1、人教版九年级全一册英语各单元重要语法知识点讲义汇编Unit 1 How can we become good learners?by+v.-ing 结构在句子中作方式状语，该结构表示“通过做某事而得到某种结果”。by在这个句型中有“通过，借助，用(某种方法或手段)”等含义。I told him the news by sending him a message.我通过给他发信息告诉他那个消息。拓展: by 其他用法小结1).by+地点名词，表示方位，意为“在.旁边，靠近”On a cold evening,it is pleasant to sit by the fire. 在冷的夜晚坐在炉火
2、旁边很舒服2).by+交通工具、交通方式名词(名词前不加冠词，且名词不用复数形式)，意为“通过由.，乘.”。by train/rail/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane/land/sea/air 等。3).by+时间名词，意为“到.时为止”“在.之前，不迟于.”He got there by four oclock.他在4点前到了那里4).by+反身代词，意为“独自”Tina couldnt move the heavy box by herself. 蒂娜自己搬不动这么重的箱子5).by+动作执行者，用于被动语态，意为“被，由”The house was dest
3、royed by fire. 房子被烧毁了6).用于某些固定短语中word by word 逐字 by the way 顺便问一下bit by bit 一点一点，慢慢地 by mistake 错误地辨析: by,in 与 withby,in 和 with 都可以表示方式，但用法不同。1.by 强调“方式、方法、手段”，后接表示动作、行为的名词。You may send the book by post.你可以通过邮局把书寄出去2.in 强调“用某种语言、工具、材料”等。The teacher asked you to sayit in French.老师让你用法语把它表述出来。3.with 强
4、调“借助于某一具体的工具、材料或人体器官”。 We work with our hands.我们靠手工作。Unit 2 I think that mooncakes are delicious!感叹句类别结构例句以 what 引导What + a/an+adj.+单数可数名词(+主语+谓语)!What a smart boy he is!多么聪明的一个小男孩啊!What+adj.+复数可数名词(+主语+谓语)!What tall trees they are!多么高的树啊!What+adj.+不可数名词(+主语+谓语) !What delicious food youve made!你做了多么
5、好吃的食物啊!以 how 引导How + adj./adv.(+主语+谓语)!How beautiful the lake is!这个湖多美啊!How + adj.+ a/an +单数可数名词（+主语+谓语)!How useful a subject we arelearning!我们正在学习的科目多么有用啊!Unit 3 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are?宾语从句一、含义在句中作动词或介词宾语的句子为宾语从句，宾语从句属于名词性从句二、宾语从句的引导词1.宾语从句是陈述句，引导词用 that，在口语中 that 可以省略We b
6、elieve(that)he is honest.我们相信他是诚实的。2.如果宾语从句由一般疑问句转换而来，其引导词用if或 whether。一般情况下，二者可以通用，但从句中有or not 或从句充当介词的宾语时，只能用 whether。(1)I dont know if/whether she will come here.我不知道她是否将来这儿(2).Sorry,I dont know whether he will come or not. 对不起，我不知道他是否会来3.宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，引导词就是特殊疑问词Could you tell me where the post off
7、ice is? 你能告诉我邮局在哪里吗?三、宾语从句的语序含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句要使用陈述语序，即“引导词+主语+谓语+其他”。I want to know when the train left. 我想知道车什么时候离开的提示:(1)有些特殊疑问句本身是陈述句语序Whats wrong with.? Which is the way to.?What happened to you.?Whats the matter/trouble.?Who broke the window?(2)由do,does,did 构成的疑问句,在转换成宾语从句时,要去掉 do,does,did,且从句中
8、的谓语动词要根据主句时态作出相应的变化Does your sister like apples? He asked me.He asked me if my sister liked apples. 他问我我妹妹是否喜欢吃苹果。(3)如果是will,be,have,can 组成的疑问句,在变为宾语从句时,要把这些词还原到句中原来的谓语位置上，并根据主句的时态作相应的变化How long has he been here? I wonder.I wonder how long he has been here.我想知道他来这儿多长时间了。四、宾语从句的时态宾语从句中的谓语动词的时态是由主句中谓语
9、动词的时态来决定的，一般有下面几种情况1.主句的时态为一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句时，从句的谓语动词的时态要根据具体的情况用相应的任何时态。I cant remember when I met her.我不记得什么时候见过她。2.主句的时态为过去的某种时态时，从句的谓语动词的时态要用相应的某一过去的时态。He said he would help us with our English.他说过他将会帮我们学英语。3.从句表示的是客观真理、普遍真理、自然现象时，从句的时态一律使用一般现在时。The mother told her son that the earth goes around t
10、he sun.那个母亲告诉她儿子地球绕着太阳转Unit 4 I used to be afraid of the dark.used to 的用法1.used to 意为“过去经常，以前常常”,含有较强的“今昔对比”意味,表示现在已经不存在的动作或状态。used to 没有人称和数的变化，其后接动词原形。Uncle Li used to smoke a lot, but now he has given it up.李叔叔过去抽烟很多，但现在他已戒掉了。2.used to的一般疑问句、否定句和反意疑问句形式(1).一般疑问句形式: Did+主语 use to +动词原形.? 或 Used+主语
