1、试卷代号:2157国家开放大学(中央广播电视大学)2014年秋季学期开放专科期末考试英语阅读(3)试题2015年1月注意事项一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。监考人收完考卷和答题纸后才可离开考场。二、仔细读懂题目的说明，并按题目要求答题。答案一定要写在答题纸的指定位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。677 Part 1 Read Passage 1 and decide the meaning of the following words with the h
2、elp of the context.The paragraph in which the word appears is indicated in brackets.Write A.B.or C on your answer sheet.(30 points.3 points each)Passage 1 Communication and Gender in Business 1 According to popular American linguist,Deborah Tannen,communication habits vary depending on individual pe
3、rsonality,culture,and among other factors,gender.Since male ways of communicating are standard in business,women s ways of talking are often ignored or misunderstood in the workplace.Tannen emphasizes that female and male styles are both valid.Here are some of Tannens main points.2 Conversational st
4、yles in boys and-girls show up early.Even 5-year-old boys care about their rank in the group,while 5-year-old girls care more about being in or out of the group.Therefore,men s conversational styles often use cobpetition,while women try to keep the appearance of equality.3 Women tend to apologize mo
5、re than men,as an attempt to restore the power balance in conversation.When men simply accept the apology rather than part of the responsibility,women feel unjustly blamed.4 Western women favor indirect ways of speaking,which is interpreted by Western men as showing insecurity and lack of confidence
6、.However,this gender difference is also a cultural difference:Japanese business culture demands indirectness,and the direct approach used by Western businessmen is often seen as rude by the J apanese.5 In business,women are often blamed if they talk like a woman(soft,indirect,cautious),but are also
7、blamed if they talk like a man(bossy,aggressive).6 We have strong negative images of women in authority:Wicked Witch and Mother,so women bosses are judged not as bosses but as women.7 Gender differences show most strongly not in individuals but in group settings.In a group of men and women,women ten
8、d to become silent bystanders,while men are active partlclpants.678 8 Males and females in Western culture speak different body languages.Men often spread out their Iimbs,taking up a lot of space,gesture widely,speak in loud tones,and engage in direct eye contact.These behaviors communicate power an
9、d high status.Women hold in their limbs,take up little space,make small gestures,speak in soft voices,and lower their eyes frequently.These behaviors give away power and announce low status.9 Males interrupt females much more than they interrupt other males,and more often than females interrupt eith
10、er mates or females.10 Research has shown that there is nothing natural about male or female language,but that these gender habits simply show the stereotyped role in which society puts men and women.Questions 1-10 are based on Passage 1.1.vary(paragraph 1)A.are similar C.are universal 2.valid(parag
11、raph 1)A.acceptable C.different 3.show up(paragraph 2)A.change C.appear 4.restore(paragraph 3)A.overpower C.bring back to the original position 5.unjustly(paragraph 3)A.unfairly C.uniquely 6.interpreted(paragraph 4)A.translated C.repeated B.are different B.foolish B.are the same B.revenge B.unknownl
12、y B.understood 679 7.aggressive(paragraph 5)A.unwilling to agree with others B.easy to get along with C.ready to attack others 8.bystanders(paragraph 7)A.outsiders B.onlookers旁观者C.participants 9.limbs(paragraph 8)A.arms and legs B.newspapers C.ideas 10.interrupt(paragraph 9)A.push B.apologize to C.c
13、ut into the conversation Part II Read Passage 2 and choose either A,B or C to complete eacIi of the following statements.Write A,B or C on your answer sheet.(30 points,3 points each)Passage 2 Translating Fashion 1 It s seven 0 clock in the morning and Natassia Antipova,a beautiful Russian financial
14、consultant,is getting up in the Moscow apartment where she lives alone and asking herself:What shall 1 wear today?A decade ago her choices were simpler.Then,there was one kind of mascara,one color eye shadow.Now,Natassias bathroom shelves are stocked with Avon,Estee Lauder,and Nina Ricci.Her closets
15、 contain Levis and Armanis,as well as local brand names.Her awareness of what makes a beautiful woman has been vastly expanded.ln Tokyo,on the same day,Maki Ko is doing a presentation for her public relations company.Her trim size 8 figure is zipped into an ltalian suit.ln her English pocket-book El
16、izabeth Arden cosmetics share space with products from Shisiedo,the Tokyo-based beauty company.Last year Maki had Japan s most popular cosmetic surgery procedure,a rhinoplasty to make her button nose look more Western.The list goes on:The 680 globalization of fashion is one of the phenomena of our t
17、ime,a vast market for those companies who somehow have a look that translates worldwide.2 There s nothing new,of course,about the process of fashionable imitation.In Roman Britain prosperous natives wore togas.This fashion remained popular for some time.Likewise,after the Norman invasion of Britain
