1、 上海师范大学外国语学院上海师范大学外国语学院 李照国李照国 中医英语翻译中医英语翻译理论与实践理论与实践一点常识一点常识礼记礼记王制王制“中国,夷、蛮、戎、狄中国,夷、蛮、戎、狄五方之民,言语不通,五方之民,言语不通,嗜欲不同。达其志,通其欲嗜欲不同。达其志,通其欲,东方曰寄,南方曰象,西,东方曰寄,南方曰象,西方曰狄鞮,北方曰译。方曰狄鞮,北方曰译。”严子译例言严子译例言n译事三难译事三难信信 达达 雅雅。求其信已大难矣。求其信已大难矣。顾信矣不达。虽译顾信矣不达。虽译犹不译也。犹不译也。支谦法句经序支谦法句经序 仆初嫌其辞不仆初嫌其辞不雅雅。维祗难曰:。维祗难曰:“佛言佛言依其义不用饰,
2、取其法不以严。其传经者依其义不用饰,取其法不以严。其传经者,当令易晓,勿失厥义,是则为善。,当令易晓,勿失厥义,是则为善。”座座中咸曰:中咸曰:“老氏称老氏称美言不美言不信信,信言不美,信言不美。仲尼亦云:仲尼亦云:书不尽言,言不尽意。书不尽言,言不尽意。明圣人意深邃无极。今传胡义,实宜径明圣人意深邃无极。今传胡义,实宜径达达。”是以自偈受译人口,因循本旨,不是以自偈受译人口,因循本旨,不加文饰。加文饰。译业与译才译业与译才 咸宁万国第一咸宁万国第一 Bringing peace to all the Bringing peace to all the countries in the wor
3、ldcountries in the world 黄帝升坐紫微宫,岐伯、雷公各侍黄帝升坐紫微宫,岐伯、雷公各侍左右。左右。Huangdi was sitting in the palace in the Heaven.Qibo and Leigong,his senior ministers,were standing on either side in attendance.n黄帝曰:黄帝曰:“惜时与卿等谈医论药惜时与卿等谈医论药,旨在救天下万民于忧患,非为,旨在救天下万民于忧患,非为吾华夏一族所计。朕观日月交辉吾华夏一族所计。朕观日月交辉,忧人世多艰。愿昔时所厘之医,忧人世多艰。愿昔时所厘
4、之医道广播四海,咸宁万国。道广播四海,咸宁万国。”nHuangdi said:“I have established this system of medicine for people all over the world,not just for the Chinese nation.I hope that it can be disseminated and practiced over the world.”n岐伯曰:岐伯曰:“陛下所立之医道陛下所立之医道乃兴国生民之大法。故当传乃兴国生民之大法。故当传于四方,惠及愚智贤不肖。于四方,惠及愚智贤不肖。nQibo said:“The me
5、dicine that Your Majesty have established is indispensable to the life of the people.So it should be disseminated to all the whole world and serve for peoples from different countries.n自黄帝内经问世,华夏医道于汉自黄帝内经问世,华夏医道于汉唐之际东传高丽、扶桑,南播交趾诸唐之际东传高丽、扶桑,南播交趾诸岛,北及朔方之域,西入吐蕃高原,岛,北及朔方之域,西入吐蕃高原,于各族各部之繁荣昌盛,善莫大焉。于各族各部之繁
6、荣昌盛,善莫大焉。”nSince the publication of Huangdi Neijing,Chinese medicine was spread to Korea,Japan,Viet Nam and northern areas of China.It has made great contributions to the prosperity and development of these countries.”n黄帝曰:黄帝曰:“四异之邦与吾华夏四异之邦与吾华夏言语不通,嗜欲不同。华夏医言语不通,嗜欲不同。华夏医道,何以传之于彼?道,何以传之于彼?”n Huangdi s
7、aid:“The languages spoken in these countries and areas are different from the Chinese language.How was the Chinese medicine disseminated to these places?”n岐伯对曰:岐伯对曰:“诸四异之邦文在初诸四异之邦文在初创,医道未立。故遣其聪慧之士创,医道未立。故遣其聪慧之士远涉千山,前来中土,潜习华文远涉千山,前来中土,潜习华文,精修医术。,精修医术。nQibo answered:“At that time medicine and written
8、language in these countries and areas were not established yet.These countries sent students and scholars to China to study Chinese language and medicine through Chinese media.n及谙熟之,并携医经药典还国,及谙熟之,并携医经药典还国,以华文传于其地。故今之日文多以华文传于其地。故今之日文多杂以华字。朝韩越国,旧亦书华杂以华字。朝韩越国,旧亦书华文行儒学。文行儒学。”nAfter returning their count