11、 to.?Did you use to/Used you to play the piano? 你过去经常弹钢琴吗?(2).否定句形式: didnt use to. 或 used not to. 或 usednt to.She used not to/didnt use to/usednt to have long hair. 她以前没留长头发。(3).反意疑问句形式:前一部分是肯定时，附加疑问句部分可用 didnt 或 Usednt+主语?You used to have short hair,didnt/usednt you? 你以前留短发，不是吗?Unit 5 What are the
12、shirts made of?一般现在时的被动语态英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。本单元的重点是一般现在时的被动语态，其用法如下1.一般现在时的被动语态的结构是“be done”，即“am/is/are done”。The T-shirt is made of cotton.这件T恤是棉质的2一般现在时的被动语态的句式变化肯定句:主语+be done+其他否定句:主语+be not done+其他一般疑问句:Be+主语+done+其他?肯定答语: Yes，主语+be.否定答语: No，主语+be not.The T-shi
13、rt isnt made of cotton.这件恤不是棉质的一Is the T-shirt made of cotton? 这件T恤是棉质的吗?一Yes,it is./No,it isnt.是，它是棉质的。/不是，它不是棉质的。3.一般现在时的被动语态的特殊疑问句(1)对原材料进行提问要用 what 来引导(2).对地点进行提问要用 where 来引导(3)对方式进行提问要用 how 来引导。Unit 6 When was it invented?一般过去时的被动语态1.概念:一般过去时的被动语态表示主语是过去某个 动作的承受者。2.构成:主语+was/were+动词的过去分词。Some n
14、ew computers were stolen last night. 昨天晚上有几台新电脑被盗了。3.主动变被动把主动语态中的主语放在介词 by 之后作宾语，将 主格改为宾格(“by+人称代词”短语可以省略)。如:All peoplelaughed at him. 所有的人都嘲笑他。He was laughed at by all people.他被所有的人嘲笑He cut down a tree.他砍倒了一棵树。A tree was cut down by him.一棵树被他砍倒了。Unit 7 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their ow
15、n clothes.含有情态动词的被动语态1.含义与用法含有情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。常用于被动语态的情态动词有 can,may,must, need,should 等，分别表示“能够被.，可以被.，必须被.,应该被.”等。2.转变方法(1).将主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语主动语态: You can take this book home主语 谓语 宾语被动语态: This book can be taken home (by you)主语 谓语 动作的执行者(2).将含情态动词的主动句式变成被动句式，即:“情态动词+动词原形”变成“情态动词+ be+过去分
16、词”，然后再在其后加“by+主动句中的主语(人称代词用宾格)”。by 短语也可省略You should finish your homework at once.Your homework should be finished (by you) at onceYou can take this book home.This book can be taken home (by you).3.句式变换含情态动词的疑问句、否定句的变化均需借助于情态动词完成(1)否定句 在情态动词后面加上not 或 never 即可，但 must 表“必要”时否定式为 needntThis work neednt
17、be done at once.这项工作没必要立即做This problem cant be worked out very easily.这道试题不能轻而易举地算出来。(2) .一般疑问句 直接将被动语态的陈述句中的情态动词提前Should your homework be finished before six?你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗?(3).特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词加上被动语态的一般疑问句构成。When must this work be done? 这项工作必须在什么时候完成?(4)反意疑问句This bridge can be built next year,cant it? 这
18、座桥明年能建成，是吗?This book shouldnt be taken out ofthe library,should it? 这本书不应被带出图书馆，是吗4.提示(1).回答应保留原情态动词，但 must 表“必须”时，其否定回答应用 neednt, need 表“必要时，其肯定回答应用 must。一Should the work be finished today? 一工作应在今天完成吗?一Yes, it should./ No, it shouldnt.一是的，应在今天完成。/不，不应在今天完成。一Must the classroom be cleaned now?一现在必须打扫
19、教室吗?-Yes, it must. /No,it neednt.一是的，必须打扫。/不，不必要(2).不用被动语态的情况:1.不及物动词没有被动语态。如: belong,happen,take place,last, come true, remain,succeed,fall, die, arrive, break out, appear,start 等。2.表示静态的及物动词不用被动语态。如: have,fit3.祈使句一般没有被动语态。如: Look at the blackboard,please.4.系动词没有被动语态和进行时态。如: The fish tastes good.5.
