1、n第一讲第一讲 翻译简论翻译简论n第二讲第二讲 英汉语言对比研究英汉语言对比研究n第三讲第三讲 Diction 遣词用字遣词用字n第四讲第四讲 Amplification 增词法增词法n第五讲第五讲 Omission 省略法省略法n第六讲第六讲 Conversion 转换转换n第七讲第七讲 Restructuring 结构调整结构调整n第八讲第八讲 The Passive Voice 被动语态被动语态n第九讲第九讲 Affirmative vs.Negative肯定与否定肯定与否定n第十讲第十讲 Nominal Clauses 名词性从句名词性从句n第十一讲第十一讲 Attributive C
2、lause 定语从句定语从句n第十二讲第十二讲 Adverbial Clause 状语从句状语从句n第十三讲第十三讲 Long Sentences 长句的翻译长句的翻译n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译1 1：简历：简历n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译2 2：求职信：求职信n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译3 3：通知：通知n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译4 4：致辞：致辞n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译5 5：企业或学校简介：企业或学校简介n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译6 6：新闻英语：新闻英语n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译7 7：考研英语：考研英语n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译8 8：论文题目、摘要：论文题目、摘要n实用文体翻译实用文
3、体翻译9 9：科技英语：科技英语第九讲第九讲 Affirmative vs.Negative 肯定与否定肯定与否定一、教学重点：一、教学重点：1.1.英译汉的正反交替英译汉的正反交替 2.2.否定的陷阱否定的陷阱二、教学内容：二、教学内容：1.1.英汉翻译中的正反交替英汉翻译中的正反交替2.2.汉英翻译中的正反交替汉英翻译中的正反交替.Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的正反交替英汉翻译中的正反交替1)Full negatives:no,not,none,never,nothing,nobody,nowhere,neither,nor;2
4、)Semi negatives:hardly,scarcely,seldom,barely,few,little,etc;3)Partial negatives:not every,not all,not both,not much,not many,not always,etc.4)Words with negative implication:fail,without,beyond,until,unless,lest,ignorant,refrain,refuse,neglect,absence,instead of,other than,except,rather than,etc.Ne
5、gation in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的正反交替英汉翻译中的正反交替1、Affirmative in English but Negative in Chinesen Such a chance was denied(to)me.我我没有得到没有得到这样一个机会。这样一个机会。(v.)nIt was beyond his power to sign such a contract.他他无无权签订这种合同。权签订这种合同。(prep.)nThe guerrillas would fight to death before they surrende
6、r.游击队员们宁愿战斗到死也游击队员们宁愿战斗到死也决不决不投降。投降。(conj.)nThe lecturer spoke above the heads of his audience.讲演者讲得太深奥讲演者讲得太深奥，听众听，听众听不懂不懂。(preposition).Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的正反交替英汉翻译中的正反交替2、Negative in English but Affirmative in Chinese n The doubt was still unresolved after his repeated e
7、xplanation.虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在存在。(v.)nHe manifested a strong dislike for his fathers business.他对他父亲的行业表示强烈的他对他父亲的行业表示强烈的厌恶情绪厌恶情绪。(n.)nDont lose time in posting this letter.赶快赶快把这封信寄出去。把这封信寄出去。(phrase).Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的正反交替英汉翻译中的正反交替3、Same English Word,with Either
8、Affirmative or Negative Equivalents in Chinese n Im new to the work.这工作我是这工作我是生手生手。(这工作我不熟悉。这工作我不熟悉。)nThe station is no distance at all.车站车站近在咫尺近在咫尺。(车站一点儿也不远。车站一点儿也不远。)nIts no less than a fraud.这这简直是简直是一场骗局。一场骗局。(这无异于一场骗局。这无异于一场骗局。).Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的正反交替英汉翻译中的正反交替4、Doub
9、le Negative for EmphasisnThere is no rule that has no exception.任何规则任何规则都有都有例外。例外。nThere is not any advantage without disadvantage.有一利有一利必有必有一弊。一弊。nIt is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.人人不会不不会不犯错误。犯错误。.Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的正反交替英汉翻译中的正反交替5、Roundabout Affirm
