1、非谓语动词非谓语的前世今生一、什么是非谓语？一、什么是非谓语？话说英语国家的人民，曾立下一个话说英语国家的人民，曾立下一个flag：He scratches his foot.主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语他抠脚。他抠脚。在有谓语、没连词，没从句的情况下，如果句子里出现了第二个动词，那就把他叫做非谓语。二.非谓语动词里都有哪些人物角色？非谓语的3种基本形式及其功能：1.to do 表目的表将来，2.doing 表进行表主动，3.done 表被动表完成He sat there，reading a newspaper.他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。The money raised yesterday wil
2、l be sent to the earthquake area.昨天筹集到的钱会被送到地震灾区。To get good grades,she studies hard.为了取得好成绩，她努力学习。01号人物：动词不定式（to do）非谓语的扛把子，形式多用途多身份多，在句子里可充当主、宾、表、定、状、补成分。不定式主动被动一般式to do主动，将来to be done被动，将来进行式to be doing主动，进行完成式to have done主动，完成to have been done被动，完成不定式不定式to do 1.To help others is good.2.I want to
3、 sleep.3.Our duty is to clean the roons.4.He is the first guest to arrive.5.I revise English to get good marks.6.I want you to come China.主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语目的状语目的状语宾补宾补02号人物：（v-ing）动名词或现在分词一对长相完全相同，个性迥异的双胞胎。动名词在句中可充当主、宾、表、定，同位语成分；现在分词在句中作定、表、状、补。v-ing主动被动一般式doing主动，进行being done被动，进行完成式 having done主动，完
4、成having been done被动，完成v-ing动名词动名词1.Eating apples is good for us.2.I enjoy singing songs.3.Seeing is beliving.4.This is a reading room.5.My job，feeding animals，is very interseting.主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语同位语同位语v-ing现在分词现在分词1.The man sitting there is my father.2.The story is interesting.3.Arriving at the cine
5、ma,we found the film had been over.4.I found him lying on the grass.定语定语表语表语时间状语时间状语宾补宾补03号人物：过去分词（v-pp）为人低调，只有一种形式，与现在分词是一对好基友；在句中可充当表、定、补、状语，与现在分词所作成分完全相同。过去分词done被动，完成v-p.p过去分词过去分词1.I bought some painted chairs.2.It is the language spoken by many people.3.I am bored.4.The cup is boken.5.Seen from
6、 the hill，the city looks beautiful.6.The teacher entered the classroom，followed by two students.7.I think this problem settled.定语定语定语定语表语表语定语定语时间状语时间状语伴随状语伴随状语宾补宾补主动和被动的判断非谓语动词与逻辑主语（也就是句子主语）为主谓关系用主动形式，非谓语动词与逻辑主语为动宾关系用被动形式。The meeting to be held tomorrow is important.To finish the research，I made a l
7、ot of efforts.时间先后关系的判断非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在句子中的谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生，用非谓语动词的一般式。非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在句子中的谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用非谓语动词的完成式。强调非谓语动词正在进行用进行式。He pretended to be reading when his mother entered the room.eat 和和 scratch同时同时 吃完之后再抠脚吃完之后再抠脚考点突破考点一 非谓语动词作状语一、不定式作状语1to do作目的状语，可用so as to do/in order to do替换表达，但so as to一
8、般不可置于句首，意为“为了”。We will continue our compaign to prevent and control air pollution.2to do作结果状语，常用于下列结构中：only to do(表示意想不到的结果)；enough to do(足够做)；too.to do.(太而不能)；so/such.as to do.(如此以至于)等。He is old enough to dress himself.3to do作原因状语，常用在“主语be/feel情感形容词to do”结构中。不定式用以说明产生这种情绪的原因。这类词有:happy,glad,sorry,a
9、nxious,angry,pleased,surprised,astonished,delighted,disappointed 等。I am glad to see you.二、现在分词作状语 1.动词ing作状语时，表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随、结果等，表主动或正在进行。A city is the product of the human hand and mind,reflecting mans intelligence and creativity.一座城市是人类的手与大脑的产物，反映了人类的智慧与创造性。His parents died，leaving him an orphan.
