1、Unit1 The Owners Perspective(业主愿景业主愿景)1.1 The Project Life Cycle（项目生命周期）（项目生命周期）第第1段：段：1句：句：The acquisition of a constructed facility usually represents a major capital investment,whether its owner happens to be an individual,a private corporation or a public agency.Constructed facility建筑设施建筑设施 Capi
2、tal investment 资本投资资本投资 Private corporation私人企业私人企业 Public agency公共机构公共机构建筑设施的获得通常表示建筑设施的获得通常表示一个重大的资本投资，无论一个重大的资本投资，无论业主（业主（恰好恰好）是个人，私人公司或公共机构。是个人，私人公司或公共机构。1 2句：句：Since the commitment of resources for such an investment is motivated by market demands or perceived needs,the facility is expected to
3、satisfy certain objectives within the constraints specified by the owner and relevant regulations.Commitment 已承担的开支；约束已承担的开支；约束 Market demands市场需求市场需求 Perceived needs感知需要感知需要 由于由于该投资的资源投入受市场需求和感知需要的驱动该投资的资源投入受市场需求和感知需要的驱动（激励），所以建筑设施应在其业主和相关规定的约束（激励），所以建筑设施应在其业主和相关规定的约束条件内满足特定的目标。条件内满足特定的目标。2 3句：句：Wi
4、th the exception of the speculative housing market,where the residential units may be sold as built by the real estate developer,most constructed facilities are custom made in consultation with the owners.With the exception of 除了除了 Speculative housing market投机性住宅市场投机性住宅市场 Real estate developer 房地产开发
5、商房地产开发商 In consultation with与与协商协商 除了投机性住宅市场的住宅单元由负责建造的房地产开发除了投机性住宅市场的住宅单元由负责建造的房地产开发商销售之外，大多数的建筑设施都是在与业主协商一致的商销售之外，大多数的建筑设施都是在与业主协商一致的基础上定制的。基础上定制的。4句：句：A real estate developer may be regarded as the sponsor of building projects,as much as a government agency may be the sponsor of a public project
6、and turns it over to another government unit upon its completion.Sponsor 赞助商、发起方、主办方赞助商、发起方、主办方 Building project 建设项目建设项目 Government agency 政府机构政府机构 Public project 公共项目公共项目 房地产开发商可能会被房地产开发商可能会被认认为为是建设项目的发起方，是建设项目的发起方，政府机构政府机构也也可能是公共项目可能是公共项目的发起方，待公共项目的发起方，待公共项目完工后转交给另一政府单位完工后转交给另一政府单位。4 5句：From the
7、viewpoint of project management,the terms owner and sponsor are synonymous because both have the ultimate authority to make all important decisions.Synonymous 同义的 Ultimate 最终的、最大的、基本的 从项目管理的角度从项目管理的角度看看，“业主业主”和和“发起方发起方”是是同义同义的的，因为两者的，因为两者的基本基本权力权力是制定所有重大决策。是制定所有重大决策。6句：Since an owner is essentially
8、acquiring a facility on a promise in some form of agreement,it will be wise for any owner to have a clear understanding of the acquisition process in order to maintain firm control of the quality,timeliness and cost of the completed facility.Some form of agreement某种形式的合约 Acquisition process采购过程 Firm
9、 control有力控制 Timeliness工期 由于业主实质上是以某种形式的合约为保证来基本获得由于业主实质上是以某种形式的合约为保证来基本获得一项建筑产品（设施）的，那么为了保证对完工产品的一项建筑产品（设施）的，那么为了保证对完工产品的质量、工期和成本的有力控制，对于任何业主来说，他质量、工期和成本的有力控制，对于任何业主来说，他们应当对项目的采购过程有一个清晰的理解。们应当对项目的采购过程有一个清晰的理解。6 第二段：1句：From the perspective of an owner,the project life cycle for a constructed facilit
10、y may be illustrated schematically in Figure 1-1.从业主的角度来看，建设项目的项目生命周期可从业主的角度来看，建设项目的项目生命周期可用图用图1-1表示。表示。2句：Essentially,a project is conceived to meet market demands or needs in a timely fashion.Market demands and needs市场需求In a timely fashion及时从本质上讲，一个项目试图及时满足市场需求。从本质上讲，一个项目试图及时满足市场需求。3句：Various poss
