1、专业英语课件专业英语课件Electric Vehicles Electric Vehicles 电动汽车电动汽车EVs 1012012 Mercedes-Benz E350,5.4 sec 2012 Volvo S80,6.9 sec Electric Vehicles 101 A Brief History Advantages Challenges Meeting the Challenge EVs TodayEVs 101Kinds of Electric VehiclesEVs 101LocomotivesGolf CartsFork LiftsBussesNuclear Submar
2、inesElevatorsSources: Kinds of Electric CarsEVs 101Hydrogen Fuel CellSolar RacerHybridFull-Size Battery ElectricNeighborhood ElectricMIT CityCarSources:Honda,Toyota,GEM,MITHistory of EVs 1830s Battery electric vehicle invented by Thomas Davenport,Robert Anderson,others-using non-rechargeable batteri
3、es Davenports car holds all vehicle land speed records until 1900 1890s EVs outsold gas cars 10 to 1,Oldsmobile and Studebaker started as EV companies 1904 First speeding ticket,issued to driver of an EV Krieger Company builds first hybrid vehicle 1910s Mass-produced Ford cars undercut hand-built EV
4、s EVs persist as status symbols and utility vehicles until Great DepressionEVs 101Ford Electric#2Detroit ElectricSource:http:/www.eaaev.org/History/index.html 1968 Great Electric Car Race Trans-continental race between MIT and Caltech 53 charging stations,spaced 60 mi apart MITs car used$20k of NiCd
5、 batteries($122k in 2008 dollars),CalTechs cost$600EVs 1011970-Clean Air Car Race 50+cars raced from MIT to Caltech using many alternative powertrains CalTech Regenerative braking Boston Electric Car Club Battery Swapping Toronto University Parallel hybrid design very similar to modern Prius archite
6、cture MIT Series hybrid and electrically commutated motorEVs 101Sources:see http:/mit.edu/evt/CleanAirCarRace.html 1990s EV1:Who Killed the Electric Car?Program cost$1bn 800 units leased$574/mo.Lease without state rebates 2 seats 80-140 mi.rangeMSRP$33,999Real Pricetag(estimated)$80,000+GMs actual c
7、ost per vehicle leased$1,250,000EVs 101Source:http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1 AKA:Would you have bought it?REALLY?What is an EV?And how does it work?EVs 101Drive by wirereplaces mechanical control systems with electronic control systems using electromechanical actuators and human-mach
8、ine interfaces such as pedal and steering feel emulators.Throttle by wire:This system helps accomplish vehicle propulsion by means of an electronic throttle without any cables from the accelerator pedal to the throttle valve of the engine.In electric vehicles,this system controls the electric motors
9、 by sensing the accelerator pedal input and sending commands to the power inverter modules.Brake by wireA pure brake by wire system eliminates the need for hydraulics completely by using motors to actuate calipers and lock the wheels in comparison to the currently existing technology where the syste
10、m is designed to provide braking effort by building hydraulic pressure in the brake lines.Shift by wireSteer by wirePark by wireEVs 101Wheel hub motorEVs 101ElectrificationEVs 101Motor/GeneratorBatteryFuelTransmissionEngineFuelTransmissionEngineBatteryTransmissionMotor/GeneratorBattery ElectricHybri
11、dConventionalDegrees of HybridizationThe vehicle is a.If itAutomatically stops/starts the engine in stop-and-go trafficUses regenerative braking and operates above 60 voltsUses an electric motor to assist a combustion engineCan drive at times using only the electric motorRecharges batteries from a w
12、all outlet for extended all-electric rangeEVs 101Source:http:/www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-center-how-hybrid-cars-work-under-the-hood.html Micro HybridCitron C3Mild HybridHonda InsightPlug-in HybridChevy VoltFull HybridToyota PriusEfficiencyEVs 101Energy Loss:City DrivingEngine Loss76%EngineStandby8%
13、DrivelineLosses3%DrivelineAero3%Rolling4%Braking6%Fuel Tank100%16%13%POWERTRAINVEHICLE-RelatedUrban Drive Cycle Energy Balance2005 3 L Toyota CamryEVs 101Energy Loss:Highway DrivingEngine Loss77%EngineStandby0%DrivelineLosses4%DrivelineAero10%Rolling7%Braking2%Fuel Tank:100%23%19%POWERTRAINVEHICLE-R
