1、小升初语法讲义-数词、形容词知识精要1. 数词概述及用法; 2. 形容词概述及用法; 第一讲:数词的概述及用法基数词: 表示人或事物数量多少的词. 序数词: 表示人或事物的顺序的词. 往往和定冠词the连用. 一. 基数词. 1. 基数词的读法. 1)1-12 : one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve 2)13-19: 词尾加-teen : thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen 3)20, 30, 40, 50, 60,
2、70, 80, 90 : 逢十词尾加-ty :twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety 4) 21-99: 在十位与个位之间加连字符构成. 21-twenty-one 99-ninety-nine5)101-999 : 先说几百, 再加and, 再加末尾两位数或个位数. 101-one hundred and one 238-two hundred and thirty-eight 6) 1000以上的数: 先将数字从右往左数, 每三位数用一个逗号隔开, 从右往左第一个逗号表示 “千”读thousand 第二个逗号表示 “百万”
3、读million 第三个逗号表示 “十亿”读billion英语中无万这个词,我们可以用几十个千(thousand)表示几万,几百个千(thousand)表示几十万。18, 657, 421-eighteen million, six hundred and fifty-seven thousand, four hundred and twenty-one. 2,510two thousand five hundred and ten;84,296eighty-four thousand two hundred and ninety-six;274,350two hundred and seve
4、nty-four thousand three hundred and fifty。【巧学妙记】巧记100以内的基数词基数词不难记,找清规律很容易;十二以内词各异,十三数到十九去,后加teen莫忘记;二十、三十至九十,正式之后有-ty;要说“几十几”,中间“-”别丢弃;a hundred是“一百”,请你记住莫大意。二. 序数词基数词变序数词 口诀: 基变序, 有规律, 词尾要加th. 一二三, 特殊记, 词尾分别tdd(first second third ) 八去t, 九去e, ve要用f替. ty变作tie, 再加th莫忘记. 若遇几十几, 只变个位就可以. 1)英语序数词的第一至第三需特
5、殊记忆。first(1st), second(2nd), third(3rd)2)序数词中第四至第十九都是在基数词后加th, 但要注意第5、8、9、12的拼法:fifth、eighth、ninth、twelfth. 3)序数词中第20至第90的十的倍数是将基数词词尾的y改为i, 再加-eth. twenty twentieth (第二十) eighty eightieth (第八十4)十以上的基数词变成序数词时,把个位数变成序数词即可,十位数不变。thirty-two thirty-second (第三十二) seventy-five seventy-fifth (第七十五)5). 序数词的缩
6、写形式,在阿拉伯数字后加上序数词的最后两个字母构成。 如:fifth 5th second 2nd基数词规律:1, 1至12各不同 2, 13至19都以teen 结尾 3, 20至90 的整十数都以ty 结尾 4, 21至 91 的非整数:整数与个数间加 “-” 5,百是hundred, 千是thousand 序数词规律:1,第一至第三有独立式 2,第四至第十二加th (除fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth 外) 3, 整十数: y 改I 加eth 4, 21至99 间的非整十数:在整数基数词后加“一”,然后加上个位序数词。基数词变序数词口诀:基变序,有规律。 一、二、
7、三、特殊记,词尾字母t, d, d. (first, second, third)。 八减t, 九去e, (eighth, ninth), f 来把ve替。(twelfth). 单词ty作结尾,ty变成tie(twentieth). 若是碰到几十几,只变个位就可以。三. 数词的应用. 1. 表编号. 结构: 名词(首字母要大写) + 基数词 = the +序数词 +名词 Lesson One = the first lesson 注:有些编号,一般仅用第一种表达法。 Room 101 101号房间2. 序数词前一般加定冠词the 但序数词前与不定冠词a /an 连用时, 表示 “又一, 再一”
8、Mr Brown has a second car. 布朗先生另外还有一辆车。He has tried a second time. 他又尝试了一次。Youve done it three times. Why not try _fourth time ? A. a B. an C. the D. /3. 基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄 1)表示年代: in the + 年份的复数 在几世纪几十年代. 在十九世纪七十年代. _in the 1870s in the 1970s 在20世纪70年代 2)表年龄: in ones + 整十的复数 表示在某人几十岁时在他三十岁时: in his th
9、irties. 4. hundred / thousand /million /billion 1). 若hundred / thousand /million /billion 前有基数词时, 其后不加s, 也不加of. 若没有时既加s 也要带of. three hundred seats 三百个座位 hundreds of 数以百计的,成百上千的 thousands of 数以千计的,成千上万的 millions of 数百万的 billions of数十亿的Every year _ visitors come to China. There are two _ students in o
10、ur school. A. thousand B. thousands C. thousands of D. thousand of 5. 几个半的表达法: 基数词 + and + a half +名词复数 = 基数词 +名词(单数/复数) +and +a half two and a half hours = two hours and a half 6. 时刻表达法: 1)整点: 基数词 + oclock 2)几点几分:A). 直接读法: 先读小时,后读分钟 3:25 -three twenty-five B). 间接读法: a)30分钟. 分钟+ past + 小时 3:25 -twen