11、ibilities may be considered in the conceptual planning stage,and the technological and economic feasibility of each alternative will be assessed and compared in order to select the best possible project.Conceptual planning stage概念规划阶段Feasibility（study）可行性（研究）Alternative 备选方案The best possible project
12、 最优方案在项目规划阶段，很多不同的可能方案都可能被考虑，在项目规划阶段，很多不同的可能方案都可能被考虑，同时每一个备选方案的技术和技术可行性都经过评估和比较，同时每一个备选方案的技术和技术可行性都经过评估和比较，以选出最优方案。以选出最优方案。8 4句：The financing schemes for the proposed alternatives must also be examined,and the project will be programmed with respect to the timing for its completion and for available
13、 cash flows.Financing schemes财务计划 The proposed alternatives已有备选方案 With respect to关于、至于、相对于 Cash flows 现金流 我们还需检验备选方案的财务计划，同时按照项目完工我们还需检验备选方案的财务计划，同时按照项目完工期限和可用现金流来安排项目的进度计划。期限和可用现金流来安排项目的进度计划。9 5句：After the scope of the project is clearly defined,detailed engineering design will provide the blueprin
14、t for construction,and the definitive cost estimate will serve as the baseline for cost control.Blueprint for construction建设蓝图 Cost estimate成本估计 项目范围项目范围界定后界定后，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。图，最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。6句：In the procurement and construction stage,the delivery of materials and
15、the erection of the project on site must be carefully planned and controlled.the delivery of materials提供的材料 the erection of the project on site项目现场架设 在采购和施工阶段，提供的材料和项目现场架设必须是在采购和施工阶段，提供的材料和项目现场架设必须是经过精心策划和控制的。经过精心策划和控制的。7句：After the construction is completed,there is usually a brief period of start-
16、up or shake-down of the constructed facility when it is first occupied.施工完毕后，当建筑设施首先使用时，通常有一个短暂施工完毕后，当建筑设施首先使用时，通常有一个短暂的启动期或动荡期。的启动期或动荡期。11 8句：Finally,the management of the facility is turned over to the owner for full occupancy until the facility lives out its useful life and is designated for demo
17、lition or conversion.In turned over to被移交给 Conversion 转作他用 最后，设施的管理将移交给业主全权使用（和管最后，设施的管理将移交给业主全权使用（和管理），直至其使用期结束，或者拆除，或者转作理），直至其使用期结束，或者拆除，或者转作他用。他用。3段 1句：Of course,the stages of development in Figure 1-1 may not be strictly sequential.当然，图当然，图1-1开发的阶段可能没有严格次序。开发的阶段可能没有严格次序。2句：Some of the stages req
18、uire iteration,and others may be carried out in parallel or with overlapping time frames,depending on the nature,size and urgency of the project.Iteration反复（iterate）Parallel平行 Overlapping重复、符合、交搭 Time frame时间框架,一段时间 某些阶段可以重复，同时也可以和其他阶段平行或搭接进行，某些阶段可以重复，同时也可以和其他阶段平行或搭接进行，这一切取决于项目的特点、规模和紧迫性。这一切取决于项目的特点
19、、规模和紧迫性。13 3句：Furthermore,an owner may have in-house capacities to handle the work in every stage of the entire process,or it may seek professional advice and services for the work in all stages.in-house capacities内部能力 every stage of the entire process整个过程中每一个阶段 professional advice and services专业意见及
20、服务 此外，业主可用内部能力处理整个过程中每一个阶段的工此外，业主可用内部能力处理整个过程中每一个阶段的工作，或者它可能会在各个阶段寻求专业意见及服务。作，或者它可能会在各个阶段寻求专业意见及服务。4句：Understandably,most owners choose to handle some of the work in-house and to contract outside professional services for other components of the work as needed.可以理解的是，大多数业主选择处理一些内部工作，和签可以理解的是，大多数业主选择
