1、Unit 3Period 2Grammar课 堂 学 习adverbial clauses1Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.a You can only imagine how travellers felt when they saw the oasis of Dunhuang ahead of them.b If you look up,you can see the paintings and other artworks.c.Dunhuang was not as prosp
2、erous as it used to be.d Given that the theme of the Expo was to promote cultural exchange.,Dunbuang was the ideal place.1 Classify the adverbial clauses in the sentences.condition comparison reason time2 What other types of adverbial clause can you think of?Give some examples.Place:Generally,air wi
3、ll be heavily polluted where there are factories.Purpose:The teacher raised his voice so that the students in the back could hear him.Concession:Although we have grown up,our parents still treat us as young children.Manner:He looks as if he had been hit by lighting.Result:Ive had so many falls that
4、I am black and blue all over.bcdaNow look for more sentences with adverbial clauses in the reading passage.1.Come a little bit closer so that you can get a better view.2.The Apsaras are depicted sailing in the bright blue sky,with their scarves flying,as if they are about to fly down to meet us.3.Th
5、e scrolls are so detailed that they describe the vast range of goods that were imported and exported from Dunhuang,such as ceramics,medicine,perfumes and fruit,to name just a few.4.Gradually,it faded from memory,even though it was once such a green city.【语法讲解】【语法讲解】状语从句起副词作用，用来修饰句中谓语动词、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整
6、个句子。状语从句一般由从属连词引导，也可由连词词组引导。位于句首或句中时常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式、目的和比较等状语从句。when/while/as/since/before/after/until/till/as soon as/.the second/the minute/the instant/every time/.immediately/instantly/directly.where/whereverbecause/as/since/in that/now that.so that/so.that/such.
7、that.if/unless/in case/on condition that/supposing that.timeplacereasonresultcondition常用连接词常用连接词 than/not so.as./as.as.although/though/as/even though=even if/no matter wh-.so that/in order that/lest(以免)/in case.as if/as though/as(按照)comparisonconcessionpurposemanner一、时间状语从句一、时间状语从句1.when,while,as(1)
8、“主短从长”：主句是短暂性动作，从句是持续性动作，when，while和as都可用。e.g.I felt quite sorry when Jane refused my invitation to the concert.Dont have the water running while you brush your teeth.As he was reading the newspaper,he fell asleep.(2)“主长从长”：主、从句表示两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态，此时可以用while和as。e.g.As I listened,I got confused(3)“主长从短
9、”：主句是持续性动作，从句是短暂性动作，可用as，when,不用while。e.g.It was raining hard when we arrived.As I entered，he was reading the newspaper.(4)“主短从短”：主从句表示的是两个同时（或几乎同时）发生的短暂性动作，用as/when【注意】从属连词while引导的时间状语从句的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。e.g.I want the girls to experience that while they are young.(5)从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行
10、或同时完成，可译为“一边，一边”。e.g.As time goes on,its getting warmer and warmer.2.till,until,not.until(1)till与until的意义和用法基本相同，指某一动作或状态一直持续到till/until后面的词语或句子所表示的时间为止，此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词，主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。e.g.Have you heard the meeting will be put off till/until next Tuesday?Continue in this dir
11、ection till/until you see the sign.(2)not.until/till 则表示“直到才”，此时主句动词通常是瞬间动词，表示一直到until/till后面的词语或句子所表示的时间为止某一动作才开始。e.g.I didnt go downstairs until the window had to be shut.3.before,after before引导的时间状语从句表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前，after引导的时间状语从句表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。e.g.He was here for only three days before his comp
12、any sent him to Australia.After he was here for only three days,his company sent him to Australia.4.since(1)since引导的时间状语从句的谓语为非延续性动词用一般过去时，此时从句表示的时间从动作发生之时算起。e.g.As is reported,it is 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.(2)since引导的时间状语从句的谓语为延续性动词或表状态的动词一般过去时，此时从句表示的时间从那个持续性动作或状态结束算起。e.g.I
13、 havent written to her since she lived in London.It is+一段时间+since.这个句型与It has heen+一段时间+since.意思相同，表示“自从以来有多久”。e.g.It has been/It is ten years since they last met.5.表示“刚就”的从属连词：as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment/minute/instant,no sooner.than.,hardly/scarcely.when/once这些从属连词引导的从句都表示
14、从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生，表示“一就”，从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。e.g.Youll feel excited the moment the star steps out of the plane.1._ had I arrived home than it began to rain.2._ John was watching TV,his wife was cooking.3._ she grew older,she gained in confidence.4.The votes had _ been counted,_ the telephone rang.No sooner
15、WhileAsscarcelywhen【牛刀小试】【牛刀小试】二、让步状语从句二、让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的连词有：1.although/though(尽管，虽然),even though/even if(即使)although与though两者意思相同，一般可互换，都可以与yet，still 或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。e.g.Although it was autumn,the snow was already beginning to fall in Tibet.【注意】though还可用作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。e.g.He said he wo
16、uld come,he didnt,though.2.as或though 引导让步状语从句的倒装as或though从句一般放在主句之前，常用倒装语序。从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。e.g.Child as he is,he knows a lot.Much as I like it,I wont buy it.3.whether.or.（不管还是）e.g.Actually,whoever works hard can be whatever he wants to be,whether it is a pilot,an engineer or a m
17、anager.4.when（本来可以却）和while（尽管，虽然）e.g.Suddenly,she stopped when she ought to have continued.5.whatever,however,whenever,wherever等从属连词引导让步状语从句，表示“无论”。e.g.Whatever the weather is like tomorrow,we will set sail for Canada.这些词引导让步状语从句时，通常可换成no matter.e.g.No matter what we do.we must carry out our duties.
