1、1Chapter 6 MEMORY普通心理学专业课2永远的战士F49岁的健康、英俊的中年人F谈吐用现在时而非过去时F认为自己19岁，处于1945年F顺向性遗忘症（anterograde amnesia）对大脑受损之后的事件失去记忆F倒退性遗忘症（retrograde amnesia）3MemoryF记忆是人脑对过去经验的保持和提取4OutlinesFMemory and its Biological BasisFMemory and Information ProcessingFMemory as a Constructive and Reconstructive ProcessFRetrie
2、val and ForgettingFHow to Improving Memory?FChallenges to the Information-Processing Model51 The Nature of Memory61.1 Biological BasisF定位说F非定位说(脑均势说）F突触生长说F记忆分子说（DNA/RNA）F记忆的电生理基础（反响回路）F脑内代谢物与记忆71.2 Memory and Information Processing FSensory registersu不到1秒FShort-term memory(STM)/Working memoryu2030秒
3、FLong-term memory(LTM)u可毕生不忘8记忆的信息加工模型感觉登记STMLTM刺激注意精细复述提取遗忘?维持复述遗忘遗忘行为反应9Working MemoryFSTM,is also called working memory,it functions like a mental sketch pad on which people make mental notes,solve problems,and hold relevant information in consciousness for a brief period.FWorking memory can also
4、 exist in LTM.101.3 Three changes of memory modelsFModules,a set of memory systems.FRemembering without involving retrieval into consciousness.FNot all information follows the path of the model,further,the model is not unidirectional.1112FGeorge Sperlling(1960)Tachistoscope:flashing for 15-500ms.FWh
5、ole report/P Partial report Less than 4 of the 12 letters(33%)roughly 3 out of the 4 items(75%)Partial report design:focusing attention on one part of the image while it was still in iconic storage.13Partial Report视觉呈现音调指示反应M Q T Z高音R F G A中音N S L C低音低音N,S,L,C142.2 RepresentationFMental representati
6、on 心理表征心理表征 a mental model of a stimulus or category of stimuli.FSensory RepresentationFVerbal Representations15表象16Sensory RepresentationFIconic storageuFor a brief period after an image disappears from vision,people retain a mental image of what they have seen(Foley&Mulhern,1991;Neisser,1967,1976)
7、uThe duration of icons varies from approximately half a second to two seconds,depending on the individual,the content of the image,and the circumstances.uPresenting another image or even a flash of light directly after the first image disappears erases the original icon.FEchoic storage uTwo types of
8、 echoic memory systems:speech/nonspeech sounds17Sensory RepresentationFMental manipulation(Kosslyn,1983;Tye,1991).FCooper&Shepard(1973):rotating of a capital RFPET scan studyFEidetic imagery/photographic memory18Verbal RepresentationFMultiple sensory and verbal representations=parallel processing of
9、 information by modules in the brain19FCharacteristics of STMFControlling Information in STM20FActive workspace(Peterson&Peterson,1959)FRapidly accessedFPreserved in the sequence presentedFLimited in capacity Miller(1956):5-9 items Hermann Ebbinghaus(1885):uSeven-item limitunonsense syllables(pir,vu
10、p)FAVL,acoustic/verbal/linguisticuConrad(1964):V-B,U21 3.2 Controlling Information in STMFRehearsal Maintenance Rehearsal:repeating the information again and again to prevent it from fading.Elaborative rehearsal:Thinking about,or elaborating,the information meaning while rehearsing.=transferring to
11、LTM.FChunking22Miller(1956)：神奇的7+-2DJIBMNYSEWSJSECF因人、因事而异23ChunkingDJIBMNYSEWSJSECDJ IBM NYSE WSJ SECdj:Dow-jonesibm:International Business Machinesnyse:New York Stock Exchangewsj:Wall Street Journalsec:Securities and Exchange Commission/Samsung Electronic Co.244 Long-Term MemoryFThe Serial Positio