20、反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被动语态。如: You mustlook after yourself.6.某些动词形式是主动，但含有被动的意思。The book sells well. 这本书很好卖。The watch needs mending.这块表需要修理一下。Unit 8 It must belong to Carla.情态动词表示推测can,could,may,might,must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下:构成含义例句情态动词+动词原形表示对现在或将来情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词I dont know where she is. She may be in Wuhan.我不知道
21、她在哪里，也许在武汉情态动词+动词现在进行时表对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers这时，我们的老师想必在批改试卷。情态动词+动词完成时表示对过去情况的推测The road is wet.It must have rained last night.马路是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时表示对过去正在发生事情的推测Your mother must have been looking foryou.你妈妈一定一直在找你提示:1.推测的否定形式，用cant
22、。(mustnt 表示禁止，不表示推测)2.could,might 表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can,may。3.表示推测时 must 只用于肯定句;can 一般用于疑问句或否定句。4.在反意疑问句中，当附属部分含有表示推测意义的 must 时，疑问部分的助动词应与must后面的动词在非推测情况下的用法保持一致。Unit 9 I like music that I can dance to.由关系代词引导的定语从句一、在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫作先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词叫作关系代词(that, which,
23、who,宾格 whom,所有格 whose)或关系副词(when, where 等),关系代词和关系副词一般放在先行词与定语从句之间，起联系的作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。I like music that I can dance to.(先行词) (关系代词) (定语从句)关系代词例句that在从句中作主语或宾语指物He is doing something that makes me happy.(作主语)I like music that I can sing along with.(作宾语)指人Who is the person that is standing under the
24、 tree?(作主语）The boy that we saw yesterday is my cousin.(作宾语）which在从句中作主语或宾语指物Hangzhou is a city which has a beautiful lake.(作主语）The story which he told was very funny.(作宾语)who,whom 在从句中分别作主语和宾语指人I prefer singers who write their own music.(作主语)The man whom you asked is our headmaster.(作宾语）Unit 10 You
25、are supposed to shake hands.1. be supposed to 的用法be supposed to do sth.意为“应该做某事”其中to 为不定式符号后跟动词原形，可与should do sth.互换，两者多用于口语中。也可等同于 ought to do sth.,但使用较少，多用于正式文体中。1)当be supposed to 的主语是人时,意思为“某人应该.”表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等相当于情态动词 should。Everyoneis supposed to wear a seat belt in the car. 每个人在小汽车里都应该系安全带2).be
26、 supposed to 的否定结构为 be not supposed to，常用与语中，意为“不准，不得，不应当”。She is not supposed to be angry about that. 她不应当为那件事而生气。3)当be supposed to 用于过去时时，常表示“某事本应该发生而没有发生”。He was supposed to arrive at six But he was late.他本应该6 点钟到达，但是他迟到了4).be supposed to 后面接“have+ 过去分词”时，表示“本应该做某事而没有做”You are supposed to have ha
27、nded in your homework你本应该把你的家庭作业交上来了2. It + be + adj. + to do sth. 句型1.It + be + adj+ to do sth.意为“做某事是.的”,it 为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式(短语)。因动词不定式(短语)作主语较长，而谓语部分相对较短，用it 代替后就避免了 “头重脚轻”的现象。 I think its very important to sleep for eight hours a night. 我认为每晚睡 8 个小时是很重要的。2.表示“对某人来说做某事是的”用句型“It+ be + adj. +fo
28、r/ of sb.+ to do sth.”其中 sb.为动词不定式to do sth.的逻辑主语。二者的具体用法为:It + be + adj+ for sb+ to do sth此句型中的形容词为描述事物特征的词，如 difficult,important，easy，hard，necessary， possible， dangerous,impossible 等，是说明动词不定式的。It + be + adj+ of sb. + to do sth.此句型中的形容词为描述人物品质及性格特征的词，如 clever,foolish,good,kind,nice, polite 等，Its ha
29、rd for me to answer your question.对我来说回答你的问题很难It was foolish of him to go alone.他单独去太傻了Unit 11 Sad movies make me crymake的用法一、make作为及物动词make 的一种特殊用法，即“使役用法”在表示“使/要某人/某物做什么/怎么样”时，make 除了要有一个宾语外，还要求宾语后面带上一个宾语补足语,即:make+宾语+宾语补足语。可以作 make 的宾语补足语有省略了 to 的动词不定式、形容词或名词。1.Make + sb./sth+ 动词原形He made me stay
30、 with him.他让我和他待在一起。How did you make the baby stop crying? 你是怎样使婴儿停止哭的?注意:当该结构变为被动语态时，要把省略了的 to 补出来。Her brother made her cry.She was made to cry by her brother.她哥哥把她弄哭了His parents made him study all day.He was made to study all day by his parents.他父母让他整天学习。2.make+sb./sth.+adj.The good news makes me
