1、American EconomyAmerican Economy.ContentsContents History of American Economy Current American Economy General Introduction.nUSthe current industrial,economic and technological USthe current industrial,economic and technological giantgiantqranking first in computer technology,space ranking first in
2、computer technology,space technology,nuclear energy,and electronics,etc.;technology,nuclear energy,and electronics,etc.;qproducing a major portion of the worlds machinery,producing a major portion of the worlds machinery,automobiles,oil,electrical energy,and chemicals.automobiles,oil,electrical ener
3、gy,and chemicals.nMixed economyMixed economyqemphasizing private ownershipemphasizing private ownershipqfederal governmentregulating businessesfederal governmentregulating businessesnanti-trust lawsanti-trust laws General IntroductionGeneral Introduction.nPrivate businesses produce most goods and se
4、rvices.qTwo thirds of the output goes to individuals;qOne third is bought by government and business.General IntroductionGeneral Introduction.History of History of American American EconomyEconomy.History of American History of American EconomyEconomyThe Colonial Period Since American IndependenceTh
5、e 20th Century 123.1.The 1.The Colonial PeriodColonial Period.1.The Colonial Period1.The Colonial PeriodnMassachusettsMassachusettssettled by Pilgrims to escape religious persecutionnOtherOther coloniescolonieslike Virginia and Pennsylvania,founded as business venturesqcontribution to Englands colon
6、izing process of the would-be United States qchartered companieschartered companies:King provided a charter or grant conferring economic rights as well as political and judicial authority.A chartered companynA chartered company is an association formed by investors or shareholders for the purpose of
7、 trade,exploration and colonization.n特许公司特许公司是投资人或股东以贸易、探险探险和殖民殖民为目的建立的协会。这些公司在16世纪及以后的几个世纪里由欧洲的投资人建立，探索非洲、印度、加勒比及北美并从中获利。他们通常由签署该公司charter的国家赞助。这样使这些国家可以超出国库资源的限制利用私人资源来探险和贸易。.1.The Colonial Period1.The Colonial PeriodvEnglish investors turned over(English investors turned over(交给，移交交给，移交)colonial
8、charters to the settlers.colonial charters to the settlers.Colonists(Colonists(殖民地居民殖民地居民)were left to build their were left to build their own lives,communities,own lives,communities,and economy,that is,to and economy,that is,to construct their new construct their new nation.nation.1.The Colonial P
9、eriod1.The Colonial Period appearance of sawmills(锯木场)and gristmills(磨房)Shipyards船坞building fishing fleets and trading vessels small iron forges(冶炼厂)vSecondary industriesSecondary industries.GristmillGristmillIron forgeIron forge1.The Colonial Period1.The Colonial Period.nClear regional patterns of
10、development by the 18th century:qNew England:ship-building and sailing;qMaryland,Virginia,and Carolinastobacco,rice and indigo(靛蓝属植物);qNew York,Pennsylvania,New Jersey and Delawareshipped crops and furs;1.The Colonial Period1.The Colonial Period.nDisputes over taxation and other matters with Britain
