1、 一篇好的作文应达到：一篇好的作文应达到：1.有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句不当，文章结构完有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句不当，文章结构完 整，内容符合要求；整，内容符合要求；2.语法基本正确；语法基本正确；3.句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯；句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯；4.有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；5.说理清楚，内容充实。说理清楚，内容充实。一篇较差的作文表现为：一篇较差的作文表现为：1 文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；2 出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；出现很多基本语法错误，拼
2、写错误；3 词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；4 不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.有意识作文法有意识作文法写作中常见的问题写作中常见的问题思维习惯思维习惯语言错误语言错误框架意识框架意识词汇匮乏词汇匮乏结构意识结构意识第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略语言意识语言意识.1.英语写作中常见问题英语写作中常见问题 1）思维习惯思维习惯 英汉不同的语篇思维模式英汉不同的语篇思维模式是造
3、成不切题的直接原因。一些外是造成不切题的直接原因。一些外国人认为东方人写作善用迂回法，也就是总绕着主题的外围转，国人认为东方人写作善用迂回法，也就是总绕着主题的外围转，而不从主题入手展开讨论。而不从主题入手展开讨论。汉语语篇的思维模式是中国历史文化的产物，人们认为这种汉语语篇的思维模式是中国历史文化的产物，人们认为这种方式含蓄、委婉，容易使人接受，而英美人则方式含蓄、委婉，容易使人接受，而英美人则喜欢开门见山的叙喜欢开门见山的叙述主题述主题；所以我国学生进行英语写作时，由于受汉语语篇思维模；所以我国学生进行英语写作时，由于受汉语语篇思维模式的影响，阐述时不从主题入手，不能紧扣主题进行写作，致使
4、式的影响，阐述时不从主题入手，不能紧扣主题进行写作，致使文章主题不明确，观点不够鲜明。文章主题不明确，观点不够鲜明。Oriental English 我们来看一篇以我们来看一篇以Trees为题目的作文：为题目的作文：第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.Trees are mans friends.1.We can see trees everywhere.2.We plant trees every year.3.We can make tables with trees.4.Trees also give us fruits to eat.5.I like
5、 to eat fruits very much.该段的主题句是Trees are mans friends,写作中心应围绕friends，也就是树的用途展开。但学生没有从friends入手阐明主题，而是绕圈子说了些无关紧要的话，第一、二、五展开句偏离了树的用途这个主题，而是说我们到处可以看见树木；每年都种树；喜欢吃水果等；而且段落框架松散，这样就属于主题句抓不住，中心思想不明确，而且句型单调。第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.再来看改写后的段落：再来看改写后的段落：Trees are mans friends.1.They provide man wit
6、h timber,fruits and seeds.With timber,man can build houses and make furniture.2.Fruits are the food,which is necessary to us every day.3.As for seeds,they can be used to extract oil.这样就克服了前面所犯错误，紧紧围绕了主题句来展这样就克服了前面所犯错误，紧紧围绕了主题句来展开，算是一篇好的作文。开，算是一篇好的作文。第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.下文为根据中国式思维方式写就
7、的作文下文为根据中国式思维方式写就的作文 Most of the scientists of the important academic journals write in Most of the scientists of the important academic journals write in English,and in all the international academic meetings,English is English,and in all the international academic meetings,English is widely used.I
8、f we master English,we can go to any corner of the widely used.If we master English,we can go to any corner of the world to communicate with the people with different mother tongue.world to communicate with the people with different mother tongue.So So English is important to scientists.English is i
9、mportant to scientists.(才引出主题才引出主题)第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.这几句是正确的句子吗这几句是正确的句子吗?如果你认为有误如果你认为有误,该怎么改该怎么改?1.The meeting will until 3:00.2.Work hard,you will succeed.3.I have a brother,who is a doctor.4.There are only 4 students take part in the class.lastand whotaking/to take 2）语言错误）语言错误第八