11、ty-five past three b)30分钟. ( 60-分钟 )+ to + (小时数+1) 3:55 - five to four c) 30 分钟 = half 15分钟=a quarter 45分钟= three quarters 3:30 -half past three 3:15-a quarter past three 3:45 -a quarter to four 日常生活中的时间读法常常简化,直接按基数词的顺序读。7:05-seven o five;7:15- seven fifteen7. 日期表达法: 结构: 1). 月 日, 年 (日用序数词, 年用基数词) 注:
12、 年份的读法: 先读前两位数, 再读后两位数. 读日时要加the. 2007年3月21日. - March the twenty-first, two thousand and seven. ( March 21th, 2007)1900-nineteen hundred 2008-two thousand eight 1999年-nineteen ninety-nine; 2000-two thousand; 1905-nineteen o five;2). 日 月 年 (the +序数词+of +月, 年)2007年3月21日-the twenty-first of March, two
13、thousand and seven. 习惯写作:March 21th, 20071998年6月8日 写作:June 8,1998;读作:June the eighth, nineteen ninety-eight或the eighth of June, nineteen ninety-eight。2003年3月17日,星期一 Monday, March the 17th, 2003. 8. 分数词的表达法: 1). 结构: a). 分子用基数词, 分母用序数词. b). 当分子大于1时, 分母加复数. 3/4- three fourths (three-fourths) 2). 注意:a).
14、 分数词的几种特殊形式. 1/3one third = a third 1/4one fourth = a quarter 1/2one second = a half 3/4three fourths = three quarters b). 分数词作主语时, 谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定. Two fifths of the milk _(be ) drunk by Tom. One third of the students _(be )girls. 9表示百分数5:five percent, 0. 8 zero point eight percent. 分数、百分数与主谓一致分数
15、、百分数的考查往往和主谓一致相联系。当分数、百分数修饰可数名词的复数时,谓语动词用复数形式;当分数、百分数修饰不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式。如: Eighty percent of the students in our school come from Henan. 我们学校百分之八十的学生来自河南。 Three fourths of the students in my class are interested in English. 我们班四分之三的学生对英语感兴趣。 Two thirds of the water on the earth is sea water. 地球上三分之二
16、的水是海水。 10. 基数词常和一些计量类名词“单数”用“一”连在一起,构成复合形容词,修饰名词。 如: A twelve-year-old boy 一个十二岁的男孩 a five-mile race 一次五英里的赛跑11、 表示有小数的词用基数词。 5. 5 five point five 12. 135 twelve point one three five同步练习一、用英语写出下列数字相对应的基数词和序数词。1)1 _ _2)2 _ _ 3)3 _ _4)8_ _ 5)9 _ _6)12 _ _ 7)5 _ _8)20_ _ 9)86 _ _10)333 _ _ 二、将下列短语译成英语。
17、 1第十二课 _2一个8岁的男孩 _3第五中学 _4第14路公共汽车 _ 5三年六班 _ 三、选择题1. How many magazines do you have? I have _. A. two B. both C. twice D. the second2. Three hundred thousand one hundred and seventy means _. A. 3, 170 B. 3, 117 C. 300, 170 D. 30, 1703. _ of them are dining at school. A. Twelve B. Twelfth C. The twel
18、ve D. the 12th4. We can say the number 78, 645 in English like this_. A. seventy-eight thousand and six hundred and forty-five B. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty five C. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty-five D. seventy eight thousand six hundred and forty-five5. Do you think
19、 there is any room for us _ ?A. two B. the two C. second D. the second6. Which number is wrong? _. A. Ninety B. Ninteen C. Ninth D. Nineteenth7. _other stars are much bigger and brighter than the sun AThousands of BThousand of CThe thousand of DThousands 8. We have learned about _ in recent years A.
