1、初中英语语法English Grammar定语从句第十六章 定语从句在复合句中修饰名词和代词的从句叫做定语从句. 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词.引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whose, whom, which, that, as ;引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why;关系代词在定语从句中做主语,宾语,定语.关系副词在定语从句中做状语.一.由 who, 引导的定语从句,who在从句中做主语(口语中也可做宾语),修饰表示人的先行词. 例如:This is the man who helped me.Do you know the comrade who spok
2、e just now ?The boy who/whom we saw yesterday is Johns brother.二.whom引导的定语从句,whom在从句中作宾语,修饰表示人的先行词,口语中可以省略.The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room.The person (whom) you just talked to is Mr. Li.=The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. (介词后 whom不能省略)The babies whom the nurses are l
3、ooking for are very healthy.(固定短语中的介词一般不省略,介词仍放在动词之后)三.whose引导的定语从句,whose在从句中作定语,修饰表示人或物的先行词.Do you know the woman whose name is Mary.Pass me the dictionary whose cover is black.四.that引导的定语从句,that在从句中做主语或宾语,修饰表示人或物的先行词,作宾语时可省略,不能放在介词后面作宾语.The letter (that/which) I received was from my father.I cant
4、find the letter that/which came this morning.Do you still remember the days (that/which)we spent together ?This is the man that/who helped me.The house (that/which) we live in is not large.=The house in which we live is not large.The doctor (that/whom /who)you are looking for is in the room.五. which
5、引导的定语从句,which在从句中做主语,也可做宾语,或介词的宾语,修饰表示物的先行词. 先行词可以是词、短语、句子。This is the book (which/that ) you want.The building which/that stands near the river is our school.The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.(介词后面的which不能省略)The house (which/that) we live in is not large.This is the watch (which/th
6、at ) he was looking for.(在含有介词的动词固定词组中,介词只能放在动词之后,不能放在which之前 )六、that 和which 都可以修饰表示物的先行词, 但是下列情况只能用that.先行词为不定冠词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing 等.All (that) you have to do is to practise every day.There isnt much (that) I can do.先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时.The first lesson (that) I learned will
7、 never be forgotten.This is the best film (that ) I have ever seen.先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等不定代词修饰时.I have read all the books (that) you gave me.先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时.The white flower is the only one that I really like.This is the very book that I want to
8、 read.This is the same book that I want to read. (同一本书)-This is the same book as I want to read.当主句以who或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时,定语从句that 引导.Who is the man that is standing there ?Which of us that knows something about physics doesnt know this ?先行词既有人又有物时。We talked about the persons and things that we could
9、 remember. time做先行词，前面如果有序数词或 last 来修饰时，定语从句用 that 来引导或省略；如果没有序数词或 last 来修饰时，既可用 when 也可用that来引导。This is the last time ( that ) I shall give you a lesson.The first time ( that ) I saw him was in 1972.Its time ( that ) we got up.七、as 引导的定语从句，as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句，在从句中作主语、定语、表语、或状语，常与the same as; suc
10、h as , so as , as as 连用。I like the same book as you do.I want to have such a dictionary as he has.I shall do it in the same way as you did.He is the same age as you ( are ).He will give you such information as will help you.Such students as you have mentioned should be criticized.=Students such as y
11、ou have mentioned should be criticized.在the same后也可用that引导定语从句，但意义有所不同：that 引出的定语从句，指的是与先行词同一事物；而 as引出的定语从句是与先行词相似的同类事物。I want to use the same tool that I used yesterday.I want to use the same tool as I used yesterday.八、由when 引导的定语从句，修饰表示时间的先行词，when为关系副词，做定语从句的时间状语。I still remember the day when I fi
12、rst came to Beijing.I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing. ( 介词which可以代替 when)Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.I remember the days which/that we spent together.九、由where 引导的定语从句，修饰表示地点的先行词，where为关系副词，做定语从句的地点状语。This is the place where we lived for five years.Th
13、e factory where his father works is in the west of the city.The factory in which his father works is in the west of the city.( 介词which可以代替where) This is a place which/that I wanted to visit. 十、Why引导的定语从句，why做原因状语。I know the reason why he came late.The reason why he was late was that he was ill.=非限定性
14、定语从句1.who 指人，做主语。Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.2.whom 指人, 作宾语.He had many friends, many of whom had been in the universities.3.whose 指人, 作定语.The Chairmans daughter, whose name is Ann, gave Tom a smile.4.which 指物, 做主语,宾语.His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.The speec
15、h, which he had written on the paper, seemed endless.5.where 指地点, 作状语.Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.6.when 指时间,作状语.The meeting will be put off till next month, when we will have made all the preparations.7.as 做主语,表语,宾语; 先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子.To s
