1、Academic Writing CourseContentsGeneral Format of Research Paper1Definition of Literature Review2Steps in Reviewing Literature3Organization of Literature Review4Elements in Introduction Section5Tense in Citation and Citing Verbs6General Format of a Research PaperIMRaD formatlIntroductionvWhy research
2、 neededlMethodology vHow research completed and results analyzedlResults AndvWhat was found(data)lDiscussionvInterpretation of results and application to clinical practiceAssignment of paper writing1.Introduction2.Methodology3.Results4.Discussion5.Conclusion6.Abstract(+统稿+修改）7.Cover letterWhat is a
3、literature?works of the creative imagination,including poetry,drama,fiction,nonfiction,journalism,and in some instances,songany published material that provides information in the field being discussed,perhaps within a specific time period.1.文学；文学作品文学；文学作品2.文献资料文献资料l an account of what has been publ
4、ished on a topic by accredited scholars and researchersl not simply a summary of what you have readl a critical analysis of the relationships between different opinions of othersl occasionally as a stand-alone section/chapter of a thesis or dissertationWhat is a literature review?l more often as a p
5、art of the introductory section of a term paper or journal paper,to provide a theoretical framework and rationale for a research studyl defined by research objective or by the problem or issue discussed or by argumentative thesisStep 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Defining the purposeSearching for the literatur
6、eReading and analyzing the literatureOrganizing the contentsStep 5Writing the reviewSteps to conduct a literature reviewlBookslJournal paperslTheses and dissertationslConference proceedingslGovernment publicationslTechnical reportslInternet resourcesOrganization of Literature ReviewlChronologicalBy
7、publication dateBy trendlThematicA structure which considers different themeslMethodologicalFocuses on the methods of the researcher,e.g.,qualitative versus quantitative approachesWhat are included in Introduction?Elements FunctionsPara.1S1-2Para.1 S3-5Para.2Para.3Para.4Para.5General Statementsto pr
8、ovide the reader with a setting for the problem to be investigatedSpecific Statementsto describe the aspects of the problem already studied by other researchersto find the gap for more investigation of the problemThesis Statementto present the purposes/objectives of the current studyOptional Stateme
9、ntsto give a value or justification for carrying out the study,limitation of the study,etc.P26(Literature Review)to point out the necessity to conduct the present researchList different opinions on poverty and environmental degradationBruntland Commission Report,etc.on the one sideLeach and Mearns o
10、n the other sidelPoverty is a major cause of environmental problems and amelioration of poverty is a necessary and central condition of any effective programs addressing the environment.lEnvironmental degradation,rapid population growth and stagnant production are closely linked with the fast spread
11、 of acute poverty in many countries of Asia.lPoor families who have to meet short term needs mine the natural capital by excessive cutting of trees for firewood and failure to replace soil nutrients.lThese studies point to demographic,cultural,and institutional factors as important variables in the
12、poverty-environmental degradation nexus.lAn intricate web of factors plus the existence of feedback loops from environmental degradation to poverty makes the process of identifying causality links,if any,between environmental degradation and poverty a difficult exercise.Writing the objective of rese
13、arch1.This paper will focus on the most common use of keyhole surgery which is as an intervention in cases of colon cancer in Hong Kong.2.The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact on Shanghai of the commercial application of maglev trains.3.The goal of this paper is to examine the effect of
14、 regular consumption of fast foods on the health of teenagers.lEstablishing the topiclExplaining what you will do with the topicCommon format:PURPOSE+ACTION VERB+TOPICWriting the objective of research1.This paper will focus on the most common use of keyhole surgery which is as an intervention in cas
15、es of colon cancer in Hong Kong.2.The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact on Shanghai of the commercial application of maglev trains.3.The goal of this paper is to examine the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of teenagers.FormatExamplesPurpose nounspurpose,goal,ai
16、m,intention,objectiveAction verbsanalyze,examine,propose,demonstrate,investigate,show,discuss,describe,suggestTopicsThe impact of commercial application of maglev trains on ShanghaiThe impact of keyhole surgery on the lives of people in Hong KongThe effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the
17、 health of teenagersPossible elements in Introduction sectionlIntroduce the topic or problem with which the research paper is concernedlGive a clear definition of the topic and of the related key termslProvide the relevant background information/context of the topiclReview the previous related studi