12、n EffectFLong-Term Memory SystemsFEncoding and LTMFHow Information Is Stored in LTMFHierarchical Organization of LTM25FFree recall tasksrecalling as many as possibleFSerial position effectuSs were more likely to remember the earlier and later items on the list than the words in the middle(Atkinson&S
13、chiffrin,1968).FPrimacy effect/Recency effect Primacy-rehearsal:STM-LTM Recency-STM26FExplicit MemoryFImplicit Memory27Explicit MemoryFAlso called declarative memory,refers to knowledge that can be consciously brought to mind and d declared.Semantic memoryEpisodic memory(Tulving,1972,1983)uPersonal
14、Event/Public Event(Weaver,1994)uFlashbulb memory28Implicit MemoryFCannot be brought to mind consciously but is expressed in behavior(Roediger,1990)Procedural memoryPriming effectsResults of Conditioning29LTM SystemLTMExplicit MemoryImplicit MemoryEpisodic MemorySemanticMemoryProcedural MemoryPriming
15、EffectsResults ofConditioning30Priming EffectsFDefinition 先前接触的相同或类似的信息，促进了新信息的加工Bowers&Schacter(1990)：24词的词表 BEASONCHECKPENNY READYCHEESEPENGUIN词干补词任务（12个老词干，63个新词干）词表用词量：控制组12，实验组30。31FRehearsal and Levels of ProcessingFMultiple Representations and Representational ModesFMnemonic Devices32Rehearsa
16、l and Levels of ProcessingCraik&Lockhart(1972)Craik&Tulving(1975)FStructural Level(physical characteristics of the stimulus)FPhonemic Level(simple characteristics of the language)FSemantic Level(meaning of the stimulus)33Representational ModesFPaivio(1975):Dual-code hypothesis 斑马台灯，图片和文字，反应时F大多记忆内容以
17、意义编码为主FBower(1972)对偶学习 视觉表征与否（建立意义）记忆效果相差1.5倍34表象354.4 How Information Is Stored In LTMFNetworks of AssociationFNodeFHierarchical Network ModelQuillian(1968);Collins&Quillian(1969)FSpreading ActivationCollins&Loftus(1975)uStarting of Activation:perception&thoughtNisbett&Wilson(1977)uOcean-Moon Tide3
18、65 Memory as a Constructive&Reconstructive ProcessFFlashbulb memoriesFSchemas and the Construction of MemoryFSchemas in Eyewitness Testimony37Schemas and the Construction of MemoryFSchema 特定情境或方面的有关知识。它组织信息并且指导获得新的信息。FSchemas affect the way people remember Influencing codingu不同人的视角不同 Influencing rec
19、onstruct data in memoryuSchemas and Retrieval Default values/Slots Frederic Bartlett(1932)38 FLoftus,Elizabeth F(1975,1979)FLeading questions and eyewitness reportFPresuppositionHow fast(stop sign)?Did you see a stop sign?F“11月7日你在干什么？”396 Retrieval and ForgettingFRecall/RecognitionTip-of-the-tongue
20、 phenomenon40Encoding Specificity PrincipleFTulving&Thompson(1973)编码和随后提取的方式匹配，影响记忆提取FRetrieval cues Contexts Godden&Baddeley(1975):DiversFState-dependent memory Physical or emotional state can also provide retrieval cues41ForgettingFEbbinghaus(1885)forgetting curveFWhy do people forget?Decay Theory
21、 Interference Theoryuproactive/retroactive interference Motivated forgetting(repression)uChildhood Amnesia427 How to Improving memory?FAttentionFElaboration and EncodingFChunking and Memory SpanFImagery and Encoding method of loci peg methods(mental pegs such as numbers)FContext and Retrieval PreactingFSQ3R survey,question,read,recite,and review43Challenges to the Information-Processing ModelFComputers do not feel,wish,or desire.FThe role of consciousnessFThe external validity of experimental studyFThe role of cultural context of memory
