1、动词实义动词实义动词系动词系动词助动词助动词情态动词情态动词（一）实义动词（一）实义动词1._ 本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。I like the book.2._自身意思完整，无需接宾语。Birds can fly.及物动词及物动词不及物动词不及物动词1.没有被动形式，如happen,occur,rise,lie,dien2.主动表示被动的词 n动词+(well,poorly,easily)nsell,wash,burn,cook,cut,drive,dress,play,last,open,write,start,run,read,operate,break,measure,
2、weigh1.Dry wood burns easily.2.The cloth washes well.他跑的快。He runs fast.他经营一家工厂。He runs a factory.study，fly，run,change常见的连系动词有：be,become,turn,get,grow,keep,feel,look,seem,smell,turn,fall等。它们都表示状态的渐变或保持不变，以及表示感觉。后面接形容词构成系表结构。Eg：Please keep the classroom clean.The bread looks very fresh.His plan sounde
3、d practical.The leaves are turning yellow.（二）系动词（二）系动词本身有意义，但不能独立作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。1）表示“是”的系动词：be(am,is,are,was,were,have/has been)用来表示主语状态，例如：He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）表示“持续”的系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,stand,例如：He always kept silent at meeti
4、ng.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3）感官系动词表示人体感官功能的动词look,feel,seem,sound,taste,smell等。这类动词加上形容词后，表示人或事物的特征、性质或状态。如：She looks beautiful 她看上去很漂亮。He seems angry 他好像生气了。The soup tastes delicious 这汤味道不错。He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems(to be)very sad.他看起来很伤心。This kind of cloth feels very sof
5、t.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。4）表示“变化”的系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.颜色的变化用turn或go。例如：这类动词加上形容词或形容词性的分词后，表示事物的发展状态。如：It is becoming much more expensive to travel abroad 现在出国旅行的费用贵多了。You can grow wise by practice 实践会让你变聪明。The old man is going blind
6、 那位老人快要失明了。助动词是“辅助性”动词，一般没有词义，不能单独作谓语，但可用来帮助构成谓语，表示不同的时态，语态，和数的变化。常见的助动词有：（1）be(am,is,are,was,were,being,been)与现在分词结合构成各种进行时态，或与过去分词结合构成被动语态。Eg:Im looking for my pen.（现在进行时）What were you doing at this time yesterday?(过去进行时)These cups are made in China.（被动语态）（三）助动词（三）助动词（2）have(has,had,having)与过去分词结合
7、构成完成时。Eg:They have known each other for twenty years.（现在完成时）He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.（过去完成时）（3）助动词do(does,did)后只能跟动词原形，与not及其他动词结合构成否定句，或置于主语之前构成疑问句。Eg:He does not speak English.When did he come back?（4）will(would),shall(should)：will能用于一般将来时的任何人称后；would是will的过去时，能用于
8、过去将来时；两者后面都接动词原形。Eg:The plane will arrive in ten minutes.飞机十分钟后将要到达。I was sure that we would win.我确信用我们会赢。shall与should这两个助动词本身没有词义，shall只能用于一般将来时的第一人称后；should是shall的过去时，只能用于过去将来时的第一人称后；两者后面都接动词原形。Eg:We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow.我们明天将在校门见。I told them that I should do the work alone.我告诉他们
9、我将独自做那项工作。情态动词在英文中是“辅助性”动词，用来表示说话人的语气或情态，包括请求、命令、允诺、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、义务、能力等。情态动词本身有词义，但词义不完全，不能单独用作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，且后面只跟动词原形。情态动词的种类：原 形 过去式 词 义 can could 能 may might 可以（或许）must must(had to)必须（不得不）will would 愿意 shall should 应该 need needed 需要 dare dared 敢于（四）情态动词（四）情态动词情态动词的语法特征1）情态动词不能单独做谓语，除ought 和have 外，后