9、ries,they practiced and taught Chinese medicine through the media of Chinese characters.That is why today Chinese characters still can be found in Japanese written language.”n黄帝曰:黄帝曰:“吐蕃、西域及朔方吐蕃、西域及朔方之大部今属中国之地;高丽、之大部今属中国之地;高丽、扶桑、交趾皆为儒学昌盛之邦扶桑、交趾皆为儒学昌盛之邦。华夏医道传之其地当无山隔。华夏医道传之其地当无山隔水断之忧。水断之忧。nHuangdi sai
10、d:“Korea,Japan and Viet Nam are all the countries within the circle of Confucian civilization.The dissemination of Chinese medicine in these countries is certainly not very difficult.n朕所虑者,乃泰西之国。其国朕所虑者,乃泰西之国。其国与华夏远涉重洋,言语迥异。与华夏远涉重洋,言语迥异。华夏之医,如何传之于彼?华夏之医,如何传之于彼?”nWhat I am always worrying about is the
11、 countries in the West.The Western countries are quite different from China in language and customs.What shall we do to disseminate Chinese medicine to these countries?”n岐伯曰:岐伯曰:“古人云:名物不同,传古人云:名物不同,传实不易。欲使泰西之人晓谕华夏医实不易。欲使泰西之人晓谕华夏医术,须经翻译之径。然泰西之语与术,须经翻译之径。然泰西之语与华夏之文契合者少,遂使翻译辞不华夏之文契合者少,遂使翻译辞不达义,谬误广布。达义,
12、谬误广布。”nQibo answered:“It is true that the Western languages are totally different from the Chinese language.That is why there are many errors in the current translation of Chinese medicine into the Western languages.”n黄帝曰:黄帝曰:“医者,性命攸关之术。医者,性命攸关之术。岂可恣意妄为?差之毫厘,谬之千岂可恣意妄为?差之毫厘,谬之千里。反左为右,生即为杀。然泰西里。反左为右,生
13、即为杀。然泰西之语与吾华夏之文泾渭两色,如之之语与吾华夏之文泾渭两色,如之奈何?奈何?”nHuangdi said:“Medicine is closely related to the life of the people.One small mistake may lead to a great disaster.But the Western languages are so different from the Chinese language.How to translate Chinese medicine into Western languages then?”n岐伯对曰:岐伯
14、对曰:“必得精于华夏医术、谙必得精于华夏医术、谙于泰西言语之士潜心较之、辨之,方于泰西言语之士潜心较之、辨之,方可厘定传译之序,通达医道之旨,消可厘定传译之序,通达医道之旨,消讹除误,交通东西。讹除误,交通东西。”n黄帝问曰:黄帝问曰:“此等贤士,何处可得?此等贤士,何处可得?”nQibo answered:“It can only be done by those who have a good command of both Western languages and Chinese medicine.”nHuangdi asked:“Where can we find such erud
15、ite scholars to undertake such a difficult task?”n岐伯对曰:岐伯对曰:“华夏之国,今恰政通人华夏之国,今恰政通人和,重教兴学。此等贤才,当可访寻和,重教兴学。此等贤才,当可访寻。陛下即可遣一天官到下界走访一番。陛下即可遣一天官到下界走访一番,若遇此等贤才,即诏命其精研译道,若遇此等贤才,即诏命其精研译道,传译华夏医药于泰西诸国。,传译华夏医药于泰西诸国。”nQibo answered:“China now is stable and peaceful.The government pays much attention to education
16、.Qualified translators can certainly be found in this country with such a great ancient civilization.Your Majesty may send an official from the Heaven to the world of man to look for such qualified translators.”n黄帝曰:黄帝曰:“卿言极是。雷公卿言极是。雷公何在?何在?”n雷公拜曰:雷公拜曰:“臣谨听圣训。臣谨听圣训。”nHuangdi said:“Good suggestion!Wh
17、eres Leigong?”nL e i g o n g k o w t o w e d a n d answered:“I am ready to follow Your Majestys edict.”n黄帝曰:黄帝曰:“今差汝速往今差汝速往下界,遍访华夏古国,下界,遍访华夏古国,悉求精通医术、熟谙西悉求精通医术、熟谙西语之贤士。语之贤士。nHuangdi said:“Ill send you to the world of man to look for qualified translators who have a good command of both Chinese medic