18、No matter where we are,we must always keep in contact!1._ I respect him,I cant agree to his proposal.2._ how hard he tried,she could not change her mind.3._ museums have begged to borrow her collection,she could never split it up.4.Two people in love are at home _ they are,_ often they move.【牛刀小试】【牛
19、刀小试】Much asNo matter Even if/thoughwhereverno matter how三、条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if,unless(除非),so/as long as(只要),in case(万一),on(the)condition that(条件是),suppose/supposing(假设,如果),assuming(假定),provided/providing that(如果),这其中有某些动词或其非谓语动词形式和介词短语转化为从属连词。e.g.Unless youve tried it on,you cant imagine how plea
20、sant the new dress is.Suppose/Supposing(that)they refuse us,who else can we turn to for help?【注意】(1)条件状语从句的时态：当主句为一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句时，从句用一般现在时表将来；主句为过去的某一时态时，从句用过去的某一时态，但状语从句可用情态动词will表示意愿或委婉的请求。e.g.I shall be pleased to go,if you will accompany me.(2)suppose/supposing 引导条件状语从句时，主句通常为疑问句。1.Well start o
21、ur project _ the president agrees.2.You will certainly succeed _ you keep on trying.3._ there is no opposition,we shall hold the meeting here.4.Nothing will change _ the workers continue to accept these appalling conditions.【牛刀小试】【牛刀小试】ifso long asProvided thatas long as四、地点状语从句(1)引导地点状语从句的从属连词主要有wh
22、ere,wherever,everywhere,anywhere等。e.g.Today,we will begin where we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed.(2)有时地点状语从句兼有抽象条件的含义。e.g.Where theres a will,theres a way.1.Generally,air will be heavily polluted _ there are factories.2._ y
23、ou go,you should work hard.3._ she goes,there are crowds of people waiting to see her.4.The house stood _ there had been a rock.【牛刀小试】【牛刀小试】where where WhereverWherever五、原因状语从句(1)引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because,as,since,now that,seeing that,considering that,given that,另外，when还表示“既然；考虑到”；并列连词for加分句也可表示原因，for引
24、导的分句对前面的内容补充说明。e.g.It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.Now(that)/Since it is so hot,I guess we cant do anything until after dark.(2)除了状语从句外，一些介词短语同样可以表示原因，这样的短语有：because of,thanks to,due to,owing to等。【注意】because是从属连词引导状语从句，so是并列连词引导并列句，因此我们不能用because
25、.so.这种汉语式的表达，就像我们不能说although.but.一样。但because从句可以与because of短语进行转换，e.g.He cant come because he is ill.=He cant come because of his illness.1.My friends like me _ Im handsome and successful.2._ everybody has come,lets begin our conference.3._ you are still young,I forgive you.4._ he has been off sick
26、all week hes unlikely to come.【牛刀小试】【牛刀小试】becauseNow thatGiven thatSeeing that六、目的状语从句(1)in order that与so that两个连词意为“以便；为了”，引导的状语从句中需用情态动词，in order that 比 so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that 引导的从句只能置于主句之后。e.g.When he goes out,he often wears sunglasses so that/in order that nobody/no one can recogni
27、ze him.(2)for fear that,in case 与 lest e.g.The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see him.Take your raincoat in case/lest it should rain.【注意】目的状语从句可以转换为不定式（短语）作状语，从而简化句子结构；当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，直接简化为用不定式作目的状语；当状语从句的主语与主句主语不一致时，要用不定式的复合结构for sb.to do sth.作状语。e.g.Ill ge
28、t up early so as to be ready when you come.Ill make out the contract for you to sign tomorrow.目的状语从句有时还可以转换为表示目的的介词短语。如：for fear of,with the purpose of,in the hope of,in hopes of等。e.g.We are sending out samples in hopes of getting comments.in case引导目的状语从句时，从句谓语可用“should/might+动词原形”，其中的should表示“万一，倘使
29、”。lest所连接的状语从句里常用should或动词原形。1.The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters _ he could sign them.2.The teacher raised his voice for the purpose _ the students in the black could hear more clearly.3.I had my camera ready,_ I saw something that would make a good picture.【牛刀小试】【牛刀小试】so tha
30、tthatin case七、结果状语从句(1)引导结果状语从句的从属连词有；so that,so.that.,such.that.,当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。在非正式语体中，由so.that.,such.that.引导的句子中that可以省略。(2)注意其结构形式：so+形容词/副词+that从句so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数形式+that从句so+many/much/few/little（少）+名词+that从句such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数形式+that从句such+形容词+可数名词复数形式/不可数名词+that从句such+a lot of/lots