14、elatedHighway Drive Cycle Energy Balance2005 3 L Toyota CamryEVs 101Energy Saving:Hybrid SystemsCan eliminate engine entirelyEngine downsizingDecoupling of engine and wheelEngine Loss76%EngineStandby8%DrivelineLosses3%DrivelineAero3%Rolling4%Braking6%Fuel Tank:100%16%13%Micro Hybrid EliminatesMild H
15、ybrid ReducesPlug-inFull Hybrid ReducesEVs 101Energy Loss:City Driving Electric VehicleMotor Loss10%MotorDrivelineLosses14%DrivelineAero29%Rolling35%Braking11%Batteries100%90%76%POWERTRAINVEHICLE-RelatedUrban Drive Cycle Energy BalanceWell-to-Wheels EfficiencyEVs 101Generation33%Transmission94%Plug-
16、to-Wheels76%Refining82%Transmission98%Pump-to-Wheels16%23%13%31%80%Well-to-TankTank-to-Wheels31%76%=23%80%16%=13%http:/www.nesea.org/Source:http:/www.nesea.orgHow PHEVs Work All-electric range Get home with exactly no battery left Charge-sustaining modeEVs 101Tate,Harpster,and Savagian 2008 Technica
17、lEVs 101What is an EPA rating?Conditions Drive cycle:e.g.city or highway cycle,real-world,or constant speed Test temperature Start:(warm or cold)Fuel:convert to gasoline-equivalent Test mass:(accounts for passengers and cargo)MPGe ratingEVs 101Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent EVs 101 MPGe is a m
18、easure of the average distance traveled per unit of energy consumed.The ratings are based on EPAs formula,in which 33.7 kilowatt hours(121.32 megajoules)of electricity is equivalent to one gallon of gasoline.TerminologyState of charge(SOC)Battery capacity,expressed as a percentage of maximum capacit
19、y Depth of Discharge(DOD)The percentage of battery capacity that has been dischargedCapacity The total Amp-hours(Amp-hr)available when the battery is discharged at a specific current(specified as a C-rate)from 100%SOC Energy The total Watt-hours(Wh)available when the battery is discharged at a speci
20、fic current(specified as a C-rate)from 100%SOCSpecific Energy(Wh/kg)The total Watt-hours(Wh)per unit massSpecific Power Maximum power(Watts)that the battery can provide per unit mass,function of internal resistance of batteryEVs 101BenefitsEVs 101Benefits of EVs and PHEVs More efficient,lower fuel c
21、osts,lower emissions Simpler transmission,fewer moving parts Fuel Choice Oil/energy independence Emissions improve with time Emissions at few large locations is easier to control than millions of tailpipesEVs 101V2G(Vehicle to Grid)Technology Allows communication between utility and vehicle Allow in
22、tegration of more renewables like wind Used EV batteries could be used as stationary batteries for utilities With so much focus on energy efficiency reducing electricity sales and expensive renewable energy generation mandated,EVs could be a welcome new segment for utilities They could still be a ni
23、ghtmare Batteries could provide ancillary servicesEVs 101Source:McKinseyNight-time ChargingEVs 101Peak wind power productionElectricity SourcesEVs 101Power Grid CapacityEVs 101Source:McKinsey,Mike KhusidoWhen BEVs represent 20%of the vehicle market,they comprise only 2%of the power marketOperating C
24、ostsEVs 101On-board energy consumption300 Wh/mileCharging Efficiency90%Electricity consumption333 Wh/mileElectricity Cost10 cents/mileDriving Cost(electricity only)3.3 cents/mileFuel economy25 MPGFuel Cost$2.00/gallonDriving Cost(fuel only)8.0 cents/mileConventional Gasoline VehicleBattery Electric
25、VehicleAt 15,000 miles/year,you would save$700/year on fuelThe estimated price range for advanced batteries is$500-$1,000 per kWh buying 1 kWh of battery energy(3 miles of electric range)each yearCO2 EmissionsEVs 101Biofuels vs.Biomass,Solar Biomass Electricity about 80%more efficient than Biofuel S
26、olar Panels to charge a car would fit on your roof.EVs 101ChallengesWhy dont they catch on?A conspiracy?EVs 101Gasoline:The(almost)perfect fuelEVs 101Source:http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density Energy EquivalencyEVs 101135 MJ of energy21 Li-ion batteries(Car battery size)2.7 kg340kgGas1 Gallon