18、ine and Western languages.n诏命其精研译道,传译华医于泰诏命其精研译道,传译华医于泰西,以使万国咸宁,天下安康。西,以使万国咸宁,天下安康。n雷公稽首再拜曰:雷公稽首再拜曰:“谨遵圣意。谨遵圣意。”nWhen you have found such erudite scholars,ask them to carefully study the methods of translation and translate Chinese medicine into Western languages.”nLeigong kowtowed again and said:“I
19、 will act in compliance with Your Majestys instructions.”中医英语翻译中医英语翻译原则与方法原则与方法中医英译基本特点中医英译基本特点n1.仿造化仿造化n所谓仿造,指的是在翻译原语的无所谓仿造,指的是在翻译原语的无等值词汇时用译语中的直接对应词等值词汇时用译语中的直接对应词代换无等值词汇的组成部分,即词代换无等值词汇的组成部分,即词素或词。素或词。n例如:例如:liver blood(肝血)、(肝血)、blood deficiency(血虚)、(血虚)、activating blood to resolve stasis(活血化瘀)(活血
20、化瘀)等等。英语中有等等。英语中有liver,blood,deficiency这些单词,但却没有这些单词,但却没有liver blood,blood deficiency 这样的概念这样的概念。仿造翻译就是借用英语中已有的相关。仿造翻译就是借用英语中已有的相关单词来表达中医特有的概念。亦即通过单词来表达中医特有的概念。亦即通过对英语已有单词的重新排列组合向英语对英语已有单词的重新排列组合向英语语言输入中医特有的概念和表达法。语言输入中医特有的概念和表达法。2.定义化定义化n辨证论治:辨证论治:diagnosis and treatment based on the overall analys
21、is of symptoms and signsn“辨证论治辨证论治”目前已基本简洁为目前已基本简洁为treatment based on syndrome differentiation 或或syndrome differentiation and treatment n从翻译的角度来看,这个术语中从翻译的角度来看,这个术语中的的“辨辨”、“证证”和和“治治”是是“关键字关键字”,现一般通译为,现一般通译为differentiation,syndrome 和和treatment。只要这三个。只要这三个“关键关键字字”翻译一致且整个术语的结构翻译一致且整个术语的结构比较简洁,即基本达到了术语翻
22、比较简洁,即基本达到了术语翻译的要求。译的要求。3.多样化多样化n例如,例如,“虚虚”指脏腑的指脏腑的“虚虚”时可用时可用asthenia,如,如”脾虚脾虚”可译为可译为asthenia of the spleen,若译为,若译为deficiency of the spleen,则有可能被误认为脾脏有实质性的,则有可能被误认为脾脏有实质性的缺损缺损。纯指功能的虚弱,也可以用纯指功能的虚弱,也可以用hypofunction 来表示。表示来表示。表示“体虚体虚”这一概这一概念时,也可用念时,也可用weakness 或或debility 来表达来表达.4.拼音化拼音化n由于中西方文化及中西医之间的巨
23、大差异,由于中西方文化及中西医之间的巨大差异,中医理论中特有的一些概念在英语中很难找中医理论中特有的一些概念在英语中很难找到对应语。如到对应语。如“气气”、“阴阳阴阳”、“气功气功”、“推拿推拿”等等。这些概念具有典型的中国等等。这些概念具有典型的中国文化特色,无论直译还是意译都无法准确地文化特色,无论直译还是意译都无法准确地再现原文的内涵。从目前国内外的实践来看再现原文的内涵。从目前国内外的实践来看,采用音译法翻译中医上某些特有概念是比,采用音译法翻译中医上某些特有概念是比较可行的。事实上,这种方法已逐步为中医较可行的。事实上,这种方法已逐步为中医翻译界所普遍采用,也为国外读者所接受。翻译界
24、所普遍采用,也为国外读者所接受。中医英语翻译的难点中医英语翻译的难点n1.对应语的缺乏对应语的缺乏n五行五行 five elements;five phases n三焦三焦 three warmers;three burners;three heaters;triple energizern经脉经脉meridian;channel;conduitn五脏五脏 five solid organs;five zang-organs;five zang-visceran六腑六腑 six hollow organs;six fu-organs;six fu-viscera2.理解的偏差理解的偏差n黄帝内
25、经黄帝内经 Yellow Emperors Internal Medicinen带下医带下医 doctor underneath the skirtn失笑散失笑散 Powder for Lost Smiles中医英语翻译的原则中医英语翻译的原则n1.自然性原则自然性原则n疫毒痢:中毒性菌痢(toxic bacillary dysentery)n寸白虫:绦虫病(taeniasis)n痨瘵:肺结核(pulmonary tuberculosis)n疳积:小儿营养不良(infantile malnutrition)n瘰疬:颈部淋巴结核(tuberculosis of cervical lymph no
