1、1英语语法，指的是英语中语言的结构和规律语言的结构和规律，主要包括词法词法和句法句法。高考中占较大比重的是句法，而句法中较为重要的是句子成分句子成分和句子结构句子结构。（一）词法：英语的词类词类以及构词法构词法。1、词类：主要有十种，分别是名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、介词、连词、数词和感叹词。2、构词法：主要有合成法、派生法和转化法。合成法：如spaceship playground basketball 派生法：inventor learner swimming congratulation kindness dangerous 转化法：形容词动词，如dry(干燥的)dry(弄干)
2、clean(干净的)clean(打扫干净)动词名词，如look，walk，rest，work，study，swim，talk等 名词动词，如hand(手)(传递)，face(脸)(面对)等 2（二）句法：英语的句子成分句子成分和句子结构句子结构1、句子成分：、句子成分：英语中主要有七种，即主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语（adverbial）、补语（complement）、表语（predicative）。注意句子成分和词类之间的对应关系2、句子结构：、句子结构：简单句：简单句：有五种基本结构：（1）主+谓 （2）主+谓+
3、宾 （3）主+谓+间宾+直宾 （4）主+谓+宾+宾补 （5）主+系+表并列复合句：并列复合句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词并列连词连在一起构成的句子。其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有：and，but，or，so等。如：You love music and you are good at music.主从复合句：主从复合句：即各种从句，包括名词性从句名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句定语从句、状语从句状语从句。高考中占分比最大的是宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和定语从句。如何区分是简单句还是复合句呢？3 定语从句：Attributive Cl
4、ause 从句在整个句子中作定语，来修饰某个名词或代词，并从属于主句。状语从句：Adverbial Clause 从句在整个句子中作状语，起副词的作用。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。一般由连词来引导。名词性从句：Noun Clause 从句在整个句子中起名词的作用，相当于名词词组。它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从主语从句句、宾语从句宾语从句、表语从句表语从句和同位语从句同位语从句。4找谓语动词找谓语动词（是否为复合句）（是否为复合句）如无并列连词，分别找出如无并列连词，
5、分别找出主句和从句主句和从句判断从句在整个句子中判断从句在整个句子中担任何种成分担任何种成分？（即为何种从句）？（即为何种从句）He said his father is an engineer.The little girl in red coat is my sister.The prize will go to the writer whose story shows the most imagination.The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.Whatev
6、er is left over may be put into the refrigerator,where it will keep for two or three weeks.5（一）定语从句基本概念 1、定语：修饰或限定名词和代词的形容词 2、定语从句：顾名思义就是一个句子作定语，并从属于主句。3、先行词先行词：定语从句中所被修饰的名词或代词。（可以是人或物）4、关系词关系词：引导定语从句的词，代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中充当句子成分。有关系代词（which who/whom that whose）和关系副词（when where why）两种。结构：先行词先行词+关系词关系词+定
7、语从句定语从句6（1）Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet where life has developed gradually.【2010福建】（2）Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school whom I met in the English speech contest last year.【2010湖南】（3）The girl arranged to have piano lessons at th
8、e training centre with her sister where she would stay for an hour.【2010江西】（4）Thats the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen.【2010山东】7（二）定语从句的分类 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句：从句对先行词或主句进行补充说明或解释，它与先行词或主句间有逗号隔开。（不能用that引导，一般由which who whose as 等引导）
9、Do you remember the girl who taught us English?My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.二者之间有什么区别？如何判
10、定属于哪种？定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。He was the only person in this country who was invited.81、在句中作用不同：、在句中作用不同：限定性定语从句对先行词有限定制约作用，使该词含义更具体，更明确。限定性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意不完整。非限定性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限定性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。2、外在表现形式不同、外在表现形式不同：限定性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限定性定语从句与先行词关
11、系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。3、先行词内容有所不同：、先行词内容有所不同：大多数限定性和非限定性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下，非限定性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限定性定语从句常由 which 引导。4、关系词的使用情况不同：、关系词的使用情况不同：that 不可用于引导非限定性定语从句关系代词替代情况不同：who替代whom、that替代who/whom关系代词省略情况不同：关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语时可省去，非限定性定语从句所有关系词均不可省。翻译不同翻译不同：一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。
12、91、People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉，句子就失去意义)2、His daughter,who is in Boston now,is coming back home next week.他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整)3、He is the man whose car was stolen.他就是汽车被窃的那个人。4、Ive invited Jim,who lives in the next flat.我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。5、I have bought