10、ativenHe didnt half like the girl.他非常喜欢那姑娘。他非常喜欢那姑娘。nI couldnt feel better.我觉得身体好极了。我觉得身体好极了。nI couldnt agree with you more.我太赞成你的看法了。我太赞成你的看法了。nHe cant see you quick enough.他很想尽快和你见面。他很想尽快和你见面。.Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的正反交替英汉翻译中的正反交替6、Some Traps in Negative Structures1)not.beca
11、use nThe engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished.引擎并引擎并不是因为不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。燃料耗尽而停止运转。2)cannot.toonThe importance of this conference cannot be overestimated.这次会议的重要性这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分无论怎么强调也不过分。nYou cannot be too careful in proofreading.校对时，校对时，越越仔细仔细越越好。好。.Negation in English-Chinese Translati
12、on 英汉翻译中的正反交替英汉翻译中的正反交替3)all/every.notnAll that glitters is not gold.发光的发光的不一定都不一定都是金子。是金子。nNo,everything is not straightened out.不，不，并非每一个并非每一个问题都弄清楚了。问题都弄清楚了。4)both.notnBut you see,we both cannot go.但是我告诉你，我们俩但是我告诉你，我们俩不能不能同时同时都都走。走。nBoth the instruments are not precision ones.这两件东西这两件东西不都是不都是精密仪器
13、。精密仪器。.Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的正反交替英汉翻译中的正反交替5)for allnYou may leave at once for all I care.你尽可立即离开，我才你尽可立即离开，我才不管不管呢。呢。nFor all we knew,the files we were supposed to photograph were already on their way.说不定说不定那些该由我们去拍摄的文件已在途中。那些该由我们去拍摄的文件已在途中。6)It be+adj.+n.+thatnIt is a good
14、workman that never blunders.智者千虑智者千虑,必有必有一失。一失。nIt is a long lane that has no end.路路必有必有弯。弯。(凡事总有变化，不会永远不变。凡事总有变化，不会永远不变。).Negation in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译中的正反交替汉英翻译中的正反交替1、Negation According to Usagen在他还在他还没没来得及阻拦我来得及阻拦我之前之前,我己经跑出教室。我己经跑出教室。Before he could stop me,I had rushed out of th
15、e classroom.n俗话说，俗话说，男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到未到伤心处伤心处”.As the saying goes，Men only weep when deeply hurt.Negation in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译中的正反交替汉英翻译中的正反交替2、Negation for Emphasis or Rhetorical Effectn我们讨论问题时，我们讨论问题时，不能忘记不能忘记这些基本点。这些基本点。These basic concepts must be kept in mind in our discuss
16、ion.n党的十六大充分表明我们党兴旺发达，党的十六大充分表明我们党兴旺发达，后继有人后继有人。The 16th Party congress fully demonstrates that our Party is flourishing and has no lack of successors.3、Negation to Convey Exactly the Original Meaningn到目前为止，该组织到目前为止，该组织辜负辜负了世界人民所奇予的希望。了世界人民所奇予的希望。This organization has not,so far,justified the hopes
17、which the people of the world place in it.n“我找老王说旬话，我找老王说旬话，马上马上就回来就回来”.“Just to have a word with Wang.I wont be long!”Practice:nThey often talk horse.nThat woman walks the streets.n Ill report that official.nThe machine is in repair.nWell stand up to the project.nDont make a fuss of them!nShe is in
18、 the dock.nThe boss gave her the sack.nThat girl student is in the green.nThe old lady has gone to her restnThat young man has lost his heart.nThe old man often takes his medicine.nThat fellow did hard labor for 3 years.nThe woman in labor is his wife.nIm not a little afraid of snakes.n他们常常吹牛。他们常常吹牛
19、。n那个妇女是妓女。那个妇女是妓女。n我要检举那位官员。我要检举那位官员。n那台机器状况良好。那台机器状况良好。n我们将抵制这个计划。我们将抵制这个计划。n别讨好他们别讨好他们!n她在被告席。她在被告席。n老板解雇了她。老板解雇了她。n那女学生正值豆寇年华。那女学生正值豆寇年华。n那个老太太安息了。那个老太太安息了。n那个青年人处于热恋之中。那个青年人处于热恋之中。n那老人常忍受不愉快的事。那老人常忍受不愉快的事。n那个家伙服过三年劳役。那个家伙服过三年劳役。n分娩的妇女是他的妻子。分娩的妇女是他的妻子。n我很怕蛇。我很怕蛇。Practice:nWe charged him to do it.