21、处理一些内部工作，和签订专业服务合同以满足其他工作的需要。订专业服务合同以满足其他工作的需要。14 5句：By examining the project life cycle from an owners perspective we can focus on the proper roles of various activities and participants in all stages regardless of the contractual arrangements for different types of work.Project life cycle项目全寿命期 从业
22、主的角度审视项目的全寿命期，我们得以将注意力集从业主的角度审视项目的全寿命期，我们得以将注意力集中在所有阶段不同活动和参与方的适当角色上，而不用去中在所有阶段不同活动和参与方的适当角色上，而不用去考虑不同工作类型合约的安排。考虑不同工作类型合约的安排。154段1句：In the United States,for example,the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers has in-house capabilities to deal with planning,budgeting,design,construction and operation of waterwa
23、y and flood control structures.U.S.Army Corps of Engineers美国陆军工程兵部队waterway and flood control structure水路和洪水控制结构例如，在美国，美国陆军工程兵部队用内部能力去处理计划、例如，在美国，美国陆军工程兵部队用内部能力去处理计划、预算、设计、建设和运营水路和洪水控制结构。预算、设计、建设和运营水路和洪水控制结构。2句：Other public agencies,such as state transportation departments,are also deeply involved i
24、n all phases of a construction project.State transportation department国家交通运输部其他公共机构，例如国家交通运输部，也深入参与建设项目的其他公共机构，例如国家交通运输部，也深入参与建设项目的所有阶段。所有阶段。163句：In the private sector,many large firms such as DuPont,Exxon,and IBM are adequately staffed to carry out most activities for plant expansion.Private sector
25、私营部门Plant expansion扩建厂房在私营部门，许多大公司如杜邦，埃克森，和在私营部门，许多大公司如杜邦，埃克森，和IBM有足够有足够人手来进行扩建厂房的大多数活动。人手来进行扩建厂房的大多数活动。4句：All these owners,both public and private,use outside agents to a greater or lesser degree when it becomes more advantageous to do so.Outside agents外部机构公共的和私人的所有这些业主，公共的和私人的所有这些业主，使用外部机构或多或少会使用外
26、部机构或多或少会变得更有利变得更有利。17 5段1句：The project life cycle may be viewed as a process through which a project is implemented from cradle to grave.from cradle to grave从摇篮到坟墓，从生到死 项目全寿命期可以被视为一个从摇篮到坟墓项目实施的过项目全寿命期可以被视为一个从摇篮到坟墓项目实施的过程。程。2句：This process is often very complex;however,it can be decomposed into sever
27、al stages as indicated by the general outline in Figure 1-1.Decompose into 分解为 这个过程常常很复杂；但是，它可以分解为几个阶段，由这个过程常常很复杂；但是，它可以分解为几个阶段，由图图1-1中的大致轮廓表示。中的大致轮廓表示。183句：The solutions at various stages are then integrated to obtain the final outcome.然后，集成不同阶段的解决方案以获得最后的结果。然后，集成不同阶段的解决方案以获得最后的结果。4句：Although each
28、stage requires different expertise,it usually includes both technical and managerial activities in the knowledge domain of the specialist.虽然每个阶段都需要不同的专业知识，但它通常包括在该知识虽然每个阶段都需要不同的专业知识，但它通常包括在该知识领域专家的技术和管理活动。领域专家的技术和管理活动。5句：The owner may choose to decompose the entire process into more or less stages b
29、ased on the size and nature of the project,and thus obtain the most efficient result in implementation.业主可以根据项目的规模和性质选择把整个过程或多或少的分业主可以根据项目的规模和性质选择把整个过程或多或少的分解到各个阶段上，从而获得在实施中最有效的结果。解到各个阶段上，从而获得在实施中最有效的结果。19 6句：Very often,the owner retains direct control of work in the planning and programming stages,
30、but increasingly outside planners and financial experts are used as consultants because of the complexities of projects.The planning and programming stages规划和设计阶段 Planners and financial experts规划者和金融专家 业主通常保留规划和设计阶段的直接控制工作，而随着项目复杂业主通常保留规划和设计阶段的直接控制工作，而随着项目复杂程度的不断增加，会将其他工作委托给外部的规划者和金融专家程度的不断增加，会将其他工作