18、es and point out their limitation if necessarylJustify the choice of the topic or give the reasons for the researchlState the purpose/objective of the essaylIntroduce the theoretical perspectives the paper might uselExplain how the paper will be organized(the outline of the paper)Information of the
19、topic in the broad contextInformation specifically related to the proposed researchRead,think and reorganizeA.With the world economic development,the demand for energy has increased rapidly,adding greatly to the greenhouse gases and the pollution problems mainly caused by fossil fuels.B.According to
20、 Wikipedia,renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight,wind,rain,and geothermal heat,which are renewable.C.Since the signing of the Kyoto Treaty,more efforts have been made to look for alternative energy sources.D.Developing renewable energy sources is the solution
21、 to these problems.E.Developing renewable energy source can not only greatly help cut down the amount of toxins,the by-products of the consumption of energy,but also preserve most of the natural resources that people use as resources of energy.F.The paper will first demonstrate the significance of t
22、he developing renewable energy sources,and then analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each possible renewable energy source.G.The purpose of the paper is to examine potential renewable energy sources.A.With the world economic development,the demand for energy has increased rapidly,adding great
23、ly to the greenhouse gases and the pollution problems mainly caused by fossil fuels.B.According to Wikipedia,renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight,wind,rain,and geothermal heat,which are renewable.C.Since the signing of the Kyoto Treaty,more efforts have been
24、 made to look for alternative energy sources.D.Developing renewable energy sources is the solution to these problems.E.Developing renewable energy source can not only greatly help cut down the amount of toxins,the by-products of the consumption of energy,but also preserve most of the natural resourc
25、es that people use as resources of energy.F.The paper will first demonstrate the significance of the developing renewable energy sources,and then analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each possible renewable energy source.G.The purpose of the paper is to examine potential renewable energy sour
26、ces.FunctionsNo.Introduction to the topicBackground informationJustificationDefinition of key termsPurpose of the researchThesis statementOutline of structureFGBACDEThe introduction:()()()()()()()FGBACDEKey for referenceWith the world economic development,the demand for energy has increased rapidly,
27、adding greatly to the greenhouse gases and the pollution problems mainly caused by fossil fuels.Since the signing of the Kyoto Treaty,more efforts have been made to look for alternative energy sources.Developing renewable energy sources is the solution to these problems.According to Wikipedia,renewa
28、ble energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight,wind,rain,and geothermal heat,which are renewable.Developing renewable energy source can not only greatly help cut down the amount of toxins,the by-products of the consumption of energy,but also preserve most of the natural res
29、ources that people use as resources of energy.The purpose of the paper is to examine potential renewable energy sources.The paper will first demonstrate the significance of the developing renewable energy sources,and then analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each possible renewable energy sou
30、rce.Tenses in citation?P29lSimple present tense:often used to cite others opinions or research,or to lead to their own ideas,theories,concepts,methods,etc.lSimple past tense:used to provide particulars for recounting previous events or results,or a preceding generalization or the basis for a claim,e
31、tc.lPresent perfect tense:used to state that the research results are new,expressing what has been found over an extended period in the past and up to the present to highlight the direct relations between previous studies and the authors current research.QuestionsAnswersPurposesAre there sentences w
32、ritten in the simple present tense?Are there sentences written in the simple past tense?Are there sentences written in the present perfect tense?Which tense is used the most?Why?Tenses used in Reading passage on P26-P27manysomesomesimple present To show authors opinions on others research,and to rel
33、ate what they say or discuss to the current research To emphasize previous research findings or results To highlight the direct relations between previous studies and the current researchTo emphasize the significance of the present studyP30Citing/Reporting verbsla way to show your attitude towards t
