1、2024年中考英语语法复习：非谓语动词 专题讲义考点指要不定式，动名词的构成与用法，不定式和动名词的区别基础知识梳理动词的非谓语形式是指不能单独作谓语的动词形式，即：动词不定式，动词的-Ing形式和ed形式。动词的-Ing形式按照其功能又可分为动名词和现在分词，动词的-ed形式又称过去分词，因此过去传统的语法书中把动词的非谓语形式归类为不定式，动名词和分词形式。一、动词不定式（重点）1、结构及特征：动词不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”，否定形式为“not to+ 动词原形”。在句子中可作主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语和宾语补足语，但不能单独作谓语。动词不定式仍保留动词的特点，即它可以有自
2、己的宾语和状语。2、动词不定式的用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。1）作主语 To learn English well is not easy. 或 To do eye exercises is useful. 做眼保健操很有用。 说明动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语（即动词不定式）放在谓语的后面。 It is not easy to learn English well. It is useful to do eye exercises. 如果需要说明不定式的动作是由谁执行的，可在不定式的前面加介词for引出不
3、定式的复合结构，即It is + adj.+ for sb. To do sth.Its best for you to come early.2）作宾语 Most of us like to watch football matches. We decided to go at once. He tried to catch up with his classmates.注意：当做宾语的不定式后面带有宾语补足语时，通常用it作形式宾语，而将不定式放在宾语补足语的后面。 I found it different to learn English well. He thought it nece
4、ssary to go there.3）作表语 My wish is to become a teacher. My job is to look after babies.4）作定语 I have nothing to say about that thing. Do you have anything to say?注意：不定式做定语时，常常和前面所修饰的名词有动宾关系，因此，如果这个不定式是由不及物动词构成时，其后面要加上合适的介词。I need a pen to write with.There is nothing to worry about.5）作状语. 不定式作状语用来表示目的
5、，原因和结果。 He stopped to have a look. （目的状语） She bought a dictionary to help her in learning English. （目的状语） Im sorry to hear that. ( 原因状语) They were very happy to win the football match. (原因状语) He woke up to find no one was there. ( 结果状语) 注意：in order to 短语也可用来作目的状语，tooto 和enoughto 结构也可用来作结果状语。 In orde
6、r to catch up with the first bus I got up very early this morning. （目的状语） He was too young to join the army. ( 结果状语) She is not old enough to go to school.( 结果状语)6）作宾语补足语 带to 的不定式作宾语补足语 有些动词可跟不定式作宾语补足语，如ask, tell, get, allow, want, order，except等动词。 The boy asked me to play with him. The teacher told
7、 the students not to play in the street.说明 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to + 动词原形构成 例如：He asked me not to make such a mistake. 省to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语 a.使役动词 let, have, make：b.感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。 A. I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. B
8、. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night.c. would rather，had better + do d. help后面的不定式可带to，也可不带to, 句型为 help sb. ( to ) do sth. 7) 动词不定式与疑问词连用：不定式可以和疑问词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how（why除外）等连用，构成不定式短语，相当于一个从句，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：(1) He doesnt know how
9、to use the machine. (不定式作宾语) (2) How to use the machine is a question. (不定式作主语) (3) The question is when to go there. (不定式作表语) 3、不定式的否定形式： 典型例题:Tell him the window ， A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案：B. tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth. 4、不定式的特殊句型： 1）tooto：太而不能
10、 He is too excited to speak. 2）enough to do：足以做 The child is old enough to go to schooll. 3）Why not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为什么不? Why not take a holiday?4）so as (not) to do: 表示目的Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 5、不定式的难点： 1）用作介词的“to”：look forward to 渴望; pay attention to 注意; devote oneself to 献身于；