20、 several hundreds English words B. hundreds of English words C. hundred of English words D. several hundred English word 9. Two _ died of cold last winter. A. hundreds old people B. hundreds old peoplesC. hundred old people D. hundred old peoples10. They ve planted_ trees on the hill. A. one million
21、 of B. millions of C. two millions of D. million of答案:一、one/first, two/third, three/third, eight/eighth, nine/ninth, twelve/twelfth, five/fifth, twenty/twentiethEighty-six/eighty; sixth, three hundred and thirty-three/three hundred and thirty-third二、1. the twelfth lesson 2. an eight years old boy 3.
22、 the number five middle school 4. the number fifteen bus 5. Class Six and Grade Six 三、1-5, ACBDA 6-10,BABCB第一讲:形容词的概述及用法一、形容词是用来修饰物体的形状. 大小. 长度. 属性. 特点等,位于名词的前面,作定语。另外还可以位于be动词和系动词后,作表语。 大的 big 丑陋的 ugly 小的 small 聪明的 smart 长的 long 远的 far 短的 short 有趣的 interesting 高的 tall 快的 fast 矮的 short 慢的 slow 强壮的 s
23、trong 忙碌的 busy 瘦的 thin 脏的 dirty 胖的 fat 热的 hot 漂亮的 beautiful 冷的 cold 凉爽的 cool 快的 quick 好的 good 高兴的 happy 深的 deep 宽的 wide 担心的 worried 坏的 bad 很多 many 很多 much 二、形容词比较等级的构成1. 规则变化类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般直接加-er, -estlong longer longest以不发音的e结尾时加-er, -est large larger largest以辅音字母加y结尾时把y变i, 再加-er, -
24、esteasyeasier easiest以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母时,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-er, -estbig biggerbiggest多音节词和部分双音节词在原级前加more, mostbeautifulmore beautifulmostbeautiful2. 不规则变化 原级比较级最高级good/wellbetter bestmany/muchmore most bad/illworse worst littleless least far farther further farthest furthest oldolderelder oldest oldest【
25、例题】Marys _brother is a doctor. He is four years_ than her. A. older, elder B. elder, elder C. elder, older D. older, older【解析】由than 判定应该用比较级,older指人的年纪大,而elder主要表示兄弟姐妹之间的长幼关系。【答案】C 【即学即用】In our city, its _in July, but it is even _in August. A. hotter, hottest B. hot, hot C. hotter, hot D. hot, hotte
26、r【答案】D二、形容词原级的用法1. “A+be动词+as+原级+as+B”表示两者程度相同,意为“A和B一样”。 This dress is as expensive as that one. 这个裙子和那个裙子一样贵。2. “A+be动词+not+as/so+原级+as+B”表示两者程度不一样,意为“A不如B”。 The weather was not so hot as it is today. 天气不像今天那么热。【例题】 Listening is just as _ as speaking in language learning. A. important B. more impo
27、rtant C. most important D. the most important【解析】本题考查的是形容词原级的用法,asas中间用形容词的原级,故选A。【答案】A【即学即用】This ball isnt so _ as that one. (big)【答案】big三、形容词比较级的用法1. 表示两者之间的比较,用“A + be + 形容词比较级 + than + B. “。 The story book is more interesting than the picture book. 故事书比图画书更有趣。2. 表示哪一个或谁更用“Which/Who is +比较级,A or
28、B?” 表示。Who is taller, Li Lei or Wang Tao?谁比较高,李雷还是王涛?3. 表示程度的副词even(甚至),much, a lot,a little / bit(一点),a few等修饰形容词的比较级。My bike is much newer than his. 我的自行车比他的更新一些。4. 表示“越来越”时,用 “比较级 + and + 比较级”结构。当形容词为多音节词或部分双音节词时,用“more and more +形容词原级”。colder and colder 越来越冷 more and more beautiful 越来越漂亮【例题】Miss
29、 Lu is_ older than Miss Gao. A. very B. more C. much D. quite【解析】必须熟记表示形容词不同程度的词。Much修饰形容词或副词比较级,意为“得多”,类似修饰比较级的还有:a lot, a bit, a little, even, far等。【答案】C【即学即用】The population of Australia is _ than that of China. A. fewerB. smallerC. largerD. more【答案】B四、形容词最高级的用法1. 表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用最高级形式。形容词最高级前