10、讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.3.词汇匮乏词汇匮乏 可供“调遣”的词汇量贫乏，用词大部分局限于中学词汇。Good points=benefits,advantages,merits.Problems,bad points=drawbacks,disadvantages,shortcomings,defects.表达相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词单调。Good=helpful,useful,beneficial,favorable,advantageous,does good to,benefit.3 学会使用形容词、副词第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习
11、策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.sometimes now and then、from time to time、once in a while、occasionally show（表明）indicate、reveal、suggest、illustrate、demonstrate、manifest person、people individuals characters have（有）enjoy、possess第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.believe、claim、maintain、argue、insist、harbor the idea th
12、at、hold the view that、it is widely acknowledged that essential、crucial、indispensable、of vital importance、of great momentum/magnitude/significance 第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.because of thanks to、due to、on account of、on the grounds of Many a variety of、numerous、a wide array of第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学
13、习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.2.影响写作能力的因素影响写作能力的因素 直接因素：直接因素：表达知识和能力表达知识和能力-英语表达型词汇水平、汉语写作能力英语表达型词汇水平、汉语写作能力表达型词汇：学习者能够用于口语或写作的词汇量。表达型词汇：学习者能够用于口语或写作的词汇量。间接因素：间接因素：英语阅读能力英语阅读能力 领会型语篇知识领会型语篇知识 英语听力能力英语听力能力第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.Why am I always stuck in writing？第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.有
14、意识作文法有意识作文法第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.构思的有意识构思的有意识 开篇开篇 文章主体文章主体 结尾结尾 语言运用的有意识语言运用的有意识 词汇运用的有意识词汇运用的有意识 句子结构选择的有意识句子结构选择的有意识有意识作文法有意识作文法第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.构思的有意识构思的有意识 按作文类型构思按作文类型构思 开篇：开宗明义（开篇：开宗明义（whatwhat）主体：主体：原因原因/后果分析；提出解决问题的方法后果分析；提出解决问题的方法/等等建议（建议（why&howwhy&how）结尾：
15、点题结尾：点题 （my point of viewmy point of view）第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.框架意识框架意识-段落的框架段落的框架 英语写作习惯：从后面英语写作习惯：从后面/结论写起（结论写起（writing backwards）段落段落结构：结构：中心议题中心议题塔尖塔尖 A若干个分论点若干个分论点塔身塔身 A A A 各分论点的具体论证各分论点的具体论证塔基塔基 AAA A A A AAA第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.I hate you.Reason 1 Reason 2 Reaso
16、n 3 你讲我的坏话你讲我的坏话 生日送我破卡片生日送我破卡片 抢我女朋友抢我女朋友 例证例证 强对比强对比 因果因果 张三说：张三说：张三送宝马张三送宝马 因为因为“朋友妻，不可欺朋友妻，不可欺”李四说：李四说：李四送郊区别墅李四送郊区别墅 所以我特恨你所以我特恨你 I hate you.第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.段落段落(设计好一个段落设计好一个段落)一般说来一般说来,一个段落由三部分组成一个段落由三部分组成:主题句主题句 扩展句扩展句 结论句结论句 主题句提出的论述的主题主题句提出的论述的主题,扩展句利用必要的细节对主题扩展句利用必要的细节对
17、主题加以论证说明加以论证说明,结论句总结全文结论句总结全文,在论证的基础上得出结论在论证的基础上得出结论.这三者是段落的必要成分这三者是段落的必要成分,他们相辅相成他们相辅相成,构成一个完整的构成一个完整的段落段落.有些段落还有过渡句有些段落还有过渡句,它起到段与段之间的顺利过渡它起到段与段之间的顺利过渡.第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.1.主题句主题句 1)主题句的位置:请找出段落的主题句 Smoking is harmful to your health.Experiment show that smoking can cause cancer.Be
18、sides the most serious disease cancer,smoking can also cause other health problems.For example,it gives one a“smokers cough”.Finally,studies have shown it is easy for smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or the terrible killer,cancer,smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?第八讲第八讲 英语学
19、习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.Albert Einstein,one of the worlds greatest scientists,failed in his university entrance exam on his first attempt.William Faulkner,one of Americas famous writers,never finished college because he could not pass his English courses.Sir Winston Churchill,who is considered one