11、be/get used to 习惯等等。 2）Its for sb.和 Its of sb.A. for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 B. of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 Its very nice of you to he
12、lp me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。 【说明】for 与of 的辨别方法： 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如： You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。He is hard.(人是困难的，不通。 或者: To study two languages is hard for him。 因此应用for。)二、动名词： 1动名词的用法：动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词原形加-ing构成，它在句中起名词的作用，可以在句子中用作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语。1）动名词作主语Walking is good ex
13、ercise. 走路是很好的运动 Eating too much is bad for your health. Seeing is believing. (Seeing 作主语，believing 表语，都是动名词) 2）动名词作表语My favorite sport is swimming. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。3）动名词作宾语作动词宾语Jim dislikes eating chocolate. 吉姆不喜欢吃巧克力。She cant help crying at a sad movie. 她看了忧伤的电影禁不住要哭。 作介词宾语 Thank you for helping me. He
14、 is fond of playing football.说明 有些动词和动词短语后只能接动名词作宾语。例如：admit, finish, forgive, give up, mind, practise, be good at, do well in, cant help, keep on, feel like, be used to, look forward to, prefer to,等。4）动名词作定语：动名词作定语时和形容词的功能是相似的。动名词可以单独作定语，例如： a smiling face 笑脸 swimming pool 游泳池 dining-car 餐车A workin
15、g method 2动词的-ing形式用作现在分词：-ing分词通常用作宾语补足语，表示动作正在发生或者正在进行。这种用法通常用在下列动词中：see, hear, find, smell, watch, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe例如：1）There we found him watching TV. 我们发现他在那儿看电视。 2）I heard someone knocking at the door. 我听见有人在敲门。 3不定式和动名词的比较：共同点：动词不定式结构和动词的-ing形式都被称之为非谓语结构，因此它们一般都可以放在句中
16、除了谓语之外的其他位置。1.有些动词只能跟不定式做宾语，如wish, hope, decide, plan, refuse, manage, promise, ask, tell等。 They decided to go there right now. We are planning to have a get-together these days. My father promised to take me to the Summer Palace.2.有些动词只能跟动名词做宾语，如finish, enjoy, mind ,suggest, practice, cant help, gi
17、ve up, be worth, be fond of, be busy等。 Do you mind closing the window?3. 有些动词既可以接不定式做宾语，又可接动名词做宾语，这分两种情况： like, love, prefer, begin, start, hate，continue等动词后面接不定式和动名词时，两者意思基本相同。其细微差别是：接不定式表示一次性的具体动作，接动名词表示习惯性动作。 I love to go to the theatre. 我喜欢看戏。（表示一次性的具体动作） I love going to the theatre. 我喜欢看戏。（表示习惯
18、性动作）stop, remember, forget, regret等动词接不定式表示动作发生在谓语动词之后，接动名词表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。 I remember to write to him. 我记得要给他写信。 I remember writing to him. 我记得给他写过信。 4. need, require, want 等作“需要”解时，后面用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动式作宾语，这时，动名词的主动形式表被动意义。The window needs repairing. = The window needs to be repaired. 5.一些常见的与动名词形式相关的
19、短语 do some reading / running/ writing/ shopping/ cooking/ washing/ cleaning/ sewing(缝纫) go swimming/ fishing/ skating/ shopping/ hunting/ boating三、【考点诠释】1、考查非谓语动词用作主语不定式或动名词用作主语，而分词不能担任句子中的主语。 1.Its very nice pictures for me. 天津A. of you to draw B. for you to draw C. for you drawing D. of you drawin
20、g答案：A。解析考查Its+形容词+of/for sb. +to do sth.句中it为形式主语，to do是真正的主语，当形容词是表示品质意思时，应该用of sb，其他形容词用for sb，故此题答案为A。2、考查非谓语动词用作宾语1.一Its a bit cold Would you mind my _all the windows?一Do as you like，please07淄博市Aclose B will close Cclosing Dto close 答案C 解析动词mind意为“介意”，后跟动词时，应使用ing形式。2.Mary and I enjoy _ badminto
21、n07黔岭东南州Ato play B playing Cplayed答案B解析 enjoy后跟动词的ing形式作宾语，即：enjoy doing something，意为“喜欢(做)某事”。3.-So hot in the classroomWould you mind _the windows?0KIll do it right now黄冈市A not closing B not opening C closing Dopening答案D解析 mind是中考的重点考查词汇，其后跟ving表示“介意”。 4.-Mr. Wang，I have trouble _the text一Remember