13、 the same dress which she is wearing.我买了和她身上穿的一样的衣服。(which指the same dress)6、Peter drove too fast,which was dangerous.彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)7、He changed his mind,which made me very angry.他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)8、Li Ming,with whom I went to the concert,enjoyed it very much.9、Last Sund
14、ay they reached Nanjing,where a conference was to be held.注意：并非只有并非只有 which 才能引才能引导非限定性定语从句。导非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句中，如果先行词指人则用 who，which 或 whose 引导；先行词指物可用 which 引导；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用 when，where 引导。10（三）关系代词关系代词引导的定语从句1、常见的关系代词有：who whom that which whose 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词。如果先行词指人，关系代词可用 who
15、 whom that whose；如果先行词指物，关系代词可用which或that。（1）This is the detective who came from London.（2）She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to communicate freely with each other.【2011福建】（3）The desk whose leg is broken is very old.（4）This is the room that Shakespeare was b
16、orn in.关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。112、关系代词who，whom和whose的用法（1）who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。（有时可用作主语。（有时可用that代替代替who）An architect is a person who designs buildings.Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.（2）whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句中作宾语作宾语。在非正式英
17、语中常可省略。Do you know the gentleman(whom)we met in the school library yesterday?This is the student(whom)my father taught ten years ago.The girl(who/that)I saw is called Mary.（3）whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语作定语。The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad.Do you know the n
18、ame of the hotel whose window we can see here?（正式用法中：whose window=the window of which）123、关系代词which和that的用法（1）关系代词which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.（which可换成可换成that）Tom works for a factory which makes watches.（which可以换成可以换成that）（2）关系代词that既可指人又可指物，在当
19、代英语中大多指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。Is she the girl that sells newspapers?（that可以换成可以换成who）Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?（that可以换成可以换成which）Is this the book that you want to buy?（that可以换成可以换成which，在定语从句，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略中作宾语，可以省略）13 A.关系代词关系代词who、whom与与that的区别：的区别：（1）当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格）当关系
20、代词用作主语时，多用主格who。如He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词（先行词为代词he,they,any,all,one等，多用等，多用who）I met Alice,who told me that she was learning Chinese.我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用（在非限制性定语从句中，用who）（2）当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格）当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用，不用that。例如：The man to whom our headmaster talked j
21、ust now is our English teacher我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。（介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾（介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格格whom，不可用主格，不可用主格who）注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格who，也可用，也可用that，还可省略关系代词。，还可省略关系代词。（3）当关系代词泛指人时，多用）当关系代词泛指人时，多用that。He is a man that is never afraid of failure.他是个从不怕失败的人。（that用来泛指人）（4）当关系代词出现在）当关系代词
22、出现在who开头的疑问句时，应用开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?（避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清）14只能用只能用who，不能用，不能用that引导定语从句的情况引导定语从句的情况 all作先行词且指人时 先行词是those且指人时 在there be结构中且指人时 先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one,anyone,no one,all,nobody,anybody,none等1.All _ have studied this question have come to th
23、e same conclusion.2.Those _want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.3.There is a young lady _ asks for you.4.The student you should learn from is the one _works hard and studies well.15B.关系代词关系代词which与与that的区别：的区别：(1)当先行词为all,much,little以及不定代词anything,something,everything
24、等时，关系代词多用that。例如：All that glitters is not gold.闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。She told me everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。(2)当先行词前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only,the very,all,every,any,no等时，关系代词一般都用that。例如：This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的一部小说。He is the only person that has been invited to the ba
