1、2014专升本英语讲座 语法篇时态时态：所谓时态时态，就是时间+状态。过去 现在 将来一般 did do will/shall do进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done完成进行had been doing have/has been doingnMy father was doing his paperwork when the guests arrived.nYou should have seen the look on her
2、face when I told her I had won the first prize.nBy the end of 2002 we had trained more than 5000 teachers of English all over the province.nIts expected that the new highway will have been completed by next July.nAs soon as he comes back,Ill tell him when you will come and see him.n过去时：表示过去某时发生的动作或单
3、纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作n现在完成时：到目前为止发生的某个动作结束。意图说明过去的事情对现在的影响，强调影响。n过去完成时：过去某一时刻之前发生的动作，强调动作的先后n将来完成时：将来某个时刻之前发生的动作。n现在完成进行时：某个动作从过去持续到现在，并且仍然在进行，强调动作的持续和延续。特殊情况nhardly/scarcelywhennno soonerthan nScarcely had they left when soldiers arrived,armed with rifles.nNo sooner had the thief disappeared into a side st
4、reet than the police arrived.情态动词 n语法特征语法特征 1）情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2）情态动词 除ought 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3）情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4）情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。nCars play an important role in modern life,but they can also cause many problems like air pollution.n-Where will you start your
5、 work after graduation?n-Mm,its not been decided yet.I might continue my study for a higher degree.肯定推测 mustn1)must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。n2)must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，用must be或must be doing nYou have worked hard all day.You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）n3)must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，用must have done
6、I didnt hear the phone.I must have been asleep.4)must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must have been doing-Why didnt you answer my phone call?-Well,I must have been sleeping,so I didnt hear it.5)否定推测用cant。The room is in a terrible mess;It cant have been cleaned.nmay/might 用于不太肯定的推测，或对将来可能发生事情的推测。nThere may be a ter
7、rible storm in the following days.情态动词+have donen见书20页nYou neednt have come to meet me here at the station.The tube is quite convenient in this city.特殊情况nneed want be worth require+doing表示被动的意思The novel is really worth reading at least twice.非谓语动词 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：n动词不定式 to st
8、udy(to+动词原形)n分词 studying(现在分词)studied(过去分词)n动名词 studying(形式与现在分词相同)I will do everything I can to help you with the work.动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化:主 动 被 动 动词不定式 一 般 to write to be written 进 行 to be writing 完 成 to have written to have been written 完 成 进 行 to have been writing 现 在 分 词 和 动 名 词 一 般 writing being
9、written 完 成 having written having been written 过 去 分 词 一 般 written不定式 动词不定式能起名词,形容词,和副词作用,充当谓语以外的各种成分.n作主语.To learn English is not an easy thing.n作表语.My suggestion is to carry out the plan right nown作定语.Mary has a lot of things to do.n 作宾语.He wants to visit Nanjing.n作宾语补语 I expect you to write to me
10、.I asked him to show me his new dictionary.n有些动词如感官动词和使役动词后面的不定式不带to,如:make,let,hear,see,notice,feel,watch,have等.I heard Mary cry.n 用被动语态时,这些动词后面的不定式要带to.She was heard to use strong language.注：动词不定身的否定式只须在to前加not.固定表示法1.should/would like someone to do something;would prefer something to do/to be don
11、e，2.only to do something3.Do nothing/anything/everything but(except)do something4.had better do,would rather do(than)do,would do5.rather than do,would sooner do(than)do,cannot but do,6.can not help but do,may/might as well do动名词：（作主语、宾语、表语）nFighting broke out between the South and the North.nWould y
12、ou mind turning down your radio a little,please?nHer job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.1.There is no+doing2.It is no use/good+doing 3.There is no point in+doing4.have(no)difficulty(in)+doing/there is(no)difficulty(in)+doing5.feel like+doing;be busy(in)+doing something;cannot he
13、lp+doing;would you mind+doing固定表示法nforget,remember,stop,regret,try,mean+to do sth./doing sth.1)She tried to do more exercises so as to lose weight.设法去做2)She tried doing more exercises so as to lose weight.努力尝试3)I regret having done such a foolish thing.4)I regret to say George failed in the exam.n分词
14、作定语分词作定语 We can see the rising sun.He is a retired worker.There was a girl sitting there.注：过去分词作定语，与其修饰的词是被动关系。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.分词（作定语、状语）选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看与主句主语的关系。n主动关系，用现在分词n被动关系，用过去分词(Being)used for a long time,the book looks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Usin