26、de)n瘿:甲状腺肿大(goitre,thyroid enlargement)2.简洁性原则简洁性原则 原原文词的意义单位(实词)数文词的意义单位(实词)数n信息密度信息密度=-译文译文词的意义单位(实词)词的意义单位(实词)数数信息密度标准可分为三个档次:信息密度标准可分为三个档次:A 挡为挡为0.5,B 挡为挡为0.25,C 挡为挡为0.1。最佳信息密度不低于。最佳信息密度不低于A 挡,低于挡,低于B 挡的词应反复推敲,低于挡的词应反复推敲,低于C 挡的词挡的词不应采用。不应采用。3.民族性原则民族性原则n音译音译n有一部分中医用语在英语中有其有一部分中医用语在英语中有其“形形”,但却,但
27、却无其无其“意意”,如,如“表里表里”、“六淫六淫”等。在英等。在英语中有语中有external/exterior(表)和(表)和internal/interior(里)这样的词语,也有(里)这样的词语,也有wind(风)、(风)、cold(寒)、(寒)、summer-heat(暑热)、(暑热)、dampness(湿)、(湿)、dryness(燥(燥)、)、fire(火)这样一些概念,但却没有中医(火)这样一些概念,但却没有中医上的特定内涵。上的特定内涵。n再比如英语语言中有 heart(心)和fire(火),但却没有heart fire 这样一个概念。那么在翻译时如何处理中医的这些概念呢?一
28、般的做法是借用英语语言固有的词汇,按照中医概念的特定内涵重新组合其结构形式,从而使其能承载中医概念的信息。如将“心火”译为heart fire,将“肾虚”译为kidney asthenia或kidney deficiency等。严格地讲,这样的翻译还只是“表层”翻译,原概念的“深层”含义还游离于其新组合的形式之外。其“形”与“意”的有机结合还需要在交流的过程中不断磨合,逐步得以实现。4.回译性原则回译性原则n所谓“回译性原则”,指的是英译的中医名词术语在结构上应与中文形式相近。这样在中医药的国际交流中,就能较好地实现信息的双向传递。如将“肺气不足”译为insufficiency of lung
29、 qi,将“活血化瘀”译为activating blood to resolve stasis,将“湿热”译为damp-heat等等,英译的中医术语与原文相比,在结构上和字面意义上都比较接近,因而具有一定的回译性。5.规定性原则规定性原则n规定性原则指的是对中医名词术语的翻译在内涵上加以限定,使其不能另有解释。提出这样一个原则主要是为了解决中医名词术语翻译上内涵的对等问题。n例如“辨证”尽管一般人多译作syndrome differentiation,但对这一译法历来争论不休。有人认为中医的“证”不同于西医的syndrome。但是,如果我们从“名”与“实”的辨证关系出发来考虑问题,便可以将sy
30、ndrome differentiation加以规定。规定其只能表达中医“辨证”这个概念,不能作任何其它的解释。n比如世界卫生组织对“针灸经穴名称”的国际标准化,实际上就是一种规定。它规定“三焦”的英语译名为triple energizer、“经脉”的译名为meridian、“冲脉”的译名为thoroughfare vessel等等。如果我们将其英语译名与中文原文加以比较,便会发现诸多“不相对应”或“不相吻合”之处。然而由于对它们的内涵作了规定,所以并没有在实际的交流中引起人们想象中的“混乱不堪”。这就是规定性原则的作用所在。中医英语翻译方法中医英语翻译方法n1.借用西医用语借用西医用语n解剖
31、概念解剖概念n心、肝、脾、肺、肾”nheart,liver,spleen,lung and kidney病症名称病症名称n心悸 palpitationn便秘 constipationn呃逆 hiccupn遗尿 enuresisn黄疸 jaundicen白喉 diphtherian癃闭 retention of urinen经闭 amenorrhean纳呆 indigestion治疗方法治疗方法n放血 bloodlettingn驱虫anthelmintic treatmentn正骨reductionn止血hemostasis,hemostasian止痛analgesian止泻antidiarrh
32、ean按摩疗法massotherapy2.直译法直译法n基础理论:n阴中之阴yin within yinn阳中之阳yang within yangn母子关系mother-child relationn木生火 wood generating firen金克木 metal restricting woodn抑木扶土inhibiting wood to strengthen earthn n生理:生理:n通调水道regulation of the water pathwayn脾主运化The spleen controls transportation and transformation.n肝藏血
33、The liver stores blood.n肾藏精 The kidney stores essence.n藏而不泻storage without excretionn泻而不藏excretion without storagen病理:病理:n阴阳失调 imbalance between yin and yangn热入心包invasion of heat into the pericardiumn脾失健运failure of the spleen to transport normally n肝不藏血failure of the liver to store bloodn胃失和降failure