22、 _it three times at least威海市Ato understand；readingB understanding；readingC understanding；to read Dto understand；to read at night 答案C 解析have trouble doing something意为“做某事有困难”，所以答案在B与C中。remember to do something意为“记得(去)做某事”，remember doing something意为“记得做过某事”，由对话的语境可知，前者正确。 5.-How are you feeling here?-
23、Its quite hot. I dont know to go or stay. 武汉A. how B. when C. whether D. where答案：C。解析考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“我不知道是走还是留下来。”故选C。6.Many people think its very important us learn English well. 贵阳A. for, to B. to, to C. with, for答案：A。解析考查“主语+feel/think/ make/ find +it +adj. +for sb. +to do sth.句中it为形式宾语，to
24、do是真正的宾语，”故此题答案为A。7.The menu has so many good things! I cant decide_.河北A. what to eatB. how to eatC. where to eat D. when to eat答案：A 。解析 考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“我不能决定吃什么。”故选A。8.-My dad bought me a new MP4, but I dont know _.-Lets read the instructions.河南课改试验区 A. what to use B. which one to use C. how
25、to use it D. when to use it答案：C。 解析 考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“我不知道如何使用。”故选C。9.It took my daughter two weeks _the novels _by Yand Hongying.潍坊A. read; writtenB. to read; writtenC. reading; to writeD. to read; wrote答案：B。解析 It takes +sb+some time +to do sth表示花费多长时间做某事，novel与write的关系是动宾关系，应用过去分词，表示被动。故答案为B。1
26、0.Drivers are warned _when they are tired.佛山A. to driveB. not driveC. not to drive答案：C。解析考查动词不定式的否定结构。否定形式是在to前面加not。故选C。11.If you want to know _the mobile phone, youd better read the instructions first.大连A. how to use B. how to makeC. where to mendD. where to buy答案：A。解析 考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“如果你想要知
27、道如何使用手机的话，你最好先看一看说明书。”故选A。13.China will spend about 52 billion yuan _new airports and _old ones in the west of China in the 11th Five-Year Plan period(时期)07临沂市Arepairing; building B to build；repair Cbuilding；repairing Dto repair；build答案C解析本题主要是考查动词spend的用法。spenddoing something意为“花费做某事”，由此可排除B、D两项。再从
28、句意上看，应是“修建”新机场，“维修”旧机场。14.students should pay attention to _the teacher in class07泰州市Ahear B1istento C listening to D hearing of答案C解析本题考查了介词后跟动词的情况。 pay attention to意为“注意”，其中to是介词，所以后面的动词应使用动名词形式。hear of意为“听说”，与句意不符。3、考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语原则上，所有的非谓语动词形式均可用作宾语补足语，其区别是：不定式表未来，现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成和被动。 1.Alice aske
29、d me _another bag for her. 北京市课标卷A. get B. got C. to get D. getting答案：C。解析 ask sbto do sth表示让某人做某事，此句话的意思为:“爱丽丝叫我给她再带一个包。”2.Our parents often tell us not alone in the river in summer. 长沙A. swim B. to swim C. swimming答案：B。解析考查动词不定式作宾语补足语的用法。tell sbto do sth表示告诉某人做某事，tell后边要加不定式，否定形式是在to前面加not，根据题意，应选
30、B。3.-What did your sister say to you last night?-She asked me _my father her secret.绍兴 A. to tell not B. not to tellC. dont tellD. not tell答案：B。解析 tell sbto do sth表示告诉某人做某事，tell后边要加不定式，否定形式是在to前面加not，根据题意，应选B。4.Betty is often seen _the old man with his housework.咸宁A. helpB. to helpC. helpedD. helps答
31、案：B。解析考查感官动词后接动词不定式的用法。在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, listen to，look at，feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带to。当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加to。故选B。5.Time goes by so fast. We must never miss the chance to show love for our parents and make them _ how much they mean to us. 哈尔滨A. to kn