10、面只能接不带to 的不定式。2）情态动词没有人称，数的变化，但有些情态动词，如can、will也有一般式和过去式的变化。3）情态动词的“时态”形式并不是时间区别的主要标志，不少情况下，情态动词的现在式形式和过去式形式都可用来表示现在时间、过去时间和将来时间。1.can1)表能力can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。I can climb this hill.He is only four,but he can read.Fire cant destroy gold.can 和could：2)表推测、可能性用于否定与疑问结构中Can the news be true?I
11、t cant be true.What can he possibly mean?他可能是什么意思?can 用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性(一时的可能)。A house in the center of London can cost a lot of money.The road can be blocked.3)表示请求或允许(和may意思相近)常见于口语。Can(May)I come in?我能进来吗?Can I smoke here?我可以在这里抽烟吗?2)could的主要用法是：A.could 是can的过去式,表示与过去有关的能力和推测:We all knew that the y
12、oung man couldnt be a doctor.B.could可以代替can表示请求、“允许”。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法Could you lend me your dictionary?Could I use your bike?Yes,you can.Im afraid I couldnt give you an answer today.can 与 be able to do 的区别l时态：can 只有现在时和过去(could),be able to do 有多种时态。（在将来时，完成时以及非谓语动词中应该用 be able to do.）e.g.So far,doc
13、tors have been able to do very little to treat(治疗)this kind of disease(疾病).can表示一贯的能力，be able to表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力1.I cant swim.But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.2.The fire spreaded through the hotel,but everyone was able to get out.3.When the boat sank he was able to swim
14、 to the bank.can或could 的否定形式构成习惯短语cant(help)but do不得不做，只好做cant help doing 情不自禁cant help it 没有办法cant.+比较级 再。不过了（表示最高级）may 和might：may 常用来表示：A.表示请求、允许;比can较为正式 May I come in?You may go now.(给予许可）B.表示说话人的猜测:“也许”“可能”:通常只用于肯定句和否定句中。eg.-I believe the man is from England.-But I may be wrong.The guest may ar
15、rive this afternoon.在疑问句中，表示可能性用can。如：Where can he be?他会在哪呢？C.表示祝愿;但语气较正式:eg.May you succeed!May you have a good journey!might 的用法有:多在间接引语中表示过去的可能和允许。如:She said that he might take her bike.她说他可以拿她的自行车去用 表示现在的许可,语气比may 较委婉,一般用于疑问句(包括间接疑问句),不可用于肯定句或者否定句。如:Might I have a word with you?我可以和你说句话吗？You may
16、 well be right.There is nothing to do,so I may as well go to bed.The film is so boring,and we might as well not have come to see it.may well 很可能、有充分的理由可以may/might as well最好，不妨might as well have done 还不如may.do/be.祝愿will和would：1.will是助动词或是情态动词？will用于构成将来时是助动词。用于表示“意志”“决心”“请求”是情态动词。would亦同理。eg.I will t
17、ell you something important.我要告诉你一些重要的事。（助动词）Will you tell her that Im here?请您告诉她说我在这儿，好吗？（情态动词）If you give him time,Tom will talk and talk for hours.Every Saturday evening they will play chess together.The door wont open.Ill do my best to help you.Will you please give me a message when you see him?