11、:qAmericansmodification(减轻)of taxes and regulations;demand for more self-governmentqLasting quarrelleading to war against the British and to independence of the coloniesnAmerican Revolution:bolstered(支持、支撑)by an emerging middle classqrallying cry（战斗口号）“inalienable不可剥夺的 rights to life,liberty,and pro
12、perty”1.The Colonial Period1.The Colonial Period.2.Since 2.Since American American IndependenceIndependence.2 2.Since American Independence.Since American Independence nU.S.Constitution established the nation as U.S.Constitution established the nation as a unified marketa unified market：qno tariffs
13、or taxes on inter-state commerceno tariffs or taxes on inter-state commerce州际贸易州际贸易;qFederal government could regulate commerce with Federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states,establish uniform foreign nations and among the states,establish uniform bankruptc
14、y laws(bankruptcy laws(统一的破产法统一的破产法),create money and),create money and regulate its value,fix standards of weights and regulate its value,fix standards of weights and measures(measures(统一规定度量衡统一规定度量衡),establish post offices and),establish post offices and roads,and fix rules governing patents(roads
15、,and fix rules governing patents(专利权、专利品专利权、专利品)and copyrights.and copyrights.vAlexander Hamiltons economic Alexander Hamiltons economic development strategydevelopment strategy2.2.Since American IndependenceSince American Independence nurture infant industries by nurture infant industries by provid
16、ing providing overt subsidiesovert subsidies(公公开的补贴开的补贴)impose protective tariffs(impose protective tariffs(保保护性关税护性关税)on imports)on imports create a national bank create a national bank issue public debtsissue public debts国债国债 Alexander Hamilton was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury
17、,a Founding Father,economist,and political philosopher.The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution nBy 1860,one third of the nations income came from By 1860,one third of the nations income came from manufacturing;manufacturing;nCotton cloth production was the leading industry;Cotton cloth p
18、roduction was the leading industry;nUrbanized industrylimited to the Northeast;Urbanized industrylimited to the Northeast;nImmigrant workersImmigrant workersnBetween 1845 and 1855,some 300,000 European Between 1845 and 1855,some 300,000 European immigrants arrived annually.immigrants arrived annuall
19、y.2.Since American 2.Since American Independence Independence.Urban IndustrializationTextile Plant2.Since American 2.Since American Independence Independence.Since American IndependenceSince American Independencen美国工业革命美国工业革命n美国工业革命的条件有一定的特殊性，也可说是得天独厚之处。这当然要首推它的“西进运动”。美国独立后，通过吞并、廉价购买等等手段，不断向西扩张领土。到1
20、9世纪中叶，已成为东起太平洋，西濒大西洋，北接加拿大，南连墨西哥的领土辽阔的大国。仅半个多世纪，领域便增加了7倍半。西部领土的矿产、水利和森林资源都很丰富，而且土地肥沃，气候适宜，还有漫长的海岸线和优良的港口。这就为它的工业化和农业发展提供了良好的条件。.n 第一次工业革命第一次工业革命n美国农业发展迅猛，成为世界上最大的粮食出口国之一。在不长的时间里，美国经济的专业化布局便形成起来。n东北部是传统的工业区，西部是辽阔的农业区，而且依自然环境的不同，出现了“小麦王国”、“牧牛王国”、“棉花王国”和葡萄园区。这种在经济发展的客观规律支配下自然形成的区域经济专业化，是美国经济发展中的一大特点，也为