30、必须加定冠词the,句末常跟一个in/of短语来表示范围。如: Shanghai is the biggest city in China. 上海是中国最大的城市。2. 表示在三者或三者以上的人或物种进行选择时,用“Which/Who is +the+最高级,A, B or C?”结构。如: Which city is the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Fuzhou? 哪座城市最漂亮,北京,上海还是福州?3. “最的之一”时,用“one of the+形容词最高级”结构,该形容词后面的名词要用复数形式。如: Zhou Jielun is one
31、of the most popular singers. 周杰伦是最受欢迎的歌星之一。4 形容词最高级前面可以加序数词,表示“第几个最”。如: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。5. 形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格等修饰,要去掉the。如: This is our best lesson today. 这是我们今天最好的一节课。【例题】 Beijing is one of _cities in the world. A. more beautiful B. the more b
32、eautiful C. most beautiful D. the most beautiful【解析】本题考查形容词最高级的用法,最的其中之一为“one of the +形容词最高级”,故选D。【答案】D【即学即用】Tom has five horses on the farm. The white one is _of the five. A. younger B. the youngest C. most young D. Young【答案】B同步练习一写出下列形容词的比较级和最高级1. long _ _ 2. short _ _ 3. big _ _4. early _ _ 5. ni
33、ce _ _6. fat _ _ 7. strong _ _8. clean _ _ 9. busy _ _10. thin _ _ 11. tall _ _12. late _ _ 13. hot _ _14. happy _ _ 15. delicious _ _ 16. beautiful _ _ 17. interesting _ _ 18. important _ _ 19. popular _ _ 20. expensive _ _二用下列词的适当形式填空1. She is _ (tall) than me. 2. This ball is _ (big) than that on
34、e. 3. Im _ (thin) than you. 4. This girl is _ _ (beautiful) than that one. 5. Cookies are _ _ (delicious) than bread. 6. The pig is _ (fat) than the dog. 7. The pen is _ _ (expensive) than the pencil. 8. The boy is _ (old) than the girl. 9. This building is _ (high) than that one. 10. The boy is _ (
35、short) than me. 答案一、 longer/longest, shorter /shortest, bigger/biggest, earlier/earliest, nicer/nicest, fatter/fattest stronger/strongest, cleaner/cleanest, busier/busiest, thinner/thinnest, taller/tallest, later/latest, hotter/hottest, happier/happiest, more delicious/the most deliciousmore beautif
36、ul/the most beautiful, more important/the most important, more popular/the most popular, more expensive/the most expensive二、1-5, taller, bigger, thinner, more beautiful, more delicious6-10, fatter, more expensive, older, higher, shorter 单元过关1单项选择( )1. Imtwoyears_thanyou. A. young B. shorter C. young
37、er( )2. Lineup_youngertoolder. A. from B. at C. of( )3. Howbig_yourfeet?A. is B. are C. it( )4. _?-80cmA. Howtallareyou?B. Howlongareyourlegs?C. Howoldareyou?( )5. Whichmonkeydoyoulike?A. Iliketheyellowone. B. Itsyounger. C. Itsnice. ( )6. How_isyourbestfriend? Thirteenyearsold. A. old B. tall C. he
38、avy( )7. HowtallisChenJie?A. Heis12yearsold. B. Im147cm. C. Sheis150cm. ( )8. 当你想知道汤姆有多高时,你应该问:_A、 Howlongareyou?B. Howtallareyou?C. Howlargeareyou?( )9. 当你想表达“你的床有多长”?时,你应该说:_A. Howlongisyourbed?B. Howbigisyourbed?C. Howlargeisyourbed?( )10. 当你想知道你的朋友的体重时,你应该说:_A. Howtallareyou?B. Howoldareyou?C. Howheavyareyou?2. 选词填空。1. I_tallerthanJohn. (is, am, are)2. _youheavierthanTom?(is, am, are)3. She_threeyearsolderthanherlittersister. (is, am, are)4. How_isyourbrother?(tall, taller, high)