25、ll.(3)当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest?哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用that很明显是为了避免重复which）(4)在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which。例如：Beijing,which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China,will host the 2008 Olympic Games.北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办2008年奥运会。(5)介词后的关系代词
26、用which，而不用that。例如：She has collected 600 stamps,60%of which are German stamps.她收集了600张邮票，其中60是德国邮票。16只能用只能用which不能用不能用that引导定语从句的情况：引导定语从句的情况：引导非限定性定语从句时引导非限定性定语从句时当关系代词前有介词时当关系代词前有介词时当先行词本身就是当先行词本身就是that时时Football,_ is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.This is the house in _ he on
27、ce lived.That you told him about is what we want to know.只能用只能用that不能用不能用which引导引导定语从句的情况引导引导定语从句的情况先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时先行词是不定代词先行词是不定代词 all、little、much、everything 等时等时先行词被先行词被all、every、no、the only、the every等修饰时等修饰时先行词既指人又指物时先行词既指人又指物时主句是以主句是以who 或或which开头的特殊疑问句时开头的特殊疑问句时This is th
28、e best film _ has been shown in the city.All _ is worth doing should be done well.They talked about the schools and teachers _ they had visited.Who is the man _ is reading the newspaper over there?175、小结：关系代词用法注意事项、小结：关系代词用法注意事项（1）如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词
29、，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.（2）如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which,who，或whom。例如：This is the most beautiful place that I have ever seen.（3）非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that，作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：There are about seven million peo
30、ple taking part in the election,most of whom are well educated.（4）which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：He succeeded in the competition,which made his parents very happy.A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages,which sur
31、prises all the people present.18（5）that可指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。（6）which可作主语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征、品性或才能的人。which引导的定语从句可以是限制性的，也可以是非限制性的 Her sister has become a lawyer,which she wanted to be.（7）当主句中有who,which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which，为避免重叠，定语从句用that引导。Who is the man that is stan
32、ding by the door?（8）先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.（9）如果先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?whom、which和和that 在在从句中作宾语时，常可以省从句中作宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时，后面的略
33、，但介词提前时，后面的关系代词不可以省略，且也关系代词不可以省略，且也不能用不能用that。19（四）关系副词关系副词引导的定语从句1、常见的关系副词有：、常见的关系副词有：when where why 关系副词代替前面表示时间、地点和原因的先行词，在定语从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：the time when the place where the reason why 与关系代词有什么不同？二者的选择依据？20where表示表示的地方，修饰场所、方位名词的地方，修饰场所、方位
34、名词21用关系副词用关系副词wherewhere连接下面的句子：连接下面的句子：This is the factory.I worked in the factory ten years ago.The school is near a park.My son studies in this school.We visited the house.Luxun once lived in the house.This is the factory where I worked ten years ago.The school where my studies is near a park.We
35、visited the house where Luxun once lived.22when引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词，并在引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词，并在定语从句中作时间状语，定语从句中作时间状语，相当于相当于“介词介词+关系代词关系代词(which)”。Ill never forget the day when I joined the league.when=on which(=on the day)We still remembered the days when we travelled together.when=in which(=in the days)23用关系
36、副词用关系副词when连接下面的句子：连接下面的句子：Theyll never forget July 1.Hong Kong returned to its motherland on July 1.The days are gone forever.We used foreign oil during those days.There was a time.The businessman lost heart at that time.Theyll never forget July 1 when Hong Kong returned to its motherland.The days
37、when we used foreign oil are gone forever.There was a time when the businessman lost heart.介词介词+关关系代词系代词which?24why表示表示的原因，的原因，的理由的理由which for why=for which255、关系副词引导的定语从句小结：、关系副词引导的定语从句小结：(1)引导定语从句 (2)代替先行词 (3)在其所定语从句中担当一个成分。关系代词引导定语从句时，在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语；关系副词引导定语从句时，关系副词在从句中充当状语。关系副词=介词+关系代词（不包括不包括tha