20、 of the masters of the English language,was very poor in English during middle school.These few examples show that school does not always predict failure in life.Karaok,which was invented by a Japanese,one of the greatest wonders of modern technology.Needless to say,Karaok is a good way of rest.You
21、can learn a new song easily.Its also a good way to make your friends happy.Nearly every body has a chance to be a singing star.However,everything has two sides,so does Karaok.Its noisy to your neighbors.Besides,if you sing badly,they will feel uncomfortable.In fact,you are sure to make a sound pollu
22、tion.2)写好主题句写好主题句,有两条原则有两条原则 （1）主题句要明确）主题句要明确,句中须有一个词句中须有一个词,词组词组,或从句让读者一目或从句让读者一目了然本段的确切主题了然本段的确切主题,明确本段的重点或观点明确本段的重点或观点.例如例如:This paragraph will talk about birds.这句作为主题句就太笼统这句作为主题句就太笼统,不确切不确切.试比较以下几句试比较以下几句,下列几个主题句就确切地阐明了段下列几个主题句就确切地阐明了段落的主题落的主题:a.Birds have a great sense of direction.b.Pet owners
23、 prefer certain species of birds.c.In my opinion,a bird makes a better pet than a cat does.d.Birds are suffering from air-pollution.第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.（2）主题句要概括）主题句要概括,它陈述你要说明的重点和观点它陈述你要说明的重点和观点,句中必须句中必须包含有可扩展主题的词包含有可扩展主题的词,词组或从句词组或从句.他应该是你将进一步表他应该是你将进一步表明你的态度和看法的概括明你的态度和看法的概括.同时同时,
24、主题句有利于控制作者本人主题句有利于控制作者本人的主题的扩展的主题的扩展.例如例如:The young girl studied Chinese History.该主题句未能概括主题的要点该主题句未能概括主题的要点,则不利于下面的扩展则不利于下面的扩展.最好增添一个词或一个短语来修改这个句子最好增添一个词或一个短语来修改这个句子,以便顺利地展开以便顺利地展开你的主题你的主题.例如例如:a.The young girl eagerly studied Chinese History.b.The young girl studied Chinese History under a famous h
25、istorian.c.The young girl found three reasons for studying Chinese History.2.下面各段没有主题句下面各段没有主题句,请根据全段内容拟定一个主请根据全段内容拟定一个主题句题句.1)_.For example teachers live by selling knowledge,philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort.Though it may be possible to measure the value of ma
26、terial goods in terms of money,it is very difficult to calculate the true value of services which people perform for us.The conditions of society are such that sills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at shop.Everyone has something to sell.Everyone lives by selling something
27、.2)_.Before entering a house in Japan,it is a good manner to take off your shoes.In European countries even though shoes sometimes become very muddy,this is not done.A guest in a Chinese house never finishes a drink.He leaves a little to show that he has had enough.In a Malaysian house,too,a guest l
28、eaves a little food.In England,a guest always finishes a drink to show that he has enjoyed it.It seems that manners in different countries are never the same.Different countries and different races have different manners.3)_ .Fire can heat water,cook,give out light and keep your house warm.Sometimes
29、,however,big fires can burn down houses and forests.For example,the big fire caused by Yuanming Palace,a famous palace in Qing Dynasty,ruined completely.So we must be very careful with matches,burning cigarettes,faulty electric appliances or unquenched(未扑灭的)fires Be careful with fire because it does