34、he source of information you are citing.lpositive,negative or neutralSome verbs that tend to be positiveacknowledgesaffirmsanalysesapplaudsarguescontendsexplainsidentifiesobservespersuadesprovessupportsSome verbs that tend to be negativeaccusesallegesapologisesassertscommentsconfusesdoubtsguesseshop
35、esintimatesquestionsspeculatesSome verbs that tend to be neutralacceptsacknowledgesreportsagreesassuresclaimsconcludesconfirmsdescribesexpressesmaintainsrecognisesP32Read and WriteA study by McClatchy Newspapers,released in March finds that the ranks of the severely impoverished are rapidly escalati
36、ng.The study found that the percentage of poor Americans who are living in extreme poverty has reached a 32-year high.Today nearly 16 million Americans live in“deep or severe poverty.”This is defined as individuals living at half of the federal poverty line.This drastic rise in the level of poverty
37、extends beyond the traditional ghetto and,reaches to suburban and rural communities.At the same time,the poverty rise creates severe social problems.(By Joseph Williams,2011)Starting from the 70s,studies in the US pointed more and more at the link between unemployment,poverty and crime.After that,ot
38、her connections with income level,schooling,neighborhood quality,education,etc,were revealed as well.Fresh research from the UK even indicates that economic cycles may affect variations in property and violent crimes.But most important of all,the unmistakable characteristic of poverty and crime is t
39、hat theyre both geographically concentrated in the same areas.In other words,where you find poverty is also where you find crime.And this reveals the strong connection between the two issues.(By Carl Holmes,2006)Sociologist and criminal justice scholars have found a direct correlation between povert
40、y and crime.One economic theory of crime assumes that people weigh the consequences of committing crime.They resort to crime only if the cost or consequences are outweighed by the potential benefits to be gained.The logical conclusion to this theory is that people living in poverty are far more like
41、ly to commit property crimes such as burglary,larceny,or theft.(By David Garland,2008)P32Read and WriteA study by McClatchy Newspapers,released in March finds that the ranks of the severely impoverished are rapidly escalating.The study found that the percentage of poor Americans who are living in ex
42、treme poverty has reached a 32-year high.Today nearly 16 million Americans live in“deep or severe poverty.”This is defined as individuals living at half of the federal poverty line.This drastic rise in the level of poverty extends beyond the traditional ghetto and,reaches to suburban and rural commu
43、nities.At the same time,the poverty rise creates severe social problems.(By Joseph Williams,2010)A study by Williams(2010)reports that the percentage of poor Americans who are living in extreme poverty has reached a 32-year high,resulting in severe social problems.P32Read and WriteStarting from the
44、70s,studies in the US pointed more and more at the link between unemployment,poverty and crime.After that,other connections with income level,schooling,neighborhood quality,education,etc,were revealed as well.Fresh research from the UK even indicates that economic cycles may affect variations in pro
45、perty and violent crimes.But most important of all,the unmistakable characteristic of poverty and crime is that theyre both geographically concentrated in the same areas.In other words,where you find poverty is also where you find crime.And this reveals the strong connection between the two issues.(
46、By Carl Holmes,2006)Holmes(2011)further states that there are more and more studies pointing at the links between unemployment,poverty and crime,and that the unmistakable characteristic of poverty and crime is that they are both geographically concentrated in the same areas.P32Read and WriteSociolog
47、ist and criminal justice scholars have found a direct correlation between poverty and crime.One economic theory of crime assumes that people weigh the consequences of committing crime.They resort to crime only if the cost or consequences are outweighed by the potential benefits to be gained.The logi
48、cal conclusion to this theory is that people living in poverty are far more likely to commit property crimes such as burglary,larceny,or theft.(By David Garland,2008)Garland(2012)explains theoretically from an economic perspective of crime that people weigh the consequences of committing crimethey r
49、esort to crime only if the cost or consequences are outweighed by the potential benefits to be gained Answer for reference A study by Williams(2010)reports that the percentage of poor Americans who are living in extreme poverty has reached a 32-year high,resulting in severe social problems.The findi
50、ngs are supported by Holmes(2011)who further states that there are more and more studies pointing at the links between unemployment,poverty and crime,and that the unmistakable characteristic of poverty and crime is that they are both geographically concentrated in the same areas.This opinion is theo