18、in 1066,French styles became chic.This kind of fashion trend has been happening for centuries.But what is new is the sheer size and depth of penetration of this global fashion.3 Consider Levi jeans,a company with a brand imprint carried by 2,800 retail companies in 45 countries.Worldwide sales for 1
19、996 were US$7.1 billion.Or Estee Lauder,which since it went international in 1960,has penetrated 100 markets and racked up sales of$3.4 bi1lion in 1997.Or take China,whose women were forbidden as recently as 10 years ago to powder their noses一inrecent years,the fashion and cosmetics market has expan
20、ded by 20 to 30 percent annually.But is this all a plot by greedy designers,manufacturers and fashion editors to clone the world into one image?Alison Lurie,author of The Language of Clothes,thinks not.She says people and cultures themselves decide on what is fashion these days.4 Of far more importa
21、nce to fashion trends,according to Marc Bourgery,an advertising consultant,is the question of how a country entertains itself.He gives the example of apan,a country that has a love affair with golf and,more recently,with American situation comedies.Japanese people now want to be defined as witty,suc
22、cessful and affluent,and so that style has become cool and sought after.5 Bourgery,who travels the world in order to advise clients on which images sell best in which countries,thinks that global fashion is not about the West dictating to the East.Rather,it is about a new feeling of internationalism
23、.Armani,for example,does not set out to look authentically Italian,anymore than Chanel wants to look specifically French,observes Bourgery.Instead,their footprint is a look which saysl m elegant,sophisticated,successful,and that translates worldwide.6 What it all adds up to is a world of consumer de
24、cision-making,a mix-and-match 681 world where consumers often take what is best from their own country and combine it.Worldwide surveys of beauty practices confirm this point.Russian women confide that not all of them are crazy about the new cosmetic imports-environmentally conscious teens twenty-so
25、me-things,are mad for the newest line of Russian skin care,Green Mama,made exclusively from herbs and fruits found in the Altai region of Sineria.Beauty-conscious Syrians also claim that their traditional oils and scents are for them a treasure trove of beauty secrets.In their Damascus bathrooms,alo
26、ngside the modern cosmetics,are pewter bowls which to mix Henna and bay leaf,honey and olive oil soaps or vials of perfumed oils.7 The cruel truth about what is fashionable is that it can t be clearly defined.Today s concept of fashion draws from a far wider ethnic and national pool than ever before
27、,and it s growing day by day.Questioos 11-20 are based 00 Passage 2.11.Russian women have一一一一一fashionchoices compared to a decade ago.A.the same C.fewer 12.Rhinoplastry is popular among A.Japanese C.African B.more women.B.European 13.After the Norman invasion of Britain，一一一-一_styles became popular.A
28、.Japanese C.British 14.The difference in fashion today is the A.trend it creates C.size and penetration 15.Levi j巳ansdoes business in 682 A.100 C.45 B.French B.choice of styles countnes.B.2,800 16.Alison Lurie says一一一一_are making decisions on fashion these days.A.designers and companies C.editors an
29、d manufacturers B.people and cultures 17.Marc Bourgery thinks一一一一_dictates what global fashion is.A.the East B.the West C.internationalism 18.Armani is most probably a(n)一一一一brand(商标)name.A.ltalian C.Japanese B.French 19.Today the一一一一_makes fashion choices.A.consumer C.international market 20.Fashio
30、n is Part m A.specific C.expensive today.B.designer B.diverse Read Passage 3 and decide whether the following statements are true or false.Write T for true and F for false on your answer sheet.(20 points.2 points each)Passage 3 Advertising 1 In a competitive economy,the consumer usually has the choi
31、ce of several different brands of the same product.Yet underneath their labels,the products are often nearly identical.One manufacturer s toothpaste tends to differ very little from another manufacturer气.Thus,manufacturers are confronted with a problem一一-how to keep sales high enough to stay in busi
32、ness.Manufacturers solve this problem by advertising.They try to appeal to consumers in various ways.In fact,advertisements may be classified into three types according to the kind of appeals they use.683 2 One type of advertisement tries to appeal to the consumer s reasoning mind.It may offer a cla
33、im that seems scientific.For example,it may say the dentists recommend Flash toothpaste.In selling a product,the truth of the advertising may be less important than the appearance of truth.3 Another type of advertisement tries to amuse the potential buyer.Products that are essential boring,such as i