10、三、过去分词作状语 1.过去分词做状语，表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随等，与句子主语表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随等，与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且含有完成之意动宾关系，且含有完成之意。Attracted by the toy,she didnt notice the car.2.某些动词的过去分词形容词化，用于系表结构，此时的过去分词强调一种状态，如be lost迷路，be seated就座，be hidden隐瞒，be lost/absorbed in沉溺于,be dressed in 穿着,be tired of 对.厌烦，be faced with 面临，面对，
11、be located/situated in位于，be exposed to接触，be involved in参与，be focus on专注于，be devoted to致力于。Absorbed in the book，he didnt notice me enter the room.四、独立成分作状语 有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，是固定的形式，可以独立存在，称作独立成分。它不是句子主语的动作，而表示说话人的态度，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯搭配来修饰整个句子。独立成分作状语独立成分作状语 常考的有：generally speaking(to be ge
12、neral)一般来说 honestly/roughly/strictly speaking 老实说/大体说/严格说 frankly speaking/to be frank 坦白说 judging from/by 根据来判断 taking.into consideration/account 考虑到 considering/seeing/given.考虑到 to tell the truth/to be honest 说实话 to make things worse 更糟糕的是Offeredto save(）考点突破考点二 非谓语动词作定语一、不定式作定语1.不定式作定语放在所修饰词之后作后置
13、定语，表示将来的动作。I have a lot of work to do.2.序数词，形容词最高级，the last,the only等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作后置定语。He was the first to come and the last to leave.He is the only person to beliveve in God.3被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作后置定语。常见名词：ability,chance,idea,hope,wish,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,way 等。This is a chance to impr
14、ove my oral English.It is a useful way to eliminate plastic.二、分词作定语1现在分词现在分词v-ing做定语时，现在分词与被修饰词之间为主动（主做定语时，现在分词与被修饰词之间为主动（主谓）进行关系谓）进行关系：The lecture，starting at 7:00 am last night，was followed by an diccussion.2现在分词的被动式现在分词的被动式being done做定语时，被修饰词与分词之间做定语时，被修饰词与分词之间为被动关系，且表示正在进行为被动关系，且表示正在进行：The build
15、ing being built is our library.3.过去分词做定语时，分词与被修饰词之间为动宾（被动）关系，过去分词做定语时，分词与被修饰词之间为动宾（被动）关系，表完成。表完成。The university，founded in 1911，is my favorite university.三、动名词v-ing作定语表示被修饰词的某种用途，意义上相当于名词+for+doing，动名词做定语置于被修饰词前。sleeping bag=bag for sleepingflying machine=maching for flying解题点津解题点津非谓语动词作定语的解题思路：表示被动
16、、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示主动、尚未进行用to do；表示被动、尚未进行用to be done。试比较：Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.The bridge built in 2017 was designed by a local company.The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.The bri
17、dge to be built next year was designed by a local company.to catchspentsaying考点突破考点三 非谓语动词作宾补 考点归纳考点归纳（非谓语动词作宾补）（非谓语动词作宾补）1.常用不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：advise,allow,ask,beg请求,cause导致,encourage,expect期望,forbid禁止,force,intend打算,invite,order,persuade,prefer宁愿,require,remind提醒,tell,want,warn,wish,call on号召,depend/r
18、ely on依靠，teach，help等。We should our environment.2.感官动词（see，watch，observe，notice，look at，hear，listen to，feel）后的宾补可以是省略to的不定式do，doing，done。do表示主动和完成（被动句中要还原to）doing表示主动和进行done表示被动和完成I saw him enter the room.He was seen to enter the room by me.I saw him playing basketball.I saw him killed by a tiger.3.l
19、et/make/have sb do sth 让某人做某事 Let us go shopping.4.get sb to do sth 让某人做某事 get/have sb doing 让某人一直.get/have sth done 使.被.5.leave/keep sb/sth doing sth 让.一直.6.find sb/sth doing sth 发现某人一直在做某事 find sb/sth done 发现.被.7.with的复合结构：的复合结构：with+宾语宾语+宾补宾补With a lot of difficult problems to settle,the newly el