18、-Write to me when you get home.-I will经常性习惯性“老是、总是、终归是表示功能，译作“能”或“行”意愿第2人称，询问对方意愿或向对方提出请求回答祈使句Would表示有礼貌的请求或邀请（第2人称）Would you help us,please?请您帮助我们，好吗？When I had some trouble,he would encourage me.We all tried to stop him smoking in bed but he wouldnt listen.过去的习惯意愿“要；愿”Would 与 Used to do 区别 “过去常常”W
19、ould -过去习惯的动作（现在有可能还有此习惯）Used to do -过去习惯的动作及状态（现在已经没有此习惯）e.g.He would get up at 8 a.m.(现在有可能还在坚持此习惯)e.g.He used to get up at 8 a.m.（现在已经不再坚持此习惯）动作e.g.There used to be an old building here when I was young.状态shall和should：1.shall用于构成将来时是助动词。shall用于征求对方的意见，表示“决心”是情态动词。eg:Perhaps I shall pay a visit to
20、 England this winter.可能今年冬天我会去英国观光。（构成一般将来时,助动词）Shall we go by train,Mom?妈妈，我们乘火车去好吗？（用于征求对方的意见，情态动词）I shall go at once.我必须立即去。（表“决心”，情态动词）1)用于第一、三人称征求对方的意见，What shall I wear on the journey?Shall we dance?2)shall 用于第二、三人称时表允诺，警告，命令，威胁。“必须，应该可以”If he passes the examination,he shall have a holiday.You
21、 shall have it back tomorrow.3）用于第二、三人称用于法律法规条例等文件中的要求。“应该、必须”Its required in our regulation that students shall go to school on time.Persons under 18 shant be employed in night work.2.should表示义务、建议、劝告等，意为“应该”。(ought to)Its 4:30,They should be in New York by now.He ought to succeed,as he is so dilig
22、ent.It is strange that it should be so hot today.I dont understand why she should have made such a mistake.Should it rain tomorrow,the meeting will be postponed.常规、常理的推测（正常情况下）按理应该居然，竟然用于条件句中“万一”must和 have to1.must用于一般问句中,肯定回答用must否定式用 neednt或dont have to，做“不必”,mustnt表示“禁止，不允许”MustIfinishallassignme
23、ntsatatime?Yes,youmust.No,youneednt.I dont like this TV set.We must buy a new one.There was no more bus.They had to walk home.2.表示“必须”这个意思时，must 和have to 稍有区别。must着重说明主观看法，have to 强调客观需要,表示“不得不”。另外，have to 能用于更多时态。Youmustbethenewteacher.Hemustbejoking.Thereisnobodyhere.Theymusthavegonehome.3.must表示对
24、某人某事的猜测，作“准是”，“一定”，一般用于肯定句中。对过去发生的事情作肯定判断用must have done Hemustcomeandworryherwithquestion,justwhenshewasbusycookingthedinner.4.must表示“偏要，硬要”，指做令人不快的事情need 与 dare 实义动词情态动词实义动词 vs 情态动词肯定句 实情e.g.She needs to stay at home today.e.g.He dares to jump from the high wall.e.g.She need stay at home today.e.g
25、.He dare jump from the high wall.疑问句 e.g.Does she need to stay at home today?e.g.Does he dare to jump from the high wall?e.g.Need she stay at home today?e.g.Dare he jump from the high wall?实情否定句dare 作为实意动词的时候，否定句中的 to 可以省略e.g.He doesnt dare(to)jump from the high wall.实e.g.She doesnt need to stay at
26、home today.e.g.He doesnt dare to jump from the high wall情e.g.She neednt stay at home today.e.g.He dare not jump from the high wall.1.It must have rained last night,for the streets are wet.2.It is 8 oclock.they may have arrived.3.He looks very happy.He might not have known the result.4.He could not h
27、ave done such a thing.5.They left here early and should have arrived by now.情态动词表推测 对过去情况的推测7.You might have written the letter without my reminding you of it.8.The doctor could have avoided the accident.9.You should have finished the task yesterday.10.I was really anxious about you.You shouldnt hav
28、e left home without a word.11.He ought not to have told me your secret,but he meant no harm.过去本可能（不用may)过去本能够却没有过去本应该却没有过去本不该过去本不该12.It was not cold yesterday.I neednt have taken the thick sweaters out.13.It was not cold yesterday.I didnt need to take the thick sweaters out.过去本不必,却做了.过去不必做,实际也没有做1.-
29、_ I go out to play,mum?-No,you_.You should do your homework first.A.Might;wouldntB.May;had better not C.Must;mustnt D.Need;mustnt2.-Where is Emma?-I cant say for sure where she is,but she_ be out shopping.A.can B.should C.must D.may3.The room is in a terrible mess;it _ cleaned.1.A.cant have beenB.co
30、uldnt be C.may have beenD.would beBDA4.How _ you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article?A.canB.mustC.needD.may5.There _ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practised a lot in the driving school.A.mustntB.shantC.shouldntD.needntAC6.-There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.-It _a comfortable journey.A.cant be B.mustnt have been C.shouldnt be D.couldnt have beenD7.Peter _ come with us tonight,but he isnt very sure.A.must B.can C.may D.willCThanks For LISTENING