21、工业革命的发展提供了十分有利的条件。n工业化的北部，棉花、甘蔗的重要产地南部，产粮为主的西部，都需要互补，需要加强商品交流。各地区之间的贸易额成倍增长，甚至成10倍地增长。n美国工业革命所拥有的国内市场条件，是其他国家难以望其项背的。另外，随着内战中北方的胜利，战后重建南方的过程也使南方成为颇具吸引力的投资场所。.n美国经济发展中存在着一个大的难题，就是劳动力的严重缺乏。n19世纪初年，美国人口只有700万左右。到19世纪中叶，国土面积如此庞大，人烟更显得稀少。年轻的美国以开放的气势，大量吸收外来移民，才使这个问题得到了相当程度的缓解。仅19世纪后半期，移居美国的人口就有2700万之多。美利坚
22、合众国居民的主体，就是由外来移民构成的。n美国工业革命便是在这样的背景和环境下进行的。美国在独立后的一段日子里，政治上虽已取得主权国家的地位，但在经济上却还一时无法摆脱对英国的依附。因此，工业革命也是它争得经济独立的出路。n在促进工业革命方面，联邦政府的政策起了很大的积极作用。它建立国家银行，发行纸币，吸收游资，贷款给工业界；实行关税保护；鼓励科技进步，实施专利法，等等。政府的支持，是美国工业革命又一个有利条件。.n与英国一样，美国的工业革命也开始于棉纺织业。还在18世纪末，美国人便仿造了珍妮纺纱机。不久又发明了轧棉机，将清理原棉的效率提高近百倍。19世纪初又从英国引进织布技术。东北部的新英格
23、兰地区迅速发展为棉纺织业中心。随后，服装、制革、玻璃、毛纺等行业也实现了使用机器生产。n 南北战争后，工业革命有了飞速进展，尤其是重工业发展更快。采矿、冶金、石油开采和提炼等行业，都以10倍甚至几十倍的速度发展，呈现出一派繁荣景象。这之中，有两个巨大的国内刺激因素。一是开发西部造成的对农业机械的急切需要。二是为沟通东西部交通而掀起的铁路建设高潮。这两大因素既是工业革命的强劲的推动力量，其本身又成为工业革命的成果和重要组成部分。.n修铁路、制造机车、客车、货车，自然为钢铁业特别是钢轨轧制业提供了巨大的市场。n同时，铁路建设也是包括车站修建、枕木供应、车厢设备、管理和服务人员的招聘与培训等等众多项
24、目的综合性事业，从各个方面促进了工业革命。n铁路交通还为商业流通、货物运输提供了便利条件，使得具有专业化经济特点的各个区域结合成一个整体。n因此，美国在不大长的时问里就发展成为世界上经济实力最为雄厚的国家，是不足为奇的。n055.美国西进运动.flv.3.The 20th 3.The 20th CenturyCentury.3.The 20th Century3.The 20th CenturynExperienced a period of prosperity in the early 20th centurynSuffered Great Depression in the 1930sn
25、Wall Street Crash in October 1929.3.The 20th Century3.The 20th Centuryn经济危机是指资本主义生产经济危机是指资本主义生产过程中出现的周期性生产过过程中出现的周期性生产过剩。它表现为产品大量积压，剩。它表现为产品大量积压，企业纷纷倒闭，生产大幅度企业纷纷倒闭，生产大幅度下降，失业人数剧增，信用下降，失业人数剧增，信用关系严重破坏，整个社会经关系严重破坏，整个社会经济生活陷于混乱和瘫痪。济生活陷于混乱和瘫痪。1825年，经济危机第一次在年，经济危机第一次在英国爆发一后，每隔英国爆发一后，每隔 810年重演一次。年重演一次。192
26、9-1933年年的经济危机是资本主义世界的经济危机是资本主义世界爆发的空前的大危机爆发的空前的大危机.n1924-1929年，资本主义世界经历了短暂的年，资本主义世界经历了短暂的经济繁荣（被称为柯立芝繁荣，是一种虚假经济繁荣（被称为柯立芝繁荣，是一种虚假繁荣）。繁荣）。1929年，经济危机首先在美国爆发，年，经济危机首先在美国爆发，随即席卷整个资本主义世界，形成了前所未随即席卷整个资本主义世界，形成了前所未有的、持续最久的世界经济大危机有的、持续最久的世界经济大危机.n20世纪世纪20年代，美国证券市场兴起投机狂潮，年代，美国证券市场兴起投机狂潮，“谁想发财，就买股票谁想发财，就买股票”成为一
27、句口头禅，成为一句口头禅，人们像着了魔似地买股票，梦想着一夜之间人们像着了魔似地买股票，梦想着一夜之间成为百万富翁。疯狂的股票投机终于引发一成为百万富翁。疯狂的股票投机终于引发一场经济大灾难。场经济大灾难。.n1929年年10月月24日，纽约证券交易所股票价格雪崩日，纽约证券交易所股票价格雪崩似地跌落，人们歇斯底里地甩卖股票，整个交易似地跌落，人们歇斯底里地甩卖股票，整个交易所大厅里回荡着绝望的叫喊声。这一天成为可怕所大厅里回荡着绝望的叫喊声。这一天成为可怕的的“黑色星期四黑色星期四”（Black Thursday），并触发），并触发了了美国经济危机美国经济危机。n然而，这仅仅是灾难的开始。然
28、而，这仅仅是灾难的开始。29日，交易所股价日，交易所股价再度狂跌。一天之内再度狂跌。一天之内1600多万股票被抛售，多万股票被抛售，50种种主要股票的平均价格下跌了近主要股票的平均价格下跌了近40%。一夜之间，。一夜之间，“繁荣繁荣”景象化为乌有，全面的金融危机接踵而景象化为乌有，全面的金融危机接踵而至：大批银行倒闭，企业破产，市场萧条，生产至：大批银行倒闭，企业破产，市场萧条，生产锐减；失业人数激增，人民生活水平骤降；农产锐减；失业人数激增，人民生活水平骤降；农产品价格下跌，很多人濒临破产。品价格下跌，很多人濒临破产。n一场空前规模的经济危机终于爆发，美国历史上一场空前规模的经济危机终于爆发
29、，美国历史上的的“大萧条大萧条”时期到来。时期到来。.n1933年，整个资本主义世界工业生产下降年，整个资本主义世界工业生产下降40%，各国工业产量倒退到各国工业产量倒退到19世纪末的水平，资本主世纪末的水平，资本主义世界贸易总额减少义世界贸易总额减少2/3，美、德、法、英共有，美、德、法、英共有29万家企业破产。资本主义世界失业工人达到万家企业破产。资本主义世界失业工人达到3000多万，美国失业人口多万，美国失业人口1700多万，几百万小多万，几百万小农破产，无业人口颠沛流离。农破产，无业人口颠沛流离。n各主要资本主义国家为摆脱危机，加强对经济各主要资本主义国家为摆脱危机，加强对经济的干预，
30、加紧在国际市场上的争夺，彼此之间的干预，加紧在国际市场上的争夺，彼此之间的矛盾和摩擦日趋尖锐。为尽快走出经济困境，的矛盾和摩擦日趋尖锐。为尽快走出经济困境，它们进一步加紧对它们进一步加紧对 殖民地和半殖民地的掠夺，殖民地和半殖民地的掠夺，激起当地人民更为强烈的反抗，加剧了世界紧激起当地人民更为强烈的反抗，加剧了世界紧张局势。张局势。.3.The 20th Century3.The 20th CenturynPresident Roosevelts New Deal intervention of the government e n s u r e t h a t e c o n o m i
