1、GrammarThe Restrictive and Non-Restrictive Attributive ClauseReview：a beautiful girl在这里，在这里，beautiful是一个形容词，形容词来修饰名词、代词，做定语。是一个形容词，形容词来修饰名词、代词，做定语。当定语是一个句子时，我们称它为定语从句，定语从句的当定语是一个句子时，我们称它为定语从句，定语从句的作用类似于形容词的作用，用来修饰名词、代词，但是名作用类似于形容词的作用，用来修饰名词、代词，但是名词位置在前面，定语从句在后面，此时名词称为先行词词位置在前面，定语从句在后面，此时名词称为先行词.定语？定
2、语？当定语是一个句子时，我们称它为定语从句，定语从句的作用类似当定语是一个句子时，我们称它为定语从句，定语从句的作用类似于形容词的作用，用来修饰名词、代词，但是名词位置在前面，定于形容词的作用，用来修饰名词、代词，但是名词位置在前面，定语从句在后面，此时名词称为先行词，语从句在后面，此时名词称为先行词，定语从句？定语从句？The beautiful girl(who has red hair)is Lucy.先行词 定语从句先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句定语从句关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词that which who whom whose aswhere when why关系词的作用：关
3、系词的作用：引导作用引导作用(引导定语从句引导定语从句)替代作用替代作用(替代先行词替代先行词)在定语从句中担当成分在定语从句中担当成分先行词先行词在从句中所作成分在从句中所作成分关系代词关系代词人人主主宾宾定定物物主主宾宾定定先行词先行词在从句中所作成分在从句中所作成分关系副词关系副词时间名词时间名词时间状语时间状语 地点名词地点名词地点状语地点状语 reason原因状语原因状语who/thatwho/whom/that/省略省略whose(=of whom)that/whichthat/which/省略省略whose(=of which)whywhenwhere=介词介词+which1.判
4、断句子是否为定语从句2.划出先行词3.将先行词代入从句，看它在从句中所担任的成分4.根据先行词在从句中所作成分，得出关系词关系词的确定1.That is the boy _ mother is a famous musician.3.The house _ they built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake.2.We dont know the number of people _ lost their homes in the 1906 earthquake.that/who(which/that)whose4.Ill never forget th
5、e day _(=_ which)I was born.5.I visited the house _(=_ which)Lu Xun once lived.6.The reason _(=_ which)he got worried was this.when on where in why for 区分区分that和和which1.The terrible typhoon killed the people and cattle _were in the fields.2.The wind blew down the tallest tree _ is in front of our sc
6、hool gate.3.This is the very thing _ I was looking for.4.This is the second novel _I have ever read.5.There is nothing in the world _can frighten me.6.Who is the man _is reading under the tree?thatthatthatthatthatthat只能用只能用that，不能用，不能用which的情况的情况 先行词先行词既有人，又有物既有人，又有物时。时。先行词被先行词被序数词或形容词最高级序数词或形容词最高级修
7、饰时，只用修饰时，只用that。先行词有先行词有the only，the very，the just,the right等修饰时，只用等修饰时，只用that。不定代词不定代词，如，如 something,anything，nothing，everything，all，much，few，any，little,none等作先行词时，只用等作先行词时，只用that，不用，不用which。当主句是以当主句是以who 或或which 开头的特殊疑问句时，用开头的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。以避免重复。区分区分that和和which只用只用which而不用而不用that的情况的情况非限制性定语从
8、句非限制性定语从句只用只用which而不能用而不能用that。He wrote a book_is on how to learn English well.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句He wrote a book,_ is on how to learn English well.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句在在介词提前介词提前的定语从句中，只用的定语从句中，只用which而不用而不用that。This is the place in _ Lu Xun used to live.which/thatwhichwhich关系代词关系代词whose的用法的用法1)A child _ par
9、ents are dead is called an orphan.(孤儿孤儿)2)They live in a house,_ windows face south.whose 在从句中作定语,修饰人或物，意为“的”，whose+名词可换作 the+名词+of whom/which。whosewhoseThey live in a house,the windows _ _ face south.They live in a house,_ _ the windows face south.of whichof which抽象地点名词抽象地点名词+关系副词关系副词where 当先行词是当先行
10、词是case,area,stage,degree,point,situation,atmosphere，environment,condition,race等抽象地点名词时。等抽象地点名词时。1)They have reached the point _ they have to separate with each other.2)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _ they live.3)Life is like a long race _ we compete with others to go beyon