34、nsecticide,are often advertised in an amusing way.One way of doing this is to make the products appear alive.For example,the advertisers believe that consumers are likely to remember and buy products that the consumers associate with fun.4 Associating the product with something pleasant is the techn
35、ique of the third type of appeal.In this class are ads that suggest that the product wiU satisfy some basic human desire.One such desire is the wish to be admired by other people.Many automobile advertisements are in this category.They imply that other people will admire you-may even be jealous-when
36、 they see you driving the hot,new Aardvark car.Another powerful desire to which advertisers appeal is the desire for love.This ads for bandages are unlikely to emphasize the way the bandages are made or their low cost;instead the ads may show a mother tenderly binding up and then kissing her small b
37、oy s cut finger.In the picture there is an open package of Ouch Bandages.The advertiser hopes the consumer will mentally insert an equal sign to create the equation Ouch Bandages=love.5 One only needs to look through a magazine or watch an hour of TV in order to see examples of these three different
38、 advertising strategies.Questions 21-30 are based on Passage 3.21.Consumer usually has the choice of several different products of the same brand in a competltlve economy.22.The products are more or less the same although they have different labels.23.Manufacturers have to advertise their products i
39、n order to stay in business.24.According to the passage,there are mainly four types of advertisements.25.A scientific approach is used to prove the true value of the product.684 26.ln selling a product,appearance of truth may be more important than the truth of advertising.27.Ads associated with fun
40、 are likely to attract potential buyers.28.According to the passage,many automobile ads try to appeal to the consurner s reasoning mind.29.The picture of a mother tenderly kissing her small boy is to show the usefulness of bandages.30.People s desires can be more satisfied by the improved advertisem
41、ents.Part IV Read Passage 4 and answer the following questions.Make your answers as short and c1ear as possible.(20 points,4 points each)Passage 4 London 1 London is an interesting and exciting city.It is fashionable and full of life.Nearly a third of London s population today are young people with
42、a modern outlook on life.Most of them earn good money and therefore they have much more freedom and independence than young people used to have.They set their own fashions in clothes;and they spend a lot of money on their entertainment.2 London is also more cosmopolitan today.And this,too,has helped
43、 to give new life to the capital.People of all nations,races and religions live and work in LO!1don.Thousands of foreign students are studying at London University and at other educational centres.And every year several million visitors from all parts of the world visit London,either on business or
44、for a holiday.lndeed,i t sometimes seems as if there were almost more foreigners than Londoners in London.3 More than three million people live in inner London,and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area,which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form
45、 what is now called outer London.Thus,the total population of Greater London is over eight million.685 4 Besides the people living in London,thousands of men and women form towns and villages surrounding the capital work in London and travel to their offices daily by train or by car.Most of these pe
46、ople live in the suburbs,within about ten to twenty miles of central London;but many live in the country,perhaps as much as thirty or forty miles away.These thousands of people stream into London like an attacking army between 8:30 and 9:30 in the morning;and then they pack into the crowded trains,o
47、r their cars,and stream home again between about 4:30 and 6:30 in the evening.5 London is very busy and over-crowded.There is a continuous noise of traffic in all the main streets.The traffjc never seems to stop,even during the night,and people always seem to be in a hurry.They appear to do everythi
48、ng in a rush,with an eye on the clock,as if they had only a short time to live.The noise and rush is tiring,but you soon get used to lt.6 London,which stands on the River Thames,has a history of nearly two thousand years.The Romans made London their capital soon after they landed in Britain in the f
49、irst century.They built a bridge across the River Thames and opened a small port on the north bank of the river.Then they built a small town.London,which today is one of the three largest cities in the world,has developed from this small Roman town.7 Although London is a very old town,most of the ho
50、uses are relatively new.In some districts whole streets are being rebuilt.Some of the biggest modern developments are in the city of London,and it is surprising how well the new building fit in with the old architecture.Questioos 31-35 are based 00 Passage 4.31.Why are young people more independent