31、c e n s u r e t h a t e c o n o m i c opportunities are fair and opportunities are fair and accessibleaccessible容易获得的容易获得的 to the to the people;people;prevent flagrant(prevent flagrant(公然的公然的)abuses of the system;abuses of the system;Dampen(Dampen(抑制抑制)the effects of)the effects of inflation;inflati
32、on;stimulate growth.stimulate growth.世界历史世界历史84 罗斯福新政罗斯福新政.flvHis New Deal was popular with the electorate(选民)and led to a successful reelection in 1936.Different phases of economic development:n Reagan Administrations new monetaristReagan Administrations new monetarist(货币主义者)policies in the early 1
33、980sqcontrol over government spending deficitsqcutting taxes to enhance economic developmentqraise of interest rates3.The 20th Century3.The 20th Century.3.The 20th Century3.The 20th CenturyGeorge H.W.Bushslow economic recessionGeorge H.W.Bushslow economic recessionn老布什上任面对的第一个经济问题就是财政赤字。1990年时美国已出现$
34、2,200亿美元的赤字，在1980年以来增长了三倍。老布什认为解决的良方是减少政府开支，但在以民主党控制的国会之压力下，老布什却只能选择加税来解决赤字问题。在1988年参选时老布什曾承诺在他任内不加税，但这一举动却打破了他竞选时的诺言。n在老布什任内美国还经历过一段长六个月的经济衰退，失业率跳升至高位，使联邦政府福利开支大为增加。至1992年失业率已上升达7.8%，是自1984年以来最高的。.3.The 20th Century3.The 20th CenturynClintoneconomic recovery克林顿经济政策主要包括以下几个方面。财政政策财政政策:虽然其目标是减少预算赤字，但
35、并不是以前各任总统所采取的简单减少支出的办法，而是采用有增有减的结构性财政政策。主要措施有：通过增加投资，经济转型和增长战略来增加财政收入；削减国防经费；削减联邦经费；取消非生产性开支，鼓励私人投资；削减联邦行政开支。.贸易政策 克林顿将传统上一直以提倡“自由贸易”为荣的美国转变到目前更体现实用主义的“公平贸易”上来。鉴于经济竞争已成为冷战后国际竞争的核心内容，对外贸易特别是出口的扩大已成为支撑美国经济扩展的重要因素，克林顿政府前所未有地把开拓国外市场、扩大对外贸易置于对外战略的优先地位。为此，美国政府制定了美国有史以来第一个“国家出口战略”。.n供给政策:这是最为独特的部分。它在很大程度上吸
36、收了日本等东亚国家过去30年经济快速成长的经验。这包括：n(1)美国政府机构开始投入技术开发。1994年，美国成立了国家科学委员会，总统任主席，把科技工作提到了空前重要的地位。n(2)克林顿政府大幅度增加了对技术改造项目的奖励，设立专门的投资税收信贷政策，鼓励企业参与国际竞争，购置高效率的机器设备；对开创性的技术公司提供长期信贷税收基金。n(3)提高人力资本素质，提倡终身教育。n(4)提高能源利用效率，走可持续发展的道路。提倡减少能源消耗，加强防止空气和水污染，保护环境，鼓励废物的回收和利用，以提高经济效率。.Current Current American American EconomyE
37、conomy.Current American Economy Current American EconomyAgriculture Agriculture 1ManufacturingManufacturing IndustryIndustry2Service IndustryService Industry3High-tech IndustryHigh-tech Industry4Foreign TradeForeign Trade5.1.Agriculture1.AgriculturenConditions for developing agriculture:qvastness of
38、 the landqgenerosity of natureqrainfall,rivers and underground water allowing for irrigation where necessaryvAverage American Average American farm462 acres farm462 acres(187 hectares)(187 hectares).nSuccess of agricultureqlarge capital investmentsqhighly trained laborqnew methods for raising crops1
39、.Agriculture1.AgriculturevModern farmingModern farming disease and drought resistant seeds f e r t i l i z e r s a n d pesticides space technology utilization.1.Agriculture1.Agriculture.n“Agribusiness”qa variety of farm businesses and structures nfrom small,one-family corporations to huge conglomera
40、tes（联合企业:由许多不同行业的公司组成的有不同经营范围的大企业）or multinational firmsnAmerican farms low-cost outputnOne-third of crops for exportto Europe,Asia,Africa and Latin America nAgricultural imports lag far behind,leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade1.Agriculture1.Agriculture.nFarmersnot work on the f