31、委托给外部的规划者和金融专家咨询。咨询。7句：Since operation and maintenance of a facility will go on long after the completion and acceptance of a project,it is usually treated as a separate problem except in the consideration of the life cycle cost of a facility.operation and maintenance of a facility操作和维护设施 the comple
32、tion and acceptance of a project项目完成和验收 自项目完成和验收后，操作和维护设施将继续进行，它通常被视自项目完成和验收后，操作和维护设施将继续进行，它通常被视为一个单独的问题，除非考虑设施的生命周期成本。为一个单独的问题，除非考虑设施的生命周期成本。208句：All stages from conceptual planning and feasibility studies to the acceptance of a facility for occupancy may be broadly lumped together and referred to
33、as the Design/Construct process,while the procurement and construction alone are traditionally regarded as the province of the construction industry.Conceptual planning and feasibility studies概念规划和可行性研究The acceptance of a facility设施的接收Procurement and construction采购和施工阶段the province（范围）of the constru
34、ction industry建筑业的领域尽管只有采购和施工阶段被认为是建筑业的传统领域，但是从尽管只有采购和施工阶段被认为是建筑业的传统领域，但是从项目概念规划和可行性研究直至设施的接收占用都被广义的认项目概念规划和可行性研究直至设施的接收占用都被广义的认为属于设计和建造过程。为属于设计和建造过程。21 6段1句：owners must recognize that there is no single best approach in organizing project management throughout a projects life cycle.业主们必须认识到，贯穿一个项目的
35、全寿命期，项目管理业主们必须认识到，贯穿一个项目的全寿命期，项目管理组织没有一个单一的最佳方法。组织没有一个单一的最佳方法。2:All organizational approaches have advantages and disadvantages,depending on the knowledge of the owner in construction management as well as the type,size and location of the project.所有的组织方法各有利弊，这取决于在施工管理中的业主所有的组织方法各有利弊，这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知
36、识以及项目的类型，规模和位置。的知识以及项目的类型，规模和位置。22 3:It is important for the owner to be aware of the approach which is most appropriate and beneficial for a particular project.对业主来说对业主来说知道哪个是最适合、最有利于某一特定项目的知道哪个是最适合、最有利于某一特定项目的方法很重要。方法很重要。4:In making choices,owners should be concerned with the life cycle costs of c
37、onstructed facilities rather than simply the initial construction costs.在选择某种方法时，业主应关注建筑设施的全寿命周期成在选择某种方法时，业主应关注建筑设施的全寿命周期成本，而不是仅仅考虑初期的建筑设施成本。本，而不是仅仅考虑初期的建筑设施成本。23 5句：Saving small amounts of money during construction may not be worthwhile if the result is much larger operating costs or not meeting th
38、e functional requirements for the new facility satisfactorily.如果建筑设施的运营成本很高或者不能满足设施在功能上的需如果建筑设施的运营成本很高或者不能满足设施在功能上的需求，在施工阶段省一点就显得不那么值得。求，在施工阶段省一点就显得不那么值得。6:Thus,owners must be very concerned with the quality of the finished product as well as the cost of construction itself.因此，业主必须非常关注成品的质量以及建筑本身的成本
39、因此，业主必须非常关注成品的质量以及建筑本身的成本。24 7句：Since facility operation and maintenance is a part of the project life cycle,the owners expectation to satisfy investment objectives during the project life cycle will require consideration of the cost of operation and maintenance.由于设施的运营和维护是项目全寿命周期的一部分，业主为了由于设施的运营和维护
40、是项目全寿命周期的一部分，业主为了满足其项目寿命期内投资目标的期望就需要考虑运营和维护成满足其项目寿命期内投资目标的期望就需要考虑运营和维护成本。本。8:Therefore,the facilitys operating management should also be considered as early as possible,just as the construction process should be kept in mind at the early stages of planning and programming.因此，设施的运营管理也应尽早加以考虑，就像施工过程因此
