以及其他句式。2.2 Methods of Translating English Sentences in the passive voice2.2.1 Converting the Passive Voice into the Active 译成汉语主动句2.2.1.1 Keeping the original subject unchangednThe whole country was armed in a few days.n几天内全国就武装起来了。nThe sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never be
17、en really eradicated.n在青少年时期留下的自卑感还远远没有完全消除。2.2.1 Converting the Passive Voice into the Active 译成汉语主动句2.2.1.2 Changing original object into subjectnBy the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.n大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。nA new way of displaying time has been given by electronics.n电子技术
18、提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。2.2.1.3 Changing the Passive into the predicative verb“是”nThe picture was painted by Professor Smith.n这幅画是史密斯教授画的。nThe house was built of wood in 1985.n这座房子是1985年用木头修建的。nThe decision to attack was not taken lightly.n进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。2.2.2 Adding a proper subject to make the Chinese Versio
19、n smoothnSalt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.n大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。nTo explore the moons surface,rockets were launched again and again.n为了探测月球的表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。2.2.3 Converting the Passive Voice into a Subjectless Sentence 译成无主语句nThe unpleasant noise must be immediately put to
20、 an end.n必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。nAttention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.n已经注意到采取防腐新措施。nBest surface finish is provided by machining methods,especially by grinding.n用机械加工方法，特别是磨削方法，可以获得最佳表面光洁度。2.2.4 Keeping the Passive Structure Unchanged 译成汉语被动句n1）Rendering into Chinese by Using“被”o
21、r“给”n2）Rendering into Chinese by Using“遭”or“受”n3）Rendering into Chinese by Using“为所”1）Rendering into Chinese by Using“被”or“给”nIf the scheme is approved,work on the project will start immediately.n如果方案被批准，这项工程将立即动工。nAt the end of the mouth he was fired for incompetence.n月底，他因不胜任工作而被解雇了。nAny minute we
22、 could surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.n我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。2）Rendering into Chinese by Using“遭”or“受”nOur foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.n我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。nHe was set upon by two masked men.n他遭到两个蒙面男子的袭击。nEveryone was fed up with her go
23、ssip.n人人都受够了她的流言飞语。3）Rendering into Chinese by Using“为所”nSuch conduct will be looked down upon by all with a sense of decency.n这种行为将会为一切有良知的人所蔑视。nAs soon as all the facts have been found out,we can begin to formulate a theory.n一旦所有的事实为人们所发现，理论即可形成。nAll the buildings were destroyed in a big fire.n所有的
24、建筑物均为一场大火所焚毁。Translation of Passive Sentence Patterns 常用被动句型的翻译n以it 作为形式主语的英语句子，又称非人称被动式 Impersonal Passive Voice）在译文中常要改成主动形式，有时不加主语，有时则加上不确定的主语，如“有人”、“大家”、“人们”、“我们”等。不加主语时：nIt is hoped that 希望nIt is reported that 据报nIt is said that 据说nIt is supposed that 据推测nIt may be said without fear of exaggera
25、tion that 可以毫不夸张地说nIt must be admitted that 必须承认nIt must be pointed out that 必须指出nIt will be seen from this that 由此可见可加主语的：nIt is asserted that 有人主张nIt is believed that 有人相信nIt is generally considered that 大家认为nIt is well known that 众所周知nIt will be said that 有人会说nIt was told that 有人曾说 The Passive Vo
26、ice Replaced by Other Structures 被动语态用其他手段代替 nThe village is populated by about 13,000 farmers.n这个村子里住着大约13000农民。nMost trees are denuded of leaves in winter.n大多数树木冬天要落叶。nShe was delivered of a boy.n她生了一个男孩。nShe did not wish to be troubled.n她不愿找麻烦。The Passive Voice Replaced by Other Structures 被动语态用其
27、他手段代替 nThe news was passed on by word of mouth.n众口相传，消息不胫而走。nHe was told that two of them seemed unlikely to make the grade.n他已得知他们中有两个人好像不能及格。nShe and her husband have been asked out for the banquet.n她和丈夫应邀赴宴去了。nHe has been wedded to translation.n他与翻译结下不解之缘。III.Nine Types of Inversion in English La
28、nguage 九类词序倒装现象n1.Interrogative inversion 疑问倒装疑问倒装nWhat did you do yesterday?n你昨天干什么来着？n2.Imperative inversion 命令倒装命令倒装nSpeak you,said Mr.Black,Speak you,good fellow！“n 布莱克先生叫道：“说，说吧！伙计！”n3.Exclamatory Inversion 惊叹倒装惊叹倒装n How dreadful is this place！n这地方好可怕啊！n4.Hypothetical inversion 假设倒装假设倒装n Had yo
29、u come yesterday，you could have seen him here.n要是你昨天来了，你就会在这里看到他的。Nine Types of Inversion in English Languagen5.Balance inversion 平衡倒装平衡倒装nThrough a gap came an elaborately described ray.n从一个空洞透出一束精心描绘的光线。n6.Link inversion 衔接倒装衔接倒装nOn this depends the whole argument.n整个争论都以此为论据。n7.Signpost inversion 点题倒装点题倒装nBy strategy is meant something wider.n战略的意义比较广。n8.Negative inversion 否定倒装否定倒装n Not a word did he say.n他只字未说。n9.Metrical inversion 韵律倒装韵律倒装nAs pants the hart for cooling streams.（As the hart pants for cooling streams.）n像公鹿渴望清凉的小溪一样。