20、nThey surprised him doing it.nI have see him through.n He is the Speaker.nWhere is the Book?nDo you know anything about Japan?nI bought some salts yesterday.nThe man is in the dumps.nDont call him names!nThe little boy is a love child.nHe is a confidence man.nHe is a medicine man.nWhat he bought is
21、invaluable.nThis is a disused machine.nHe is disinterested in the affairs.我们责令他干那事。我们责令他干那事。他们撞上他做那个事。他们撞上他做那个事。我帮助他过难关。我帮助他过难关。他是议长。他是议长。圣经圣经在哪在哪?你了解你了解 日本漆吗日本漆吗?我昨天买了一些泻药。我昨天买了一些泻药。那个人神情沮丧。那个人神情沮丧。别骂他别骂他!那个小男孩是私生子。那个小男孩是私生子。他是个骗子他是个骗子.他是个巫医。他是个巫医。他买的东西价值连城。他买的东西价值连城。这是一台废弃的机器。这是一台废弃的机器。他在此事上公正无私。他
22、在此事上公正无私。Practice:nOne could not be too careful in a new neighborhood.nOne may as well be asleep to read for anything but to improve his mind and morals,and regulate his conduct.n那座大楼处于无人管理的状态，那座大楼处于无人管理的状态，n任何事物部有两点，说只有一点，叫任何事物部有两点，说只有一点，叫知其一知其一不知其二。不知其二。第十讲第十讲 Nominal Clauses 名词性从句名词性从句一、教学重点：一、教学
23、重点：1.1.名词性从句的翻译名词性从句的翻译 2.2.同位语从句的翻译同位语从句的翻译二、教学内容：二、教学内容：1.1.英语名词性从句的翻译英语名词性从句的翻译2.2.汉语复句的翻译汉语复句的翻译.Translation of English Nominal Clauses 英语名词性从句的翻译英语名词性从句的翻译1、Subject Clauses1）Subject Clauses Introduced by Pronouns nWhatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.他此行所见所闻他此行所
24、见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象。都给他留下了深刻的印象。2)It“Functions as a Formal SubjectnIt doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or n 他参不参加会议他参不参加会议都没多大关系。都没多大关系。.Translation of English Nominal Clauses 英语名词性从句的翻译英语名词性从句的翻译2、Object ClausesnI take it for granted that you will come and talk the matter over
25、with him.我理所当然地认为我理所当然地认为，你会来跟他谈这件事的你会来跟他谈这件事的。nWe have no definite information yet as to which route he will take.关于他将走哪条路线关于他将走哪条路线，我们还没有确切的消息。，我们还没有确切的消息。3、Predicative ClausesnThis is where the shoe pinches.这就是这就是问题的症结所在了问题的症结所在了。nThings are not always as they seem to be.事物并不总是事物并不总是如其表象如其表象。.Tra
26、nslation of English Nominal Clauses 英语名词性从句的翻译英语名词性从句的翻译4、Appositive Clauses1）Keeping the Original Order nHe expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.他表示希望他表示希望能再来中国访问能再来中国访问。2)Converting into an Attributive Order or an Independent ClausenIt does not alter the fact that he is
27、the man responsible for the delay.迟延应由他负责迟延应由他负责，这个事实是改变不了的。，这个事实是改变不了的。.Translation of English Nominal Clauses 英语名词性从句的翻译英语名词性从句的翻译3）Using Punctuation Marks or Specific WordsnPunctuation marks:colon,dasher;expressions:“这样这样”，“这种这种”，“这一这一”，“即即nBut considering realistically,we had to face the fact th
28、at our prospects were less than good.但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样一个这样一个事事实实:我们的前景并不妙。我们的前景并不妙。nNot long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste“material could be turned into plastics.不久以前，科学家们有了一个令人振奋的发现，不久以前，科学家们有了一个令人振奋的发现，即即可以把这种废物变为塑料。可以把这种废物变为塑料。.Translation of Eng
29、lish Nominal Clauses 英语名词性从句的翻译英语名词性从句的翻译4）Changing into Sentences without the SubjectnAn order has been given that the researchers who are now in the skylab should be sent back.己下命令己下命令将目前在太空实验室里的研究人员送回来。将目前在太空实验室里的研究人员送回来。nHowever,the writing of chemical symbols in the form of an equation does not
30、 give any assurance that the reaction shown will actually occur.但是将化学符号写成反应式，并但是将化学符号写成反应式，并不意味着不意味着所表示的所表示的反应确实会发生。反应确实会发生。.Translation of Chinese Complex Sentences 汉语复句的翻译汉语复句的翻译1、Sentence Combinationn门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有12把，五颜六色，大把，五颜六色，大小不一。小不一。In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas
