1、contentgeneralgeneral definition definitionWestern Western humanismhumanismChinese huanismChinese huanismcomparisoncomparisongeneral introductionHumanism is a group of philosophies and ethical perspectives which emphasize the value and agency of human beings,individually,and collectively,and general
2、ly prefers individual thought and evidence over established doctrine or faith.The term humanism can be ambiguously diverse,and there has been a persistent confusion between several related uses of the term because different intellectual movements have identified it over time，as well as different nat
3、ions.the development of western humanismthe development of western humanism 6th-century BCE Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus(米力都的泰勒斯）and Xenophanes of Colophon（克勒芬的芬尼斯）were the first to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition,thus can be
4、said to be the first Greek humanists.The Origin of Humanism:Thales 624 BC 546 BCXenophanesc.570 c.475 BCThe rise of the Sophists(智者学派):representatives：Protagoras（普罗塔哥拉）（490 BC 420 BC）;Gorgias（高尔吉斯）（485 380 BC）main idea:skepticism;against superstition;emphasis on the value of manSocratess humanism:pa
5、y attention to humans ethics and morals Knowledge is virtue know yourself Aristotle（亚里士多德）and Plato（柏拉图）develop it further the development of western humanismthe development of western humanism Socrates 469 BC 399 BCthe development of western humanismthe development of western humanism The developme
6、nt of Modern western humanism：against religious asceticism（禁欲主义）and obscurantism（蒙昧主义）highlights the significance of human，deny god in the pursuit of happiness and freedom in this world Advocate personality liberation respect and promote science and rationalityFrancesco Petrarca（13041374）father of t
7、he RenaissanceRenaissance（14th17th）-spring upthe development of western humanismthe development of western humanism Renaissance（14th17th）-spring upThe positive influence of humanism Humanism is the essence of Renaissance.Humanism stands for devotion to the humane values represented in classical lite
8、rature.Humanism helped to civilize man,to make him realize his potential powers and gifts.It contributed a great deal to the progress of human society.It represented the new ideas of the rising bourgeoisie.The humanistic ideas and beliefs permeated the literature,philosophy,art,science,religion and
9、other aspects of intellectual inquiry of this period.“这是一次人类从来没有经历过的最伟大的、进步的变革，是一个需要巨人而且产生了巨人在思维能力、热情和性格方面，在多才多艺和学识渊博方面的巨人的时代。”恩格斯It was the greatest progressive revolution that mankind has so far experienced,a time which called for giants and produced giants giants in power of thought,passion and c
10、haracter,in universality and learning.EngelsFriedrich Engels(18201895)Thomas More(1478-1535)Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)W.William Shakespeare（15641616）What a piece of work is man;how noble in reason;how infinite in faculty,in form and moving how express and admirable;in action how like an angel;in
11、 apprehension how like a god!The beauty of the world,the paragon of animals.人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么像一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！Hamletstatue of David by Michelangelo,an example of high Renaissance artThe negative influence(limitations)of the humanismthe development of we
12、stern humanismthe development of western humanism The humanism emphasized too much on the individuals,which may be easy to cultivate the subjectivity and extreme individualism（个人主义）.Niccol Machiavelli（马基雅维利）马基雅维利）was an extreme individualist.Renaissance（14th17th）-spring up14691527the development of
13、western humanismthe development of western humanism Religious reform（16th17th）-develop believe for salvation set authority on Bible and personal belief kingship is above the theocracy ProtestantismEnlightenment（17th18th）-climax measure everything by human rationality pay attention to personal freedo
14、m and right Natural rights(天赋人权);social contract（社会契约）by Rousseau（卢梭）liberty and equality（自由平等）by the Declaration of Independence separation of powers（三权分立）by Montesquieu（孟德斯鸠）the development of western humanismthe development of western humanism The positive influence of the humanismEnlightment mad
15、e great contribution to the development of the ideolody of humanism in regard of the interassociation among human,nature,nations,religions and science.The connotation of humanism was been enriched and developed.It advanced the struggle against feudalism and religion to the level of going against the
16、 yoke of feudal absolutism.The political system whicn was in favor of the interest of the bourgeoisie had been established.the development of western humanismthe development of western humanism The negative influence(limitations)of the humanismIt payed too much attentiont to the pursuit of rationali
17、ty and knowledge,however,the human emotion and the love of life which were highly advocated during the Renaissance were overlooked.Chinese humanismThe Spring and Autumn Period and The Warring StatesA harmonious and kind interpersonal relationship benevolence by Confucius Mozi s concept of universal
18、loveHarmony between man and nature Xunzi:heaven(nature)and human was in perfect harmony Benevolent government(仁政)by Menciusthe people are more important than the kingsThe same quality of educationNo Child Left Behind by Confucius Confucius(551479 BC)Chinese humanismDynasties of Ming and QingTo oppos
19、e Confucius thinking，against superstitious worship Lizhi（李贽）:taking Confucius standard to judge the right and wrong,so never had the right and wrong.To against the absolute monarchy and dictatorship,advocatedpeople-centered Hang Zongxi（黄宗羲）:Monarchy is of great harm Wang Fuzhi（王夫之）:“Private ownershi
20、p of land”should be banned,farmers ought to have their own land Gu Yanwu（顾炎武）:Everybody is responsible for the rise and fall of the country comparision between Western humanism and Chinese humanismThe ideal humanism should be based upon mans own consciousness instead of being triggered by other soci
21、al factors.Western humanism:The humanisms of different periods were all established for the salvation of bigotry and darkness in culture,and as a mattre of fact,though one kind of bigotry and darkness had been overcomed,another had been provoked unconsciously.Chinese humanism:Chinese culture is inhe
22、rent in life,is the moral subject because of lifes own consciousness.However,it payed too much attention to the benevolence and harmony,so there had been nothing individual.humanism in todays societyNowadays,upholding humanism aims to educate and encourage people to pursuitthe ideal world,ideal personhood,embody human value,perfect ourselves,seek individual liberation,uphold rationality and fight against superstition,thereby uplifting the whole nations Humanity Cultivation and quality,which is quite helpful to build a harmonious society.Thanks