34、 of the stomach qi to descendn气虚不孕sterility due to qi asthenian风热腰痛lumbago due to wind-heatn肾阳不足 insufficiency of kidney yang3.意译法意译法n白虎历节white tiger joint running n牛皮癣 oxhide lichenn鹤膝风 cranes knee windn天行赤眼heaven-current red eyen天柱骨 celestial pillarn“天柱骨”就是指的“颈椎骨”,译作celestial pillar就不知所云了。中医上讲的“天柱
35、骨折”和“天柱骨倒”实际上就是指的“颈椎骨折”(fracture of cervical vertebra)和“项软”(flaccidity of neck)。n中医上讲的“天行”就是“流行性”(epidemic)的意思。翻译成英语时,“天行”有时也可不必译出,因为英语中相应的术语本身就含有这曾意思。例如“天行发斑疮”、“天行瘟疫”译成英语就是smallpox,pestilence。4.音译音译n玄奘(602-664 A.D.)在翻译佛经时就提出了“五种不翻”的观点。翻译名义集序中称这五种是:n秘密故,如陀罗尼(真言、咒语);n含多义故,若薄伽梵具六义(自在、炽盛、端言、名称、吉祥、尊贵);n
36、此无故,如阎浮(胜金)树,中夏实无此木;n顺古故,如阿耨菩提(正偏知)。皆掩而不翻。5.音意结合音意结合n元气 primordial qi n正气 healthy qin真气 genuine qi n宗气 pectoral qi n中气 middle qi n营气 nutrient qi n卫气 defense qin肾气 kidney qi 国家标准国家标准 与国际标准与国际标准 中中 医医 基基 础础 理理 论论 术术 语语Basic theory nomenclature of traditional Chinese medicinen发 布:国家标准化管理委员会国家标准化管理委员会 n
37、本标准由国家中医药管理局提出并归口。n本标准起草单位:辽宁中医学院。n本标准起草技术负责人:李德新。n本标准界定了中医基础理论中阴阳、五行、脏象、气血精津液、经络、体质、病因、病机、养生、预防、治则、五运六气等的术语。Principles for English expression selection n1.Accurate reflection of the original concept of Chinese terms.n2.No creation of new English words.n3.Avoidance of pinyin(Romanized Chinese)use.n4
38、.Consistency with WHOs Standard Acupuncture Nomenclature.国标国标n中医基础理论fundamental theory of TCMn整体观念nconcept of holismn天人相应correspondence between human and environment西太区西太区n基础理论 nBasic theory n整体观念n holismn天人相应 ncorrespondence between nature and human国标国标n辨证论治n treatment upon syndrome differentiation
39、 n证候 nclinical manifestationn理法方药n theory,principle,prescription and medicinal西太区西太区n辨证论治npattern identification/syndrome differentiation and treatmentn精气学说 nessential qi theory国标国标n阴阳学说nyin-yang theoryn阴阳对立nopposition between yin and yangn阴阳互根ninterdependence of yin and yang西太区西太区n阴阳学说 nyin-yang th
40、eoryn阴阳对立 nopposition of yin and yangn阴阳互根 nmutual rooting of yin and yang国标国标n阴阳消长nwaxing-waning between yin and yangn阴阳平衡nequilibrium between yin and yangn阴阳自和nnatural harmony of yin-yang西太区西太区n阴阳消长 nwaxing and waning of yin and yangn阴阳平衡 n yin-yang balancen阴阳调和 nyin-yang harmony国标国标n阴阳转化ninter-tr
41、ansformation of yin and yangn阴盛格阳阴极似阳exuberant yin repelling yangn亡阳阳脱nyang prostration西太区西太区n阴阳转化 nyin-yang conversionn阴极似阳 nextreme yin resembling yangn阳;脱阳;阳脱 nyang collapse亡国标国标n阴阳离决nseparation between yin and yangn阴竭阳脱nyin exhaustion and yang collapsen阴阳两虚ndeficiency of both yin and yang西太区西太区n
42、阴阳离决ndissociation of yin and yangn阴竭阳脱nexhaustion of yin and collapse of yangn阴阳两虚 ndual deficiency of yin and yang国标国标n阴平阳秘nsound yin and firm yangn阴中之阴nyin within yinn阴阳交感ninteraction of yin and yang西太区西太区n阳盛阴衰 nyang exuberance with yin debilitationn阴中之阴 yin within yin国标国标n五行nfive elementsn五行学说nfi