32、ow B. knowing C. know答案：C。解析考查动词不定式作宾语补足语的用法。make sb. do sth. 表示“使某人”，故选C。6.-How do you feel when you see the national flag of China?-It makes us _proud.包头A. feel B. to feelC. felt D. feeling答案：A。解析 考查感官动词后接动词不定式的用法。在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, listen to，look at，feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动
33、词不定式不带to。故选A。4、考查非谓语动词用作定语1.Shopping with me?Sorry. I have a lot of clothes . （2004江西省南昌） Ato washBwashedCwashDto be washed答案: A命题立意：本题考查动词不定式作定语的用法。试题解析：作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语是句中主语或宾语时，就用主动式的不定式来表被动意义。故选A。5、考查非谓语动词用作状语 1. -Linda, I am very thirsty. -Lets go to the nearest supermarket some drinks, OK? 重庆A. b
34、uy B. bought C. to buy D. buying答案：C。解析考查不定式作目的状语的用法。句意为：“咱们去最近的超级市场买些饮料。”2.In order _the word a friendly place, one must show a friendly face.乐山A. makes B. makingC. to makeD. make答案：C。解析考查动词不定式作目的状语的特殊结构。in order to do sth.表示“为了”的意思，不定式作目的状语。故选C。3.一There goes the bell一Its time for class. Lets stop_
35、.福州市A talk B to talk Ctalking Dnot talk答案C解析 动词stop后既可接动词不定式作宾语，即：stop to do sth，也可以接动词的一ing形式作定语，即：stop doing sth。前者表示停下来(开始)做后面的动作，后者表示停止当前的动作。由语境“铃响了，到了上课时间，应停止交谈”可知，应选C项。【基础练习】(一)选择最佳答案 1. Dont forget _ the letter. A. to send B. send C. sending D. being sent2. The chair looks very old, but in fa
36、ct it is very comfortable to _. A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on 3. Is _ necessary to return the book tomorrow? A. this B. that C. it D. which4. Im afraid they would not allow him _ here. A. to smoke B. smoking C. smokes D. smoke5. Mother told me _ the water before I drank it. A. boiling B. b
37、oiled C. boil D. to boil6. On my way home, I stopped _ some food. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought7. Li Yang advised me _ too much, otherwise I would have been drunk. A. not to drink B. to drink C. not drinking D. drinking8. He _ two million yuan _a vase at the auction.A. spent, buy B. cost, buy
38、ing C. paid, buy D. spent, buying9. The first thing I want to do is _.A. visit to him B. to visit him C. visiting him D. visited him10. John was made _ the car for a week as a punishment.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 11. _ is one thing, _ is quite another. A. To say, to do B. Say, d
39、o C. Said, did D. To say, do12. Ill try _ the same mistakes again. A. to not make B. not make C. not to make D. not making13. Its too hard _ it by himself. A. not to do B. to do C. that I do D. doing 14. Its time for sports. Lets _bowling, shall we? A.go B.to go C.going D.goes 15. Mr Zhou, youd bett
40、er_ too much sugar. You are already overweight, said the doctor. A.not to eat B.to eat C.not eat D.eat（二）用动词的适当形式填空： 1If you keep _(fight) with him, you may hurt yourself. 2The students are busy _(prepare) for the coming exam. 3His duty is _(save) the sick people.4I have nothing _ (send) you.5They w
41、ere made _ (work) ten hours a day.6No one knows what _ (do) next.【提高题】I. 选择题。1. The doctor came_ our eyes. A. to examine B. for examining C. as to examine D. examining2. Our teacher always makes us _ hard. A. to work B. work C. working D. worked3. _ our classroom once a week is necessary A. Cleaning B. Clean C. Cleaned D. To clean4. _ is our duty _ good service to customers A. That, to give B. This, giving C. It, to give D. It, giving5. It took years_ the highrise. A. for
