1、A New English GrammarByZhang SA brief introduction of the subject-GrammarWhat is grammar?The importance of grammar1.Its importance in English subject2.Its importance in majors studySome interesting examples in grammarMeans of learning grammar Grammar is the structural system of a language.If we say
2、vocabulary is just like bricks or concrete in building,then grammar is just like rebar.Grammar makes your language correct and accrate.Grammar is important in developing students listening,speaking,reading and writing abilities.一道TOFLE听力题He doesnt exercise because he likes to.a.He likes to exercise
3、by himself.b.He exercises for reasons other than enjoyment.c.Hes glad he doesnt have to exercise.d.He doesnt have enough time to exercise.Pay attention to these sentences:The groups first book on information systems is been testing in Indonesia.The groups first book on information systems is being t
4、est in Indonesia.The groups first book on information systems is be tested in Indonesia.The groups first book on information systems is being tested in Indonesia.The books could be print or read on a computer or copy onto a CD or DVD.The books could be printed or read on a computer or copy onto a CD
5、 or DVD.The books could be printed or read on a computer or copied onto a CD or DVD.Observe the following sentences in majors writing:Some people hold the answer is“yes”.We should be honesty.Without doubtness,honestness is a very significant policy for a good person.But is telling the truth always b
6、etter than tell lies?My mother was so angry that going to punish us strictly.Some people suspect that is it really important to be honesty?Look at this sentence:Watch was lost.A/The watch was lost.This/That watch was lost.My/Marys/An old mans watch was lost.One/Every/No/Neither watch was lost.Anothe
7、r 2 examples:His all books are on the desk.My that dictionary was brought last year.All his books are on the desk.My dictionary/That dictionary was brought last year.That dictionary of mine was brought last year.Grammatical Hierarchy The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks:t
8、he sentence,the clause,the phrase,the word and the morpheme.Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank.The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit while the morpheme is the minimum or the lowest rank.Morphemes:the minimum or smallest grammatic
9、al unit,the smallest meaningful element of speech1.Free morphemes:a complete meaning,a simple word2.Bound morphemes:only exists as an inflectional or derivational affixes.3.Allomorphs:the variants of the same morphemes WordsThe word is composed of one or more than one morpheme.Classfication in terms
10、 of word-formation Simple words,derivatives and compounds Classfication in terms of grammatical functionClosed-class words and open-class wordsSome affixes pseudo:adj.not genuine;pretended pseudo-scholars;pseudo event a pseudo esthete;pseudoclassic假美学家；伪古典主义 It is essential to create an atmosphere i
11、n society at large favorable for respecting and promoting science,encouraging innovation and opposing superstition and pseudo-science.act在全社会形成崇尚科学、鼓励创新、反对迷信和伪科学的良好氛围。pro:prefix,in favour of;supportingpro-Chinese pro-AmericanDebated the issue pro and con.ultra:adj.extreme or immoderate,esp in belief
12、s or opinionsultraleftist ultraconservativePhrasesThe phrase is composed of one or more than one word.Generally,the phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head.1.The noun phrase 2.The verb phrase3.The adjective phrase4.The adverb phrase5.The prepositional phras
13、e Note:The general pattern of a noun phrase is:(determiner)+(premodifier)+noun+(postmodifier)Usually,a pronoun stands for a noun phrase,but not a noun.eg.The basketball players lost the game.They had played poorly.ClausesThe clause is composed of one or more than one phrase.A full-fledged(fledge,v.装
14、上羽毛,长羽毛)clause is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of“subject+predicate”.1.Independent and dependent clauses2.Simple and complex clauses3.Main and subordinate clauses4.Finite and non-finite clauses5.Verbless clauses Sentences The sentence is the highest rank of grammat
15、ical unit.Based on one or more than one clause,the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse;it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication.Thus,a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can stand by itself and perform a communicative function.1.