30、 not always do us good.扩展句扩展句 扩展句的作用是丰富扩展句的作用是丰富,支持支持,扩展主题句的内涵扩展主题句的内涵.他们他们是段落的血和肉是段落的血和肉.扩展句的表达形式是多种多样的扩展句的表达形式是多种多样的,可可以按时间或空间顺序以按时间或空间顺序,从整体到局部从局部到整体的方从整体到局部从局部到整体的方法叙述法叙述,描写描写,说明或议论说明或议论,也可用比较也可用比较,对比对比,比喻比喻,推推导导,归纳归纳,演绎的手段来展现演绎的手段来展现.第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.单一性单一性:一个段落只说明一个问题一个段落只说明
31、一个问题,讲述一件事讲述一件事,扩扩展句必须紧紧地围绕着主题句展句必须紧紧地围绕着主题句,不偏离中心思想不偏离中心思想.通常对扩展句的要求有两个通常对扩展句的要求有两个:单一性和连贯性单一性和连贯性 找出一个违背单一性的句子找出一个违背单一性的句子.China has made great progress in reducing its population growth.China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970.It is wrong of the western gov
32、ernments to find fault with its policies of elimination of poverty.China now urges each family to have no more than one child.And it hopes to reach zero population growth,the number of birth equaling the number of death,by the year 2000.连贯性连贯性:段落中各扩展句前后衔接段落中各扩展句前后衔接,条理清楚条理清楚,合乎合乎逻辑逻辑,使读者很容易抓住段落的中心思想
33、使读者很容易抓住段落的中心思想.在议论文中在议论文中,我们常会谈到首先我们常会谈到首先,其次其次,然后然后,该如何表达该如何表达?1)first,second,third,last 2)firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally 3)the first,the second,the third,the last 4)to begin with,then,furthermore,finally5)to start with,next,in addition,/besides,last but not least 6)on the one hand,on the other
34、hand 7)for one thing,for another thing.练习练习:根据所给的主题句和提示根据所给的主题句和提示,写好段落的扩展句写好段落的扩展句(1)主题句主题句:How excited we were when we learned that we were going to have a spring tour.afterdiscussionagreeclimbout of the cityweoften pass by mountainthe first timethink ofclimb itset outearlymorningaboutan hourbegin
35、tiredstill a long waygoshort breakgo onclimblunch timeget to the topmountainour beautiful citybelow ushappyvery tired结尾句结尾句:It proves that many things are just like climbing a mountain;they look attractive,but they are not easy to do.参考答案参考答案:(1)After a heated discussion we agreed to climb the mount
36、ain outside the city.We had passed by the mountain when we were taking a bus out of the city,but it was the first time we had thought of climbing it.We started early in the morning.About an hour later,we began to feel tired,but there was still a long way to go.We took a short break and then went on
37、climbing.Not until lunch time did we get to the top of the mountain.At sight of our beautiful city below us，we felt happy though we were tired out.练习练习:根据所给的主题句和提示根据所给的主题句和提示,写好段落的扩展句写好段落的扩展句(2)主题句主题句:He was kind and shy before a group of naughty girls,but he was very strict in his teaching and with
38、 our students.teach usa lot in knowledgeas well as in moralityI remembermy final examHave an idealook in dictionarysecretlyUnfortunatelydiscoversave my faceAfter examcallto his officemy heartbeat fastInstead of scoldingsay kindlyadvisedo goodmovedtears18 yearspasskeepremind mestudy hardhonest.参考答案参考
39、答案:(2)He taught us a lot in knowledge as well as in morality.I remember the time of my final examination.I had the idea of looking in my dictionary secretly.Unfortunately,my secret was discovered by him and he said nothing to save my face.After the examination,I was called to his office.My heart was
40、 beating fast.Instead of scolding,he talked kindly to me and advised me to do good.I was moved to tears.Eighteen years has passed,but the lesson remains deep in my memory and always reminds me to study hard and keep honest.结论句结论句结论句并非必不可少结论句并非必不可少,但它能起到以下的作用但它能起到以下的作用:(1)表示段落的结束表示段落的结束(2)总结要点总结要点,与与
