(英语)英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项含解析.doc

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1、(英语)英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项含解析一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类1犇犇阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。 When athletes at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics collect their medals, theyll not only be wearing something that celebrates their sporting performance, but something that symbolizes lastingness. For both the 2020 Olympics and Paralym

2、pics, organizers aim to make all of the gold, silver, and bronze medals out of used electronics. This strong message about how to make use of e-waste has gotten a lot of Japan involved. Starting in April 2017, the Japanese Olympic Committee began collecting old laptops, digital cameras, smartphones,

3、 and other abandoned electronics. The initiative (倡议) has achieved great success. Already, the quantity needed for bronze medals has been met, and theyre in the homestretch for silver and gold medals, meaning the collection process can pack up at the end of March. When looking just at the number of

4、cell phones collected, the amount of waste is shocking. In a period of about 18 months, a little over 5 million smartphones were collected thanks to cooperation with NTT DOCOMO. Japans largest mobile phone operator allowed the public to turn in phones at their shops, which counted a lot in the proje

5、cts success. After being taken apart and sorted, the small electronics underwent a smelting process to extract (提炼) all the gold, silver, and bronze elements. Thanks to this initiative, the worldwide struggle with e-waste will have a global platform. According to a study published by the United Nati

6、ons University44.7 million metric tons of e-waste were made in 2016. Only 20% of that was actually recycled. Unfortunately, this figure is set to rise significantly in the coming years, moving to 52.2 million metric tons by 2021. So while the Tokyo Olympics initiative might be just a drop in the buc

7、ket, its a good start in showing what the public can do if theyre made more aware of the issue.(1)What can be learnt about Tokyo Olympics initiative from the passage? A.E-waste in the world is increasing significantly.B.It is easy to get elements needed from the used electronics.C.Only producers of

8、electronics participated in the project.D.NTT DOCOMO contributed to the success of the project.(2)Which can best replace the underlined word homestretch in Paragraph 2? A.starting periodB.collection effortC.final stageD.hard search(3)What influence does the Tokyo Olympics initiative have? A.It offer

9、s an effective method to solve the problem of e-waste.B.It shows the power of advanced technology in daily life.C.It saves the expense spent in making all the medals.D.It encourages the publics involvement in dealing with e-waste.(4)What is the writers attitude to the Tokyo Olympics initiative? A.Po

10、sitiveB.NegativeC.AmbiguousD.Indifferent【答案】 (1)D(2)C(3)D(4)A 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了日本将回收利用废弃的电子产品中的金属,用于制作2020年奥运会奖牌。 (1)考查推理判断。根据第三段中的 In a period of about 18 months, a little over 5 million smartphones were collected thanks to cooperation with NTT DOCOMO. 在大约18个月的时间里,由于与NTT Docomo的合作,收集了500多万部智能手机,

11、故选D。 (2)考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的Already, the quantity needed for bronze medals has been met, and theyre in the homestretch for silver and gold medals, meaning the collection process can pack up at the end of March. 铜牌所需要的数量已经达到了,并且到了最后关头,也就是说,收集过程可以在3月底完成。 in the homestretch 固定短语,“最后关头”,故选C。 (3)考查推理判断。根据最后一段中

12、的 So while the Tokyo Olympics initiative might be just a drop in the bucket, its a good start in showing what the public can do if theyre made more aware of the issue. 所以尽管东京奥运会的提议只是杯水车薪,这是一个很好的开始,展示了如果公众对这个问题有了更多的认识,他们能做些什么。故选D。 (4)考查推理判断。根据全文的描述,可知作者对于东京奥运倡议是持积极的态度,故选A。 【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查,

13、是一篇科研类阅读,考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,从而选出正确答案。2犇犇阅读理解 A single dose(剂量) of an experimental vaccine(疫苗) can protect mice against the Zika(寨卡) virus, raising renewed hope of a vaccine for humans, say scientists. The US team say the results, published in Nature, are striking and should encourage research ef

14、forts. Tests in humans could begin in months. But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine for widespread use to protect those at most risk such as pregnant women would still be years away, experts advise. Zika has been spreading across Central and South America and, most recently, Africa. More tha

15、n 60 countries and territories now have continuing transmission(传播) of the disease, which is carried by mosquitoes. The virus causes serious birth damages during pregnancy and has been declared a global public health emergency. Now, developing a vaccine for pregnant women to protect their unborn bab

16、ies is an international research priority(优先事项). US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice one based on bits of genetic(基因的) code from the virus and another that is an in

17、active (and therefore harmless) copy of Zika. Both worked well, protecting every mouse that was immunised against the virus. In comparison, all of the mice not given the vaccine caught Zika after they were exposed to it. Researchers say they will push ahead with developing the needed virus vaccine.