16、hut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.As we all know, he studies very hard.As 引导的定语从句可放在主句前,也可放在主句后.在很多情况下已经构成固定搭配.As everybody can see as was usualAs can be seen as I expectedAs is known to all， as may be imaginedas you know as is expectedas has been said before as is reportedas is
17、often said as is announced限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别：限定性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思依然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that 引导。* * * * * * * as和 which 引导的非限定性定语从句的比较：1.非限定性定语从句位于句未，而且as 和which 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语时可互换。He is a farmer, as/which
18、is clear from his manner.This elephant is like a snake, as/which anybody can see.2.which 引导的非限定性定语从句一般放在句未，而as 引导的非限定性定语从句可放在句未，也可放在句中、句首。 放在句首时不能用which 替换。Crusoe lost his dog, which made him very sadTaiwan is part of China, as/which is known to all.As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent
19、 of the earth.3.as引导非限定性定语从句时，意为“这一点、这件事”，常与 see， hope，expect，know，guess等动词搭配；而which引导非限定性定语从句时与主句有一种因果关系，可译为“所以”。Cyprus, as you all know, is in the Mediterranean.Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.4. as引导非限定性定语从句并在从句中作主语时，其后面的谓语动词大多数必须是连系动词。如果从句谓语动词是行为动词，则必须用which。He married her, as was na
20、tural.来源:Z.xx.k.ComShe refused to take the medicine, which made her mother angry.It rained hard yesterday, which prevented her from going to Shenyang.He is absent, as is often the case. Choose the best answers:1.Carol said the work would be done by October, _personally I doubt very much.A. it B. tha
21、t C. when D. which2._ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high school is increasing. A. Which B. As C. That D. It3.The fence in our garden, _ my father built many years ago, has lasted for a long time. A. that B. which C. what D. where4.Theres still much _ can be improved about
22、it.A. which B. that C. if D. what5.When lost in work, _ he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping. A. what B so C. just like D. as6.Mr Johnsons son, _ lives in Chicago, is a doctor.A. who B. whom C. that D. which7.We had to delay the party till next week, _ we should have something
23、 important to do. A. when B. which C. at which D. in that8.We traveled together as far as Chicago, _ we said goodbye to each other.A. which B. when C. why D. where9.Ill never forget the years _ I lived in the country with the farmers _ has a great effect on my life.A. that; which B. when; which C. w
24、hich; that D. when; who10.He arrived in New York in 1896, _, some time later, he became a writer.A. when B. where C. that D. which11.She may have missed her train, in _ case she wont arrive for another hour.A. what B. that C. which D. this来源:Zxxk.Com12.He has made a wonderful discovery, _ of great i
25、mportance to science.A. which I think is B. which do I think is C. I think which is D. which I think it is13.Ill remember the time _ we spent together in the country.A. that B. when C. during which D. at which14. I dont believe the reason _ he has given for his being late. A. why B. that C. how D. w
26、hat15.There were two small rooms in the house, _ served as a kitchen.A. the smaller of which B. the small of whichC. the smaller of them D. the smaller one16.He lived in London for 3 years, during _ time he learned some English.A. this B. which C. that D. same17.Will you please show me the way to th
27、e only tall building _ stands near the post office. A. x B. in which C. that D. where 18.Alice has a large collection of photos, _ was taken in London.A. none of them B. no one of which C. all of which D. none of which19.His sister had become a teacher, _ was what he wanted to be.A. who B. what C. t
28、hat D. which20.Next winter _ youll spend in Harbin, Im sure, will be another exciting holiday.A. which B. when C. in which D. where21.With the fast development of agriculture, the people _ village I taught before have lived a happy life. A. who B. whose C. in whose D. in which22.The boss, _ restaura
29、nt I am serving, is a kindhearted man.A. in which B. in whose C. where D. which23.I fell most angry about the way _ Ive been treated.A. when B. that C. where D. how24.He was rude to the Customs officer, _ of course made things even worse.A. who B. whom C. what D. which25.There is a mountain _ the to
30、p is always covered with snow.A. whose B. of which C. its D. that26.He has had the same life _ his father lived.A. where B. as C. that D. when27.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy. A. who B. which C. this D. what 28.Recently I bought an
31、ancient Chinese Vase, _ was very reasonable.A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose29.The Chicago Bulls was made up of the best basketball players in the States, and _ were black Americans.A. most of them B. most of whom C. most of that D. most of which30.“ _ break the law should be punished,” the judge shouted.A. Someone B. Anyone C. Whoever D. Those who参考答案：1-5.DBBBD 6-10. AADBB 11-15. CAABA 16-20. BCDDA 21-25. CBBDB 26-30.BBBAD