41、主题句主题句相呼应相呼应(3)供读者就本段落的主要内容和见解有个深刻的供读者就本段落的主要内容和见解有个深刻的印象或进行思考印象或进行思考.结论句结论句:(推荐推荐)1.(主题句主题句:Life is limited,but knowledge is boundless.)结尾句结尾句:How important it is to read good books!2.(主题句主题句:Books are full of knowledge and wisdom.)结尾句结尾句:Why shouldnt we read more books to search more and use them
42、to develop our splendid future?3.(主题句主题句:When I was a little girl,I lived with my grandparents in a faraway village.)结尾句结尾句:Time was gone with the wind.But my childhood is like amber(琥珀琥珀),glittering in my life.感叹句感叹句疑问句疑问句比喻比喻.结论句结论句:(推荐推荐)1.(主题句主题句:From Monday to Friday we go to school,and we have
43、 to do homework on Saturday and Sunday.Our rights of enjoying our weekends have been taken away by those who wish us to do well in our lessons.)结尾句结尾句:In short,for young people,not only are we eager for knowledge but also we are thirsty for colorful lives.Lets become the real masters of weekends.2.(
44、主题句主题句:Success comes with hard work.)结尾句结尾句:So,as Tomas Edison once said,genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.总结总结,概括概括引用名言引用名言.词汇运用的有意识词汇运用的有意识 比较下面用英语写出的句子。比较下面用英语写出的句子。（1）越来越多的学生发现学英语变得越来越重要了。）越来越多的学生发现学英语变得越来越重要了。More and more students find learning English has
45、become increasingly important.Students in growing numbers find learning English has become increasingly important.（2）如今人们消耗的蔬菜越来越多了。）如今人们消耗的蔬菜越来越多了。More and more people are eating vegetables nowadays.Vegetable consumption is on the rise nowadays.第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.词汇运用的有意识词汇运用的有意识（3
46、）经济的发展需要越来越多的服务人员。经济的发展需要越来越多的服务人员。We need more and more service people with the development of economy.There is an increasing demand for service people with the development of economy.（4）越来越多的证据显示第二种管理风格比第一种更越来越多的证据显示第二种管理风格比第一种更有效。有效。More and more evidence is showing that the second style of manag
47、ement is more productive than the first one.The evidence is mounting that the second style of management is more productive than the first one.第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.词汇运用的有意识词汇运用的有意识第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.词汇运用的有意识词汇运用的有意识第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略.词汇运用的有意识词汇运用的有意识第
48、八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写作学习策略英语写作学习策略 形体化形体化A.The injured footballer limped（跛行）（跛行）slowly off the field.B.The victorious army marched（迈进）（迈进）into the conquered city.C.The pedestrians rushed（快步走）快步走）here and there in the rain.D.The man,whose wife was expecting the first baby,was pacing（踱步）（踱步）nervously
49、up and down the hospital corridor.E.The manager strode（大步走）（大步走）into the office and asked who was late for work.F.We wandered（瞎转）（瞎转）around for hours looking for the house.G.She just drags（步履拖沓）（步履拖沓）along after us wherever we go.词汇运用的有意识词汇运用的有意识感官化感官化A.Rain came down and broke the silence.B.After a
50、 long hush,big raindrops came pitter-pattering down,shattering the eerie silence.细节化细节化speak讲话讲话 talk交谈交谈tell讲述讲述 explain解释解释 mention提及提及 narrate讲述讲述lie撒谎撒谎 whisper耳语耳语discuss讨论讨论 utter出声出声persuade劝说劝说 quote引述引述libel诋毁诋毁 murmur低语低语comment、observe、remark评价评价 declare、announce宣称宣称第八讲第八讲 英语学习策略英语学习策略英语写