20、ected president is having a hard time.John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it.I couldnt do my homework with all that noise going on.with+宾语 doingdone to do表主动、进行表被动、完成表将来becomingorganized考点突破考点四 非谓语动词作宾语考点归纳考点归纳（非谓语 动词作宾语）1只接不定式作宾语的动词：decide/determine决定
21、,learn学习,want,expect/hope/wish希望，refuse拒绝,manage设法做成，care在乎,pretend假装,offer主动提出,promise承诺,choose选择,plan计划；agree同意,ask/beg请求,help帮助，wait 等待等 I decide to be a firefighter.2.如果做宾语的不定式有宾补时，常用it 作形式宾语，把真正的宾语不定式后置。I find it impossible to change her mind.3只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：consider考虑,suggest/advise建议,look for
22、ward to期望,excuse/pardon原谅；admit承认,fancy想要，avoid避免,miss错过，deny否认,finish完成,enjoy喜欢，appreciate感谢，forbid禁止，avoid避免,imagine想象,risk冒险；mind介意,allow/permit允许,escape逃避be/get used to(习惯于),feel like(想要),insist on(坚持),get down to(开始认真做某事),devote.to.(致力于),object to(反对),stick to(坚持),give up(放弃)，have difficulty/tr
23、ouble(in)doing sth，have fun(in)doing sth.，cant help doing忍不住等。I am considering changing my plan.4.接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：(1)try to do 尽力try doing 试着去做(2)mean to do打算做；mean doing 意味着(3)regret to do遗憾要去做regret doing后悔做过(4)remember to do 记得去做remember doing记得做过(5)forget to do忘记去做forget doing 忘记做了(6)stop to
24、do停下来做另一件事，stop doing 停止正在做的事(7)go on/continue to do继续做另一件事，go on/continue doing继续做同一件事5.“疑问词动词不定式”可以作动词后的宾语。I want to know how to improve my writing.6.当非谓语动词位于but,except（除了）后时，习惯上要用不定式。并且，当except/but前有实义动词do及相关形式时，则不定式要省略to；若其前没有动词do，则不定式通常带to。（前有do后无to，前无do后有to）We had no choice but to wait.I could
25、 do nothing except/but agree.7.动词want,need,require作“需要”讲时还有，其后要用doing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动式to be done做宾语。The computer needs repairing/to be repaired.to eattryingto be discoveredtrying考点突破考点五 非谓语动词作主语和表语考点归纳考点归纳（非谓语 动词作主语和表语）1不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。1)It+be+adj+for/of sb to do sth 2)It+
26、be+名词+for sb to do sth 3)It+took/takes sb+some time+to do sthIt is imporatnt for us to find proper learning method.2.动名词作主语动名词作主语（1）.动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。也可用it作形式主语，将真正的主语动名词后置。Smoking is bad for your health.Its no use complaining without taking action.（2）.常用于动名词作主语的句型：1)Its a waste of time/money/en
27、ergy doing.做sth浪费时间/金钱/精力 2)Its no use/good doing.做sth无用 3)It is useless doing.做sth无用 4）Its of little use/good doing.做sth无用 5)It is worth doing.值得做某事 6）it is fun doing.做sth有趣3.不定式作表语不定式作表语(1)表示预定要发生的动作；(2)当主语是aim,purpose,idea,plan,wish,decision,choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；(3)主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。不定式作表语表语
28、时，如果前面有实义动词do的形式，作表语的不定式常省略to。His wish is to be a doctor in the future.What I want to do most in senior high school is（to）improve my English.4.动名词作表语动名词作表语动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。Teaching is my job.My job is teaching.5.形容词化的动词ing形式和动词ed 形式也可以做表语。动词ing形式意为“令人的”；动词ed形式意为“(人)感到的”，也可修饰体现内心感