31、of+名词+that从句1.He got up _ early _ he caught the first bus.2.Its _ a good chance _ we must not miss it.3.We started for the peak early,_ we saw the sunrise.4.To _ a degree was he excited _ he couldnt sleep last night.【牛刀小试】【牛刀小试】sothatsuchthatso thatsuchthat八、比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较),than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词：t
32、he more.the more.,just as.,A is to B what/as X is to Y,no.more than,not A so much as B等e.g.The more you exercise,the healthier you will be.九、方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有：as,as if,as though,the way等，方式状语从句应放在主句之后，其中as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。e.g.The situation of unemployment has no
33、t been so serious as(is)expected.1.She is _ bad-tempered _ her mother.2.The house is three times _ big _ ours.3.She behaved _ she were the boss.4.Sometimes we teach our children _ our parents have taught us.【牛刀小试】【牛刀小试】asasas ifthe wayasas2Complete the passage with the clauses in the box.no matter w
34、hat culture it comes from so that people can learn about different cultures as if they are neighbours that over 15,000 people each year attend them as the traditional is mixed with the modernYo-Yo Ma is a French-born Chinese American cellist known for his musical talent.In 1998,Ma founded Silkroad,a
35、n organisation that explores musical traditions in countries 1_so that people can learn about different cultures The fundamental purpose of Silkroad is to bring people from across the globe together to play and listen to music.Instruments and styles are blended together to create music that is surpr
36、ising,rich,and completely original,2_.Whats more,3_,people can learn about the development of culture as a whole.no matter what culture it comes from as the traditional is mixed with the modern The events that Silkroad organises are either performances,workshops,or mixed musical-artistic displays.It
37、 is so successful 4_.People meet as strangers,but they leave 5_,learning that different cultures have more in common than they imagined.that over 15,000 people each year attend them as if they are neighbours so that people can learn about different cultures(purpose)no matter what culture it comes fr
38、om(concession)as the traditional is mixed with the modern(reason)that over 15,000 people each year attend them(result)as if they are neighbours(manner)Now talk about what types of adverbial clause they are.3Look at the picture and describe it using adverbial clauses where appropriate.You may use the
39、 information to help you.Chinas High Speed Rail(HSR)In 2008,Chinas HSR service started.In 2015,a major breakthrough in technology was made,using independent R&D.Now,China cooperates with dozens of countries in the world to develop HSR services overseas.Since HSR service started in China in 2008,it h
40、as undergone rapid growth.Since HSR service started in China in 2008,it has undergone rapid growth.The experience of train travel becomes much more efficient and enjoyable than before because journeys are not only much faster but also more comfortable.Chinas HSR had another technological leap when a
41、 major breakthrough was made in 2015,using independent R&D.Travellers have become so accustomed to the incredible speed of HSR that many of us have already forgotten the old,slow trains of just a decade ago.Now,China cooperates with dozens of countries around the world in order to share its groundbr
42、eaking technology and develop HSR services overseas.Sample:4 Work in pairs.Describe another Chinese innovation that has had a great impact both at home and abroad.Use adverbial clauses where appropriate.课堂总结课堂总结1.Talk about the usage of adverbial clauses.2.Make some sentences with adverbial clauses.