11、d ourselves.where where where u 介词+关系代词（whom,which）引导的定语从句1.介词后关系代词的选择：指人用whom,指物用指物用which 1)This is the school in _ you will study.2)I have no money with _ I can buy a dictionary.3)This is the teacher from _ youll learn English.4)The gentleman about _ you told me just now proved to be a thief.which
12、whichwhomwhom2.如何确定关系代词前的介词？1.1.与先行词的搭配关系与先行词的搭配关系1)I will never forget the day _which I joined the army.2)I will never forget the year _which my son went to college.3)I will never forget the school _which I studied.4)He came to a farm,_which he finally settled(安顿安顿).on in in on 关系副词2.2.与与从句中谓语谓语动词、
13、形容词的搭配的固定搭配的固定搭配1)Have you found the book _which I paid$29?2)Have you found the book _which I spent$29?3)Do you know the man _whom she often talks?4)The West Lake,_ which Hangzhou is famous,is a beautiful place.for onabout for1)Air,_ which man cant live,is really important.空气非常重要，没有了它人类便不能生存。2)This
14、is the man _ whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那个人。withoutwith3.根据句子的意思来确定3.3.关系代词和关系副词的区别关系代词和关系副词的区别1.Ill never forget the days_ we worked together.2.Ill never forget the days _ we spent together.3.I went to the place_ I worked ten years ago.4.I went to the place _ I visited
15、ten years ago.5.This is the reason _ he was late.6.This is the reason _ he gave.when(which)where(which/that)why(which/that)1.要看先行词是人还是物2.要看先行词在从句中所担任的成分3.先行词不会在从句中出现，包括其指代4.当先行词在从句中做宾语时，关系词可以省略关系词的确定1.Jeanne was her old friend,_ she borrowed a necklace.A.from who B.from whom C.to that D.to whom2.His
16、 glasses,_ he was like a blind man,fell to the ground and broke its leg.A.which B.with which C.without which D.that3.She is a teacher of much knowledge,_much can be learned.A.who B.that C.from which D.from whomBCDPRACTICE MAKES PERFECTu 代词/名词/数词/形容词最高级/介词短语+of+关系代词1.They lived in a tall building,in
17、front of stood a big tree.2.There are more than 50 students in my class,26 of are girls.3.His family members dont like the second-hand car,the price of is very high.4.It is reported that two schools,both of are being built,will open next year.5.When western people talk about the cities of China,the
18、first of comes to their minds is Beijing.whichwhomwhichwhichwhichu 介词+whose+名词1.I wish to thank professor Smith,without help I would never have got this far.2.The Dragon Tower,from top visitors can enjoy a good sight of Harbin,attracts hundreds of tourists every day.whosewhoseNon-Restrictive Attribu
19、tive ClausePart 02Underline the attributive clauses and name the two types of clauses1.They tested hundreds of Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against the disease.2.Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize,which is considered one of the highest international honours a person
20、 can receive.3.Tu Youyou went to Hainan,where malaria was more common,to study malaria patients.4.Later,the medicine was tested on malaria patients,most of whom recovered.Restrictive Attributive ClauseNon-Restrictive Attributive Clause12 3 4non-restrictive relative clauses一、形式不同一、形式不同限制性定语从句与其先行词关系密
21、切，其间通常限制性定语从句与其先行词关系密切，其间通常不用逗号隔不用逗号隔开开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词关系不密切，非限制性定语从句与其先行词关系不密切，常用逗号隔常用逗号隔开开。如：。如：She hates people who like smoking.My hometown is Beijing,which is the capital of China.如：如：She hates people who like smoking.My hometown is Beijing,which is the capital of China.非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明附加说明，去掉之