29、受的look、expression、tears、smile、voice等名词。amusing 有趣的amused 感到有趣的annoying 令人烦恼的annoyed 烦恼的astonishing 令人吃惊的astonished 吃惊的amazing 令人惊奇的amazed 感到惊奇的boring 令人厌倦的bored 厌倦的confusing 令人困惑的confused 困惑的encouraging 令人受鼓励的encouraged 受到鼓励的discouraging 令人泄气的discouraged 泄气的shocking 令人震惊的shocked 震惊的moving 令人感动的moved
30、 感动的disappointing 令人失望的disappointed 失望的frightening 令人害怕的frightened 害怕的inspiring 令人鼓舞的inspired 受到鼓舞的terrifying 令人恐怖的terrified 恐怖的enjoyingto bargain二、找二、找逻辑主语逻辑主语三、分析语态三、分析语态四、分析时态四、分析时态一、辨别一、辨别“谓与非谓谓与非谓”非非谓语动词解题步骤谓语动词解题步骤方法总结：方法总结：谓非谓，找主语，析语态，定时态谓非谓，找主语，析语态，定时态小练小练1._(catch)the early flight,we ordere
31、d a taxi in advance and got up very early.2.Much time _(spend)sitting at a desk,office workers are generally troubled by health problems.3._(absorb)in painting,John didnt notice evening approaching.To catchspentAbsorbed4.Children,when _(accompany)by their parents,are allowed to enter the stadium.5.T
32、here is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland,_(stare)at the night sky.6._(free)ourselves from the physical and mental tensions紧张，焦虑紧张，焦虑,we each need deep thought沉思沉思 and inner quietness.accompaniedstaringTo free语法填空语法填空1.(2018全国卷全国卷)You dont have to run fast or f
33、or long _(see)the benefit.2.(2018全国卷全国卷)Youcan reduce your risk of _(die)early by running.3.(2018全国卷全国卷)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _(improve)water quality.4.(2018全国卷全国卷)I quickly lower myself,ducking my head to avoid_(look)directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel
34、challenged.5.(2019全国卷全国卷)Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid1980s,and are expensive _(perform)consistently over a large area.to seedyingto improvelookingto perform 语法填空语法填空6.(2018全国卷全国卷)Once his message was delivered,he allowed me _(stay)and watch.
35、7.(2018浙江卷浙江卷)I still remember _(visit)a friend whod lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadnt cooked once in all that time.8.(2018浙江卷浙江卷)While regularly eating out seems to _(become)common for many young people in recent years,its not without a cost代价代价.9.(2017全国卷全国卷)Fast
36、food is full of fat and salt;by _(eat)more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.10.(2019全国卷全国卷)Scientist have responded by _(note)that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集聚集)around human settlements,leading to the illusion(错觉错觉)that populations are higher than they
37、 actually are.to stayvisitinghave becomeeatingnotingHaving practicedto be workingto have studiedbeing heldto be held One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about _1_ (be)late for school.There were many people_2_（wait）at the bus stop,and some of them _3_ (look)very anxious and disappointed
38、.When the bus finally _4_(come),we all hurried on board.I got a place next to the window,so I _5_(have)a good view of the sidewalk.A boy on a bike 6 _ (catch)my attention.He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.I heard a passenger behind me_7_（shout）to the driver,but he refused 8 _ (stop)un
39、til we reached the next stop.Still,the boy kept _9_(ride).Finally,with his kindness_10_(accept),he was very happy.being looked came had caught to stopriding waitingaccepted shoutingDont forget your homework:Dont forget your homework:1.Review what we have learnt about non-finite verb today.2.Finish exercises on papers.