18、There are many existing vaccines for other disease that use this type of technology, while there are relatively few DNAbased vaccines. Of course, future tests will need to check the vaccine is safe and effective in humans, as well as how long the immunity might last.(1)If the tests in humans go smoo

19、thly, . A.a vaccine for use in the laboratory will be still be years away.B.pregnant women in Africa will be the first to benefit from the vaccine.C.a licensed vaccine will still not be accessible in a short term.D.The Zika virus will cause less serious birth defects during pregnancy in months.(2)Wh

20、ich of the following statements is NOT true? A.many countries are actively involved in the research of the Zika vaccine.B.US scientists have tested more than two types of Zika vaccine in mice.C.None of the mice given the vaccine caught Zika.D.It is still unknown whether the vaccine is safe and effec

21、tive.(3)Which can be the best title for the passage? A.Zika vaccine works very well in miceB.Zika vaccine still has a long way to goC.International researches into Zika have paid offD.More attention has been paid to Zika vaccine【答案】 (1)C(2)B(3)A 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了科学家发现一种实验性疫苗可以保护小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵袭。 (1)考查细

22、节理解。根据第二段中的But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine for widespread use to protect those at most risk such as pregnant women would still be years away可知,但是,即使这些进展顺利,一种广泛用于保护高危人群的授权疫苗仍需数年时间,也就是说如果人体试验进展顺利的话,短期内仍无法获得授权疫苗,故选C。 (2)考查细节理解。根据第三段中的US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Re

23、search, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice可知,美国科学家在白鼠身上只测试了两种而不是两种以上的寨卡病毒,故选B。 (3)考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的A single dose(剂量) of an experimental vaccine(疫苗) can protect mice against the Zika(寨卡) virus,可知,一种实验性疫苗可以保护小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵袭,由此可知,本文主要介绍的

24、是寨卡病毒疫苗对小白鼠非常有效,故选A。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查,是一篇科研类阅读,考生需要准确掌握细节信息,同时根据上下文进行推理,归纳,从而选出正确答案。3犇犇Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. Studies show that older people tend to remember the positive things in life rather than the negative th

25、ings, while younger people remember the positive and negative equally well. The dominant psychological theory to explain this is that older people are aware of their limited time left, so they prioritize positive emotional experiences. But about a decade ago, I worked with biologist Robert Trivers o

26、n his idea that there was an evolutionary basis for older peoples increased positive outlook. Our research took us in the fascinating direction of exploring how the body uses its energy. When our ancestors needed more energy than usual, perhaps while being chased by a tiger, they had to get that ene

27、rgy from somewhere in the body. Could they borrow it from the brain? That organ uses 20 percent of our metabolic (新陈代谢) output, whether we are solving math problems or watching television reruns. Due to this constant energy requirement, borrowing energy from the brain when our need surpasses the ava

28、ilable supply is not an option. Perhaps we could borrow energy from our muscles. Because we use far more muscle energy when we are active than when at rest, in principle, we could borrow energy when we are sitting. But the problem is that most of the energy-demanding emergencies of our ancestors req

29、uired a muscular response. There was no way to borrow energy from our muscles during an emergency because relaxing when a tiger showed up was not an effective response. This brings us to our immune system, which, when strong, protects us from many illnesses and diseases. Like the brain, the immune s

30、ystem works at great metabolic cost, but largely in the service of keeping us healthy in the future. We have an enormous number of immune cells coursing through our body, a momentary break from production is fine. So, when our body needs extra energy, one of the places it goes is our immune function

31、. When youre being chased by a tiger, you dont need to waste energy making immune cells to fight off tomorrows cold. What you need is to shift all available energy resources to your legs, with the hope that you will live to experience another cough or sneeze. As a result, our immune system evolved t

32、o run in maximum amounts when were happy, but to slow down dramatically when were not. With this background in mind, Trivers supposed that older people evolved a strategy of turning this relationship on its head, becoming more focused on the positive things in life in an effort to enhance their immu

33、ne functioning. This was helped along by their knowing much more about the world than younger adults, so they can deal with some of the unpleasant things in life more easily.(1)According to Robert Trivers, when our body needs extra energy, _. A.muscles will respond to it by relaxing a little bitB.or