41、arms full-timeq45 percent with other occupationsq240,000 tenant farmers土地租用人rent land for cash or pay the owner a share of the crops they growqmigrant workershired only for a specific chorenAgriculture remains the foundation upon which American well-being and prosperity are based.1.Agriculture1.Agri
42、culture.2.Manufacturing Industry2.Manufacturing IndustrynLarge manufacturing industries employing more than 24 million workersnHighly developed military industrynAuto companiesFord,General Motors and ChryslernBoeing Aircraft Companycommercial airlinersnOther industries:food,clothing,etc.America has
43、formed an America has formed an industrial system with large industrial system with large productivity.productivity.3.Service Industry3.Service IndustrynTremendous growth in employment in the service sector Tremendous growth in employment in the service sector since the 1970ssince the 1970sqthree ca
44、tegories:nservices for the richcommercial banking,life insurance,real estate and law servicesnwelfare serviceshealth care,education,government and social servicesnservices provided by the poorservices to buildings and dwellings,retail services.3.Service Industry3.Service IndustryAdvanced service ind
45、ustry.4.High-tech Industry4.High-tech IndustrynUS High-tech industries ranking first in the worldUS High-tech industries ranking first in the worldnMore emphasis on space technology,electronics,chemicals and computingnSuccessful flight of the space shuttle nLeading computer companies in the world nL
46、eading engineering and information technology.4.High-tech Industry4.High-tech Industry美国计算机协会（Association of Computing Machinery，简称ACM）是一个国际性的科技教育组织，是世界上第一个科学性及教育性计算机学会。ACM致力于提高信息技术在科学、艺术等各行各业的应用水平。.5.Foreign Trade5.Foreign TradenUS foreign trade plays a significant role in the economynTrade pattern
47、:from domestic-oriented to internationally-orientednReducing trade barriers(贸易壁垒)and coordinating the world economic systemnPromoting bilateral(双边的)and regional trade to enhance domestic stability and loyalty of allies.nExportsabout 10%of the worlds totalnMost important products for export office ma
48、chines,household appliances(家用电器),chemicals,metal manufactures,petroleum products,etc.nRanking first in export of agricultural productsnLeading exporter of civil aircraft,service,technology and weapons5.Foreign Trade5.Foreign Trade.nAmericabiggest percentage of imports in the worldqimport capacity15
49、%of the worlds totalqmajor products for importstin锡,nickel镍,etc.nThe largest single-country provider of trade-related assistance5.Foreign Trade5.Foreign TradeGrowth and decline of the U.S.foreign trade volume determine the trend of the world economy.Financial CrisisnIn 2008,a series of bank and insu
50、rance company failures triggered a financial crisis that effectively halted global credit markets and required unprecedented government intervention.nFannie Mae(FNM)and Freddie Mac(FRE)were both taken over by the government.nLehman Brothers declared bankruptcy on September 14th after failing to find