27、Batteries54 galChallenges Limited Range Large battery weight/size Long Charge times High initial cost Battery life Consumer acceptance Grid IntegrationEVs 101Operating CostsIn Europe,$60/barrel oil is enough,In the US,$4/gal gas is needed to be price competitiveEVs 101Addressing customer perception
28、Accepting limited range Most people drive less than 40 mi/day Most cars are parked 23 hours of the day anyway Smaller vehicles&reduced performance In the last 30 years,nearly 100%of efficiency improvements have gone to increasing vehicle size and performance,not reducing consumption How do you get p
29、eople to charge at the right time?EVs 101Source:On the Road in 2035,Heywood,et.al.Meeting the ChallengesEVs 101Range Anxiety Battery Swapping vs.Fast ChargingEVs 101Source:http:/ Place ModelEVs 101Business plan like that of mobile phoneBetter Place owns the batteries,the consumer pays for energy(mil
30、es)Plan includes charging stations and battery swappingSo far:Israel,Denmark Australia,California,Hawaii,and Canada100,000 charging stations planned for Hawaii by 2012Rapid Charging Batteries Altairnano A123 Balance of system Rapid Charge Stations Dont need many Refueling a car is 10MW going through
31、 your handEVs 101Batteries Lithium sources Were not Lithium constrained Abundant Recyclable Recycling 90%recoverable Extending battery life Battery management systems Weight/Volume reductions Alternative chemistriesEVs 101Battery Cost:Learning CurvesEVs 101Source:McKinsey Quarterly:Electrifying Cars
32、:How three industries will evolve Initial Cost Companies that sell cars,but lease the batteries Leases like Power Purchase Agreements Split operating cost savings with financer Charging Infrastructure Charging subscription plansEVs 1012008 Federal Plug-in Electric Drive Vehicle Tax Credit EVs 101Ado
33、ption Rate of EVsEVs 101Source:Thomas Becker,UC Berkeley,2009 Looking Forward Tipping point will be 2020 when 10%of vehicles sold will be BEVs Battery cost:$700-$1,500/kWh,down to$420 by 2015,but still too high.Price Premium PHEV40$11,800 ICE EV100$24,100 ICE Long-term PHEVs will beat out HEVs PHEVs
34、 likely to dominate BEVs A 30-50%reduction in fuel consumption by 2035*Heywood 47%reduction by 2030*McKinseyEVs 101Source:McKinsey Quarterly:Electrifying Cars:How three industries will evolve;http:/ EVs NOWWhen can I get one?EVs 101Tesla http:/ 101EVs TodayEVs 101Tesla RoadsterEVs 101Top speed:125 m
35、phAcceleration:0-60 in 3.7 secRange:244 miMSRP:$110,000EVs Available SoonEVs 101Fisker Karma(PHEV50)$87,900 Delivery 2010Tesla Model S$57,400 Delivery 20122011 Chevy Volt(PHEV40)$40,000EVs 101EVs 101EVs 101EVs Available SoonEVs 1012010 Mitsubishi I MIEV$24,000(Japan)2010 Aptera 2e$25,000(PHEV100)Th!
36、nk City$25,000(europe)2010 Nissan Leaf$25,000(30 min charge)And many others1.2016款三菱款三菱i-MiEV-23845美元美元EVs 101电池容量16kWh，续航里程62英里(约100公里)，112 MPGe，电动机输出功率49kW2015款款Smart Fortwo Electric Drive-25750美元美元EVs 101电池容量17.6kWh，续航里程68英里(约109公里)，107 MPGe，电动机输出功率55kW2015款雪佛兰款雪佛兰Spark EV-27645美元美元EVs 101电池容量18.
37、4kWh，续航里程82英里(约132公里)，119 MPGe，电动机输出功率105kW2015款日产聆风款日产聆风-29860美元美元EVs 101电池容量24kWh，续航里程84英里(约135公里)，114 MPGe，电动机输出功率80kW全球最知名的电动车聆风(Leaf)，在美国累计销量突破75000辆，而是成为美国最畅销的电动汽车。2013年的降价促销让聆风变得更便宜、实用。明年聆风将升级到第六代车型，预计最高续航里程将达到140至200英里(225至322公里)之间。2015款丰田普锐斯插电式混合动力车款丰田普锐斯插电式混合动力车-30815美元美元EVs 101电池容量5.2kWh，
38、综合续航11英里(约18公里)，纯电续航6英里(约10公里)，95 MPGe，电动机输出功率60kW2015款宝马款宝马i3-43350美元美元EVs 101电池容量22kWh，续航里程81英里(约130公里)，124 MPGe，电动机输出功率130kW2015款特斯拉款特斯拉Model S-75000至至105000美元美元EVs 101电池容量70-85kWh，续航里程240-270英里(约386-435公里)，93-101 MPGe，电动机输出功率245-515kW2014款保时捷Panamera S E-Hybrid-97095美元EVs 101电池容量9.4kWh，纯电续航16英里(约26公里)，50 MPGe，电动机输出功率70kW.Panamera S e-Hybrid插电式混合动力车，这是保时捷的第一款主流插电式混合动力四门跑车。S E-Hybrid更实用，可以在行驶过程中通过制动能量回收系统充电。2015款宝马款宝马i8-137450美元美元EVs 101电池容量7.1kWh，续航里程15英里(约24公里)，76 MPGe，电动机输出功率96kWEVs 101EVs 101EVs 101EVs 101EVs 101EVs 101EVs 101EVs 101 2015 年全球电动汽车预测年全球电动汽车预测EVs 101EVs 101EVs 101