31、of all sizes and colors.n我有一个问题弄不清楚，想请教你，你能回答吗？我有一个问题弄不清楚，想请教你，你能回答吗？Could you kindly answer a question which is puzzling me?n因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具。农村社会是与外界因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具。农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝伏态，由于通讯工具不足而变得隔绝的。这种隔绝伏态，由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重了。更加严重了。The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of trans
32、port facilities is compounded by the paucity of he information media.2、Sentence Sequencen只要己发现有可能反对他的人只要己发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这个人争取过来的魅力和风趣将这个人争取过来，nEnglish version A:When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist.his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.n English vers
33、ion B:As soon as he finds any possible opponent,he is,by instinct,to have an inclination for winning him over with charm and humor.n English version C:The sight of any potential antagonist arouses his innate impulse for winning him over with charm and humor.第十一讲第十一讲 Attributive Clauses 定语从句定语从句一、教学重
34、点：一、教学重点：1.1.英语定语从句的翻译方法英语定语从句的翻译方法 2.2.兼有状语功能的定语从句兼有状语功能的定语从句二、教学内容：二、教学内容：1.1.英汉定语结构的对比英汉定语结构的对比2.2.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句3.3.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句4.4.兼有状语功能的定语从句兼有状语功能的定语从句.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive Structures 英汉定语结构的对比英汉定语结构的对比n This is the cat.这就是那只猫这就是那只猫 nThis is the cat that
35、killed the rat.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。nThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake。*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的猫。这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的猫。nThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house.*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。nThis is the cat that killed the
36、rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋糕的老鼠这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。的猫。.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive Structures 英汉定语结构的对比英汉定语结构的对比nThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake。这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。老
37、鼠偷吃了蛋糕。nThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。的蛋糕。nThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老老 鼠偷吃了放在屋里鼠偷吃了放在屋里 的蛋糕。的蛋糕。屋子是杰克盖的。屋
38、子是杰克盖的。.Restrictive Attributive Clauses限制性定语从句限制性定语从句1.CombinationnPollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是污染是我们必须解决我们必须解决的一个迫切间题。的一个迫切间题。nJuly and August are the months when the weather is hot.七八月是天气七八月是天气很热很热的月份。的月份。2.DivisionnThey are striving for the ideal which is close to th
39、e heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个埋想而努力，他们正在为实现一个埋想而努力，这个理想是每个这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人为了这个理中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人为了这个理想而牺牲了自已的生命。想而牺牲了自已的生命。nBetween these two tiny particles,the proton and the electron,there is a powerful attraction that i
40、s always present between negative and positive electric charges.在质子和电子这两个微粒之间有一个很大的吸引力，在质子和电子这两个微粒之间有一个很大的吸引力，而这个吸引力总是存在于正、负电荷之间。而这个吸引力总是存在于正、负电荷之间。nThey worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased。他们制定出一种新方法，他们制定出一种新方法，采用之后生产已迅速得到采用之后生产已迅速得到提高提高。3.MixturenThere were m