41、，设施的运营管理也应尽早加以考虑，就像施工过程在规划和设计的早期阶段就应牢记一样。在规划和设计的早期阶段就应牢记一样。25Study and Practices一、汉译英1.设计/施工过程 Design and construction process2.房地产开发商 Real estate developer3.投机性住宅市场 Speculative housing market4.项目管理 Project management5.项目全寿命期 Project life cycle6.项目范围 Scope of a project/project scope7.专业化服务 Professio
42、nal services8.重大基础项目建设Construction of major infrastructure projects9.住宅类房屋建设Residential housing construction10.办公和商业用房建设office and commercial building construction26 11.专业化工业项目建设Specialized industrial projects construction 12.专业咨询师Professional consultants 13.总承包商Original contractor 14.价值工程value engi
43、neering 15.竞争性招标Competitive bidding 16.建筑和工程设计公司Architectural and engineering design company 17.运营与维护管理operation and maintenance 18.设计/施工公司design and construction company 19.分包商subcontractor 20.设施管理facility management27二、英译汉1.From the viewpoint of project management,the terms”owner”and“sponsor”are s
44、ynonymous because both have the ultimate authority to make all important decisions.第一段第五句 从项目管理的角度看，“业主”和“发起方”是同义的，因为两者的基本权力是制定所有重大决策。2.After the scope of the project is clearly defined,detailed engineering design will provide the blueprint for construction,and the definitive cost estimate will serv
45、e as the baseline for cost control.第二段第五句 项目范围界定后，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。283.第三段第三句：此外，业主可用内部能力处理整个过程中每一个阶段的工作，或者它可能会在各个阶段寻求专业意见及服务。4.第五段第五句：业主可以根据项目的规模和性质选择把整个过程或多或少的分解到各个阶段上，从而获得在实施中最有效的结果。5.第六段第二句：所有的组织方法各有利弊，这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知识以及项目的类型，规模和位置。296.（1.2第二段第一句）In planning for various types of c
46、onstruction,the methods of procuring professional services,awarding construction contracts,and financing the constructed facility can be quite different.各类建筑的规划、采购的专业服务、建筑合同的制定、以及建筑设施融资的方法都可以完全不同。7.(1.2第七段第一句)Specialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects with a high
47、degree of technology complexity,such as oil refineries,steel mills,chemical processing plants and coal-fired or nuclear power plants,as is shown in Figure1-4.专门的工业建筑，通常涉及技术复杂程度高，如炼油厂，钢铁厂，化学处理厂和燃煤或核电厂等的大型项目，如图1-4所示。308.Traditionally,the owner engages an architectural and engineering(A/E)firm or conso
48、rtium as technical consultant in developing a preliminary design.传统上，在初步设计开发阶段，业主作为技术顾问从事于建筑和工程（A/E）的公司或集团。9.By integrating design and construction management into a single organization,many of the conflicts between designers and constructors might be avoided.通过集成到一个单一的组织设计和施工管理，设计者和建筑者之间的许多冲突是可以避免的
49、。10.In recent years,a new breed（品种）of construction managers(CM)offers professional services from the inception（成立）to the completion of a construction project.近年来，建设项目从成立到完成，新的施工管理人员（CM）的提供专业服务。3111.Hence，an owner must understand its own responsibility and the risk it wished to assign to itself and t
50、o other participants in the process.因此，业主必须明白自己的责任，也希望把过程中的风险分配给自己和其他参与者。12.Unless the owner performs this function or engages a professional construction manager to do so,a good general contractor who has worked with a team of superintendents,specialty contractors or subcontractors together for a n