43、ve-element theoryn相生ngeneration n相克nrestriction 西太区西太区n五行n five phasesn五行学说 nfive phase theoryn相生nengenderingn相克 nRestrain国标国标n相乘nover-restrictionn相侮ncounter-restrictionn亢害承制nharmful hyperactivity checked for harmony西太区西太区n相乘 nOverwhelmn相侮nRebellionn亢害承制 nharmful hyperactivity and responding inhibit
44、ion国标国标n母气nmother element qi n子气nchild element qin制化nrestriction and generation西太区西太区n母气 nmother qin子气 nchild qn制化ninhibition and generation国标国标n精nessence semen西太区西太区n精nEssence((1)the fundamental substance that builds up the physical structure and maintains body function;(2)reproductive essence stor
45、ed in the kidney)国标国标n先天之精ninnate essencen后天之精nacquired essencen精气nessential qi西太区西太区n先天之精n innate essencen后天之精 nacquired essencen精气nessential qi国标国标n先天之气ninnate qin后天之气nacquired qin元气原气noriginal qin正气nhealthy qi西太区西太区n先天之气ninnate qin后天之气nacquired qin原气;元气nsource qin正气nhealthy qi国标国标n真气ngenuine qin宗
46、气npectoral qin中气nmiddle qi西太区西太区n眞气ngenuine qin宗气nancestral qin脏气nvisceral qin中气nmiddle qin 国标国标n卫气ndefense qin营气nnutrient qin气机nqi movementn气化nqi transformation西太区西太区n卫气ndefense qin营气nnutrient qin气机nqi movementn气化nqi transformation国标国标n君火nmonarchic firen相火nministerial firen少火nmoderate fire西太区西太区n君火
47、nsovereign firen相火nministerial firen先天之火ninnate fire from the life gate国标国标n脏象nvisceral manifestationn脏象学说ntheory of visceral manifestationn脏nzang viscusn腑nfu viscus西太区西太区n脏象nvisceral manifestationn脏象学说nvisceral manifestation theoryn脏n viscusn腑 nbowel国标国标n五脏nfive zang visceran六腑nsix fu visceran三焦ntr
48、iple energizern奇恒之腑nextraordinary fu viscera西太区西太区n五脏n five visceran六腑n six bowelsn三焦ntriple energizersn奇恒之腑nextraordinary organs国标国标n元神之府nhouse of original mentalityn疏泄 nfree flow and rise of qin刚脏nfirm-characterized zang viscus西太区西太区n元神之府nhouse of the original spiritn疏泄nfree coursingn刚脏nunyielding
49、 viscus国标国标n娇脏ndelicate zang viscusn宣发 ndispersion and ascentn肃降npurification and descent西太区西太区n娇脏 ndelicate viscusn宣发 ndiffusionn肃降npurification and down-sending国标国标n经络nmeridian and collateraln经脉nMeridiann手太阴肺经nlung meridian of hand taiyinn奇经八脉neight extra meridians西太区西太区n经络nmeridian and collateral
50、n经脉nmeridian vesseln手太阴肺经 nlung meridian(lU)n奇经八脉neight extra meridians国标国标n督脉 governor vesseln任脉conception vesseln冲脉thoroughfare vesseln带脉belt vesseln阴维脉yin link vesseln阳维脉yang link vesseln阴跷脉yin heel vesseln阳跷脉yang heel vessel西太区西太区n督脉 governor vesseln任脉conception vesseln冲脉thoroughfare vesseln带脉be