34、gans will speed up metabolic processes to answer itC.immune system will temporarily shut down to fulfill itD.brain will satisfy it by sharing optional metabolic output(2)In paragraph 3 this relationship most probably refers to the one between _. A.experiences and related knowledgeB.happiness and bio

35、logical evolutionC.immune function and healthD.optimism and length of life(3)What can be concluded from Robert Trivers study? A.Younger people adopt strategies of handling tense situations from everyday life.B.Our ancestors evolved their immune systems in fighting against fierce animals.C.Realizing

36、that their days are numbered, older people prefer being positive.D.Being negative drains energy from our body, lowering resistance to disease.(4)Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A.Brain, muscles and immune systemB.Age, health and happinessC.Ancestors, emergency and evolutionD

37、.Energy, effort and response【答案】 (1)C(2)D(3)D(4)B 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,研究表明,老年人往往会记住生活中积极的事物,而不是消极的事物。十年前作者与生物学家罗伯特特里弗斯合作研究身体是如何使用能量的,他们的发现解释了这一现象。 (1)考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“We have an enormous number of immune cells coursing through our body, a momentary break from production is fine. So, when our body needs e

38、xtra energy, one of the places it goes is our immune function.”可知我们的身体里有大量的免疫细胞,暂时停止运作是可以的。因此,当我们的身体需要额外的能量时,(我们的身体)会去找免疫系统。由此可以推断,免疫系统会暂时停止来为身体提供额外的能量。选C。 (2)考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的 becoming more focused on the positive things in life in an effort to enhance their immune functioning. 可知老人们更加关注生活中积极的事物,是为了增强

39、他们的免疫功能。也就是说积极与免疫功能之间有关系,越积极,免疫功能越强,就能活得越久,所有选项中D项(乐观与寿命)之间最切题,故选D。 (3)考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的As a result, our immune system evolved to run in maximum amounts when were happy, but to slow down dramatically when were not.可知当我们快乐时,我们的免疫系统进化到最大程度,但是当我们不快乐时,免疫系统会减弱。由此推断,消极会消耗我们身体的能量,降低对疾病的抵抗力。选D。 (4)考查主旨大意。作者开头

40、提出老年人更关注积极的事情,后文提到积极的情绪会增强免疫系统,所以本文主要讲的是年龄,健康与积极的情绪之间的关系,选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断,词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查,是一篇科研类阅读,考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,概括和归纳,从而选出正确答案。4阅读理解 In 1953, a mountain climber reported seeing a bar-headed goose soar over the peak of Mount Everest (珠穆朗玛). It was thought impossible. Now researchers who

41、raised 19 of the geesenamed for the black stripes on the backs of their headshave shown the birds really fly so high. The team trained the youngsters to fly in a large wind tunnel wearing backpacks and face masks full of sensors that recorded their heart rate. blood oxygen levels, temperature, and m

42、etabolic ratehow many calories they burned per hour. The researchers simulated(模拟)10w-, medium-, and high-altitude conditions by altering the concentration of oxygen supplied to face masks worn by each goose as it flew in the tunnel. Birds already have a better heart and lungs than mammals for susta

43、ined physical activity. And researchers knew that bar-headed geese have even larger, thinner lungs that let them breathe more deeply and an even bigger heart to pump more oxygen to muscles than other birds. The wind tunnel experiments showed that when the concentration of oxygen was at its lowest-li

44、ke the 7% found on top of Mount Everest versus 21% at sea levelthe geeses heart rate and frequency of wing beats remained the same even as their metabolic rate dropped. Somehow, the birds managed to cool down their blood-the measured blood temperature dropped so it could take in more oxygen, the res

45、earchers report today in eLife. This cooling likely helps compensate for the very thin air, the team says. Although well trained, the birds were only willing to stay in the air a few minutes-or less when wearing their backpacks and flying at 6ihigh altitudes. So its not clear whether these adaptatio

46、ns alone are what make it possible to fly the 8 hours it takes to climb over Mount Everest. But those few minutes showed these geese really could fly over the top of Mount Everest.(1)Why did the researchers raise 19 bar-headed geese and train them? A.To test the flying height and speed of them.B.To

47、confirm they could fly over Mount Everest.C.To observe them flying through the wind tunnel.D.To see how many calories they burned per hour.(2)What can we learn from the wind tunnel experiment? A.It was carried out at very high altitude.B.The geese managed to breathe less when their blood decreased.C.The geese could live through the lowest concentration of oxygen.D.It shows the geese could fly at high altitude for long.(3)What still puzzles scientis

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