22、后，意思明确，与主句通常用“，”隔开，把非限制性定语从句放在句子中，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉之后，主句意思不明确。先行词不唯一，缩小范围，限定。先行词唯一，没必要限定，为附加说明。二、作用不同二、作用不同三、先行词不同三、先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词一般是名词或代词，非限制性定语限制性定语从句的先行词一般是名词或代词，非限制性定语从句的先行词既可以是名词或代词从句的先行词既可以是名词或代词,也可以是主句的一部分或也可以是主句的一部分或整个主句。如：整个主句。如：I have a dog,which is black.（先行词为（先行词为dog）Ch
23、inese is very important,which means you have to learn it well.（先行词为整个主句）（先行词为整个主句）限制性定从限制性定从关代:that,which,who,whom,as 关副:when,where,why=介词+which关形:whose=of which,of whom_非限制性定从非限制性定从关代:that,which,who,whom,as 关副:when,where,why=介词+which关形:whose=of which,of whomfor which四、关系词不同限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上意义上作用上翻
24、译上关系词无逗号有逗号去掉从句，主句意思不完整不明确 去掉从句，主句意思仍然完整清楚修饰限定只修饰一个名词或代词补充说明可修饰一个词，也可修饰整个句子译为“的”常译成与主句并列的句子作宾语时可省略关系词一般不可省略不能用that,why引导The differencesSummarywhowhichwhosewhichwhomwherewhich whom1.As everyone knows,China is the largest developing country in the world.2.2.He forgot to bring his pen with him yesterda
25、y,as we expected.3.He said that he had never seen him before,which was obviously not true.4.He changed his mind,which made me quite angry.asas引导非限制性定语从句，译为引导非限制性定语从句，译为“”。常置于常置于 ，也可置于，也可置于句中句中。正如，就像句首whichwhich引导非限制性定语从句，常指代前面引导非限制性定语从句，常指代前面整个句子整个句子，只能放在先行词只能放在先行词 翻译成翻译成 。这翻译句子翻译句子 比较比较as/which引导非限
26、制性定语从句的用法引导非限制性定语从句的用法正如每个人都知道的，中国是最大的发展中国家。他昨天忘带笔了，正如我们预料的那样。他说他以前没有见过他，这明显不是真的他改变了主意，这让我很生气。后as as 常见搭配常见搭配as is known to all；nas you know nas is expected nas we expected nas has been mentioned aboven as is reported/saidn众所周知众所周知n正如你所知道的那样正如你所知道的那样n正如所预料的那样正如所预料的那样 n正如我们所期待的正如我们所期待的n正如上面所提到的正如上面所提
27、到的 n正如报道正如报道/所说所说的那样的那样1.By boat is the only way to get here,_ is how we arrived.2._ he writes in his new book,A Long Way Home,Brierley couldnt help but wonder about his hometown back in India.3.I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,_ my classmates recommend to me.4.The numb
28、er of smokers,_is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.5.Until now,we have raised 5000 pounds for the poor children,_ is quite unexpected.6.I had told them the reason,_ I didnt attend the meeting.which Aswhichaswhich that 和和 why 不可引导非限制性定语从句。不可引导非限制性定语从句。for which Task 17.The growing
29、speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,most of are beyond our control.8.The Science Museum,we visited during a recent trip to Britain,is one of Londons tourist attractions.9.This is Tom,with I went to the library yesterday.10.This is Tom,from father I learned a lot.11.left on Sunday,e
30、veryone was at home.12.Opposite is St.Pauls Church,you can hear some lovely music.which which whomwhosewhen/on whichwhere/in whichTask 21.These apple trees have not produced any fruits.I planted them three years ago._ .2.The lazy boy got the highest score in the test.It surprised me._3.The students
31、in our class want to improve their Maths.Many of them are not bad at Maths._ _4.The school has a history of 117 years.I studied for 6 years there.将两个句子合并成非限制性定语从句将两个句子合并成非限制性定语从句These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not produced any fruits.The lazy boy got the highest score in the test,which surprised me.The students in our class,many of whom are not bad at Maths,want to improve their Maths.The school,where I studied for 6 years,has a history of 117 years.