16、Full and minor sentences 2.Simple,compound,complex and compound-complex sentences（Premier Wen says）diplomatic snub against China in Copenhagen still a mystery U.S.responsible for disruptions in relations:Chinese premier China to increase imports,promote balanced trade:Premier Wen HK to see gradual p
17、rogress in promoting democracy:PremierChapter one Sentence Structure Basic Structures:SSubject VVerb CComplement OObject(Direct Object&Indirect Object)AAdverbial 宾语补语&主语补语 I saw him go out.He was seen go out(by me).You are a student.We made him our monitor.We tried to make him happy.I left him downs
18、tairs.When he came to,he found himself in the hospital.I asked him to help me.I saw him walking out.We found him disappointed.Five basic sentence structures:SVC She is in good health.(linking verbs:be,feel,look,prove,remain,resemble,sound,stay,become,grow,turn,smell,taste)SV Everybody laughed.(Intra
19、nsitive verbs)SVO I love you.(transitive verbs)SVoO SVOC I give him a book.SVOC We made him our monitor.SVA I live in Beijing.SVOA I put the book on the desk.宾语的补语和宾语之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系。He is reading.He has read the novel.consider:verb 1 to think about sth carefully,esp.in order to make a decision VN She c
20、onsidered her options.V ing We are considering buying a new car.V wh-We need to consider how the law might be reformed.He was considering what to do next.V I d like some time to consider.2 consider sb/sth(as)sth To think of sb/sth in a particular way VN-N This award is considered(to be)a great honou
21、r.VN-ADJ Who do you consider(to be)responsible for the accident?V-that She considers that it is too early to form a definite conclusion.V-to inf He is generally considered to have the finest tenor voice in the country.3 4V-Linking verb/half linking verbC:(be)n,adj;（half linking v）adj;He sings beauti
22、ful.It sounds beautiful.He became a teacher.He became strong.Half linking verb 1.感官动词和表示“似乎，好像”等意义的词 2.表示状态转变的动词 The milk goes sour.My dreams come true.3.表示保持某种状态的系动词 BeComplement Is he in or out?He is upstairs.He is at home.She is in hospital.My purpose is to help him out.It is exciting./We are exc
23、ited.My job is taking care of the baby.The news is disappointing./We are disappointed.He is able to help me.He is able to help me He beat her hard.It took me 25 yuan to buy this coat.This coat cost 25 yuan.I spent 25 yuan on the coat./in buying the coat.Transformation and expansion of basic clause t
24、ypes TransformationAn affirmative clausea negative oneA statementa questionAn active clausea passive one ExpansionAdding modifiers at various levelsExpanding through coordination and subordination The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _ his argument in favor of the new theory.A.which to b
25、ase on B.to base on which C.on which to base D.which to be based on _ at conveying her underlying message through topical plots and contemporary characters that by 1940 her book had sold some three million copies.A.So successful was Grace Lee B.Because Grace Lee was so successful Some difficult sent
26、ences Writing increased as a problem as students discovered difficulties in writing papers that they were now expected to hand in.I looked over the brown vast autumn earth about me where I had worked when everything was green and growing,where birds sang in the spring air as they built their nests.W
27、hile it is not possible to know the true amount of crime committed by people released from prison in any given year,we do know the extent to which those under parole are jailed again for major crime convictions.While elite colleges and universities still have high standards of admissions,some of the
28、“exclusive”prisons now require about five prior serious crimes before an inmate is accepted into their correctional program.A Puma at large 逃遁的美洲狮 Pumas are large,cat-like animals which are found in America.When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of
29、 London,they were not taken seriously.However,as the evidence began to accumulate,experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate,for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking
30、blackberries saw a large cat only five yards away from her.It immediately ran away when she saw it,and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.The search proved difficult,for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty
31、 miles away in the evening.Wherever it went,it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.Several people complained of cat-like noises at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the pum
32、a up a tree.The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma,but where had it come from?As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country,this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.The hunt went on for several weeks,b
33、ut the puma was not caught.It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.Thirteen equals one十三等于一 Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another,but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.The big cloc
34、k which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since.One night,however,our vicar work up with a start:the clock was striking the hours!Looking at his watch,he saw that it was one oclock,but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped.Armed wit
35、h a torch,the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.In the torchlight,he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins,our local grocer.Whatever are you doing up here Bill?asked the vicar in surprise.Im trying to repair the bell,answered Bill.Ive been
36、coming up here night after night for weeks now.You see,I was hoping to give you a surprise.You certainly did give me a surprise!said the vicar.Youve probably woken up everyone in the village as well.Still,Im glad the bell is working again.Thats the trouble,vicar,answered Bill.Its working all right,b
37、ut Im afraid that at one oclock it will strike thirteen times and theres nothing I can do about it.Well get used to that,Bill,said the vicar.Thirteen is not as good as one,but its better than nothing.Now lets go downstairs and have a cup of tea.An unknown goddess 无名女神Some time ago,an interesting dis
38、covery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea.An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini.The city at one time must have been prosperous,for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.Houses-often three storeys high-were built of st
39、one.They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls.The city was equipped with a drainage system,for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C.until Roman times.In the
40、 most sacred room of temple,clay fragments of fifteen statues were found.Each of these represented a goddess and had,at one time,been painted.The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C.Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C.Th
41、is head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved.It was very old and precious even then.When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments,they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.She stood three feet high and her hands rested on
42、her hips.She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground.Despite her great age,she was very graceful indeed,but,so far,the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.The double life of Alfred Bloggs 阿尔弗雷德.布洛格斯的双重生活 These days,people who do manual work often receive far more
43、money than people who work in offices.People who work in offices are frequently referred to as white-collar workers for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.Such is human nature,that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of
44、 becoming white-collar workers.This can give rise to curious situations,as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.When he got married,Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job.He simply told her that he worked for the Corpora
45、tion.Every morning,he left home dressed in a smart black suit.He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.Before returning home at night.He took a shower and changed back into his suit.Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret Alfs wife has
46、never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will,for Alf has just found another job.He will soon be working in an office.He will be earning only half as much as he used to,but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money.From now on,he will wear a suit all day and o
47、thers will call him Mr.Bloggs,not Alf.Ex.1C 1.Walden Pond,once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty,is now the site of many tourist stands.2.Almost every summer night the cooling northeast wind swept through our bedroom windows,making air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome./Sw
48、eeping through our bedroom windows almost every summer night,the cooling northeast wind made air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome.3.The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow,which fed two streams plunging down to join in the valley below.4.With the river on one side and
49、a large tree providing shade,this is a good spot for a picnic,and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll.5.Panting for breath after running up the stairs,Mr Wood stood at his neighbours door and knocked again and again till someone opened it.6.The town folk envied Horace,who had come into a s
50、mall fortune with which he bought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in town.7.Standing in front of the mirror,Jim looked at his image,wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years.8.The idea that his only daughter whom he had greatly wronged might nev