38、t）why=for whichwhere=in/at/on/.which(介词同先行词搭配)when =during/on/in/.which(介词同先行词搭配)牢记定语从句关系词的三个作用：牢记定语从句关系词的三个作用：26 “关系副词关系副词=介词介词+关系代词关系代词”在定语从句中,这个结构这个结构是不是任何时候都成立？1.Ill never forget the days when/in which we worked together.2.Ill never forget the days which we spent together.3.I went to the place w
39、here/in which I worked ten years ago.4.I went to the place which I visited ten years ago.5.This is the reason why/for which he was late.6.This is the reason that/which he gave.27（五）（五）“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引导定语从句引导定语从句 介词介词+which的定语从句，修饰事或物的定语从句，修饰事或物 介词介词+whom的定语从句，修饰人的定语从句，修饰人281.He paid$10 for washing t
40、en windows,most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.2.He explained the reason for which he was late.3.The guitar with which George gave many performances was lost.4.Luckily,wed brought a road map without which we would have lost our way.5.She is a teacher of much knowledge,from whom much
41、 can be learned.6.I have hired two typists,neither of whom types better than you.29（六）特殊引导词（六）特殊引导词asas引导的定语从句：（引导的定语从句：（引导限定引导限定 性定语从句和非限定性定语从句性定语从句和非限定性定语从句）as最基本的用法是做连词“与一样”，表示同级的比较，介词“作为”。下面是它特殊的用法，例句：1.He does not possess such qualifications as are necessary to be an actor.他并不具备一名演员应有的资格。2.She
42、bought the same skirt as I had bought last week,so I need to talk to her about it so we dont wear them at the same time.她买的那条裙子和我上周买的一模一样，我要和她商量一下，免得“撞衫”。3.The murderer who had killed several people on the campus was finally arrested by the police,as was expected.如我们所愿，那个在校园杀害数人的杀人犯终于被警方逮捕。（该句中并未出现与
43、as搭配的短语，此处的用法是as做关系代词指代前面整个句子，在定语从句中做主语。）4.As we all know,smoking is harmful to ones health.5.As is expected,the England team won the football match.定语从句与宾语定语从句与宾语从句、同位语从从句、同位语从句、强调句型等句、强调句型等的区别？的区别？30学习定语从句需要注意的几个问题学习定语从句需要注意的几个问题：1 1、定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性、定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性 He is the only one of the st
44、udents who was here just now.He is one of the students who were here just now.2 2、定语从句与强调结构、定语从句与强调结构 It is the place where they lived before.It is in the place that they lived before3 3、定语从句与并列结构、定语从句与并列结构 He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him.He has two sons,and neither of them looks like
45、 him.4 4、定语从句与状语从句、定语从句与状语从句 He found the books where he had put.He found the books in the place where he had put.5 5、定语从句与同位语从句、定语从句与同位语从句 The news that we heard is not true.The news that he won the prize is not true.311.Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago?A.that B.where C.which D.the one
46、2.Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday?A.That B.where C.which D.the one3.I shall never forget those years _ I live in the farm _ you visited last week.A.when;where B.which;which C.when;which D.which;where4.Do you know the reason _he was late?A.for which B.for what C.which D.tha
47、t5.May the fourth is the day _ we Chinese people will never forget.A.which B.when C.on which D.about which6.Is that the reason _ you are in favor of the proposal?A.which B.what C.why D.for that7.I like the second football match _ was held last week.A.which B.who C.that D./328.I will never forget the
48、 day_ we studied together.A.at which B.on that C.at that D.on which9.The Second World War _ millions of people were killed ended in 1945.A.on whichB.where C.in that D.during which10.Who can think of a situation _ this idiom can be used?A.which B.that C.where D.in that11.Were talking about the piano
49、and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night.A.which B.whom C.who D.that12.I have many books,some of _ are on chemistry.A.Them B.that C.which D.those13.I dont like _ you speak to her.A.the way B.the way in that C.the way which D.the way of which14.Can you tell me the name of the fact
50、ory _ you visited last week?A.what B.where C./D.when15.I can still remember the sitting-room _ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.A.what B.which C.that D.where16.It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year,_ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.A.that B.wh