15、g the book,I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。nThe students,surprised at the way the questions were put,didnt know the answers to them.分词作状语分词作状语（可以表达时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随等）nBecause I havent prepared tomorrows lessons,I have no time to go out with you.=Not having prepared tomorrows lessons,I have no time t
16、o go out with you.nIf you see from the top of the TV tower,you will find the city far more beautiful at night.=Seeing from the top of the TV tower,you will find the city far more beautiful at night.n注：分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致。独立主格独立主格 一）：独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+介词短语构成。Weather permitting
17、,we are going to visit you tomorrow.=If weather permits,we are going to visit you tomorrow.His work finished,he left his office with joy.=After his work was finished,he left his office with joy.The bus being late,we missed our train the day when we were back to Paris.nHe came into the room,his ears
18、red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library,a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆n二）独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，介词短语等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。定语从句 n结构结构 先行词 +关系词 +句子 n关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。被修饰的名词词组或代词关系代词或关系副词n关系代词（主语、宾语、定语）1
19、）who,whom,that He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.2)Whose They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.3）which,thatI called Mr.Smith at his office this morning,but the voice which answered the phone was not his.n关系副词（表示时间、地点或理由，在从句中作状语。when,where,why=介词+whichnThe name of the castl
20、e came from the time when(=at which)it was dominated by a duke.nThey live in a developing area where(=in which)the only means of transport is by river.nIs this the reason why(=for which)he refused our offer?从句使用关系代词，还是关系副词？从句用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词谓语动词。Is this the museum that you visited a few day
21、s ago?Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?The village where I was born and grew up is quite far from here.He regretted the days that he wasted in the woods and when he should have studied.The name originated from the days when this house belonged to the local policeman.1.限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少
22、的部分，去掉主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也 不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别2.非限制性定语从句可做插入语，例如：Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.My house,which I
23、 bought last year,has got a lovely garden.3.非限制性定语从句可修饰整个主句。这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：We had to sleep in our wet clothes,which was most uncomfortable.注：关系代词注：关系代词that和关系副词和关系副词why不能引导非限制性不能引导非限制性定语从句。定语从句。lthere be 句型l不定代词作先行词时（anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,littlel先行词有the only,the very修饰时 l先行词
24、为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时l先行词既有人，又有物时。举例：Mother has never been to Tibet but thats the only city that she most likes to visit.只能用只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况作为定语从句的关系代词的情况n由as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可修饰整个主句.As一般放在句首，which在句中。nAs is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.nThe sun heats the earth,whic
25、h is very important to us.l the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构,和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he(has).l as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如的意思。As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known,smoking is harmful to ones health.As 的用法状语从句n表示时间：when while（+doing）as before after since until as soon asn表示原因:
26、because since as now thatn表示目的:so that in order that in casen表示条件:if unless if only only if provided thatn表示让步:though although as名词性从句（that+句子）nThat只起连接连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。n名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语 主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.宾语：John said that he was leaving for Lon
27、don on Wednesday.表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.That-从句作主语例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。Its a pity that you should have to leave.It is+that-从句?That-从句+is?nThe club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。nWhoever breaks the law sh
28、ould be punished.n同位语从句的名词通常有 news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），（消息），possibility，story等。如：Ive come from Mr.Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 同位语从句 n英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。l have no idea when he will be back我不知道他什么时候回来。强调n常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。It is(was)被强调部分+that(who)+句子其他部分。It was not until December 31 that we finally got a letter from him.