41、en in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.在那群人中，在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月。nThere is a man downstairs who wants to see you.楼下楼下有人要见你有人要见你。nThere are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.某些金属某些金属既能导电，又能被磁化既能导电，又能被磁化。nWe
42、 used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.我们驾驶的飞机我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个件部件都有国籍的某些几乎每一个件部件都有国籍的某些标志。标志。.Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1.Division 1)Translating into Compound Sentences by Repeating the AntecedentsnThe process of combining with
43、oxygen is oxidation,of which burning is one type.与氧结合的过程就是氧化，与氧结合的过程就是氧化，燃烧就是其中的一种。燃烧就是其中的一种。nThis is a college of science and technology,the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists.这是一所科技大学，这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。科学工作者。.Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses非限制性定语
44、从句非限制性定语从句2)Translating into Compound Sentences by Omitting the Antecedents nAfter dinner,the four key negotiators resumed their talks,which continued well into the night.饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到一直谈到深夜。深夜。nThis type of meter is called a multimeter,which is used to measure electricity
45、.这种仪表称为万用表，这种仪表称为万用表，用来测量电流。用来测量电流。.Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句3)Translating into Independent Sentences nOne time there was a violent thunderstorm，the worst I had ever seen,which obscured my objective.有一次是暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实为我平生所仅见。有一次是暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实为我平生所仅见。这场暴风雨遮住了我的目标。这场暴风雨遮住了我的目标。nNe
46、vertheless the problem was solved successfully,which showed that the computations were accurate.不过，问题还是圆满地解决了。不过，问题还是圆满地解决了。这说明计算很准确。这说明计算很准确。.Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句2.Combinationn The sun,which had hidden all day,now came out in all its splendor.整天躲在云层里的太阳整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光
47、芒四射地露面，现在又光芒四射地露面 了。了。nHe liked his sister,who was warm and pleasant.but he did not like his brother,who was aloof and arrogant.他喜欢他喜欢热情洋溢的妹妹热情洋溢的妹妹，而不喜欢，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥冷漠高傲的哥哥。.Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials兼有状语功能的定语从句兼有状语功能的定语从句1、Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of CausenWe kn
48、ow that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes.can see clearly in the night.我们知道我们知道,由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚，所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚，nYou must grasp the concept of work“which is very important in physics.你必须掌握你必须掌握“功功”的概念，的概念，因为它在物理学中很重要因为它在物理学中很重要。.Attribut
49、ive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials兼有状语功能的定语从句兼有状语功能的定语从句2、Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of ResultnThere was something original,independent,and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.这个方案富于创造性，独具一格，很有魄力，这个方案富于创造性，独具一格，很有魄力，因此因此他们都很喜欢，他们都很喜欢，n Copper,which is used so widely for
50、 carrying electricity,offers very little resistance.铜的电阻很小，铜的电阻很小，所以广泛地用来传输电力所以广泛地用来传输电力。.Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials兼有状语功能的定语从句兼有状语功能的定语从句3、Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of ConcessionnHe insisted on building another house,which he had no use for.他坚持要再造一幢房子，他坚持要再造一幢房子，