31、excited.这则好消息使我兴奋The light music makes me sleepy.轻音乐使我困倦3. make+sb./sth.+n.All workand no play makes Jack a dull boy.只学习不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻We make Mary our monitor. 我们让玛丽当我们的班长二、make 的其他用法1.当make 意为“做，制造，制作”时，常用的句型结构如下:(1) make sth意为“制造某物”。My brother can make model planes.我弟弟会做飞机模型He made bikes in the facto
32、ry in the past. 他过去在工厂制造自行车(2)make sb.sth.= make sth.for sb.意为“为某人制作某物”My brother made me a beautiful kite. = My brother made a beautiful kite for me.我哥哥为我做了一个漂亮的风筝。(3)在被动语态中常用的 make 短语be made of.“由. 制成”(能看出原材料)be made from.“由. 制成”(看不出原材料)be made by.“被.制成的”be made in + 地点“在.制造”The modelplane is made
33、 of wood.这个飞机模型是用木头做的。Wine is made from grapes.葡萄酒是由葡萄酿制成的These cars are made in Shanghai.这些汽车是在上海制造的These cakes were made by my sister last night. 这些蛋糕是我姐姐昨晚制作的2.make 还用于以下短语:make a decision做决定make a mistake/mistakes 出差错:犯错误make friends with.与.交朋友make progress 取得进步make up ones mind下心make money挣钱，赚钱
34、make a face/faces 做鬼脸make(a)noise 制造噪声make a living 谋生make sure 确信:弄清楚make the bed 整理床铺make a sentence with.用.造句Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected.过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作以前已经完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是过去的过去”。过去完成时的构成:肯定句:主语+had+动词的过去分词+其它。否定句:主语+had+not+动词的过去分词+其它一般疑问句: Had+主语+动词的过去分词+其它?二、过去完成时的基本用法1.表示过去某一时
35、间或某一动作之前已经完成的动作。Li Ming had learned some English words before he came here李明在来这儿之前已经学会了一些英文单词。By the end of last week,they had finished ten lessons.到上周末，他们已学完了 10 课2.表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当公交车终于来到的时候，我已经在公交站点等了20分钟了It rained yeste
36、rday after it had been dry for several months.在天已经干旱了几个月后，昨天终于下雨了。3过去完成时 +before/when/by the time + 一般过去时(动作在后)The class had begun before I got to school. 在我到学校之前，课就开始了。When I arrived at home,my mother hadleft.当我到家的时候，我妈妈已经走了。4.一般过去时(动作在后) +after/until+过去完成时(动作在前)After I had finished my homework,I h
37、ad my lunch.我做完作业后才吃午饭。They didnt go home until he had planted all the trees. 直到植完所有的树他们才回家。He said he had studied English for two years.他说他学英语两年了I told him I had been to Japan twice.我告诉他我去过日本两次。Unit 13 Were trying to save the earth!1.现在进行时1.构成:主语 +am/is/are +动词的现在分词 (v,-ing).否定形式: 主语 +am/is/are + n
38、ot +v.-ing.一般疑问句形式:Am/Is/Are + 主语 +v-ing.?肯定回答: Yes，主语+am/is/are.否定回答:No，主语+am/is/are+not.2.用法(1)表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。-What are you doing?一你正在做什么?-I am reading English now.一现在我正在读英语(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。They are studying hard this term.这学期他们学习一直很努力。(3)表示位置移动的词 go,leave,arrive,start,fly 等动词用现在进行时表将来。I am go
39、ing to Beijing this Sunday. 本周日我将要去北京。2.used toused to 是固定结构，是一般过去时的一种形式，后面跟动词原形usedto do 意为“过去常常做某事”，表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不发生或不存在，否定形式为:didnt use to.一般疑问句形式为 Did sb.use to do.?反意疑问句用 didnt.?与此结构相似的表达有 be used to doing 和 be used to do。(1) be used to doing 意为“习惯于做.”。My grandfather is used to going for a w
40、alk after dinner.我爷爷习惯晚饭后去散步(2) be used to do 意为“被用来做”，是被动语态，相当于 be used for doing。Wood can be used to make paper. 木头能用来造纸。3.被动语态1.构成:be+动词的过去分词2.各种形式被动语态的结构(以动词 do 为例)一般现在时: am/is/are + done (动词的过去分词)一般过去时: was/were + done现在进行时: am/is/are + being + done过去进行时: was/were + being + done一般将来时: will/shal
41、l/be going to + be+ done现在完成时: has/have + been + done过去完成时: had + been + done含有情态动词: can/may/must.+ be + done3.主动句(其中包含感官动词 see,hear, watch,feel,notice 及使役动词 let, make, have 等后跟省略to的不定式)变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号 to。He makes the girl stay at home.(变为被动语态)The girl is made to stay at home (by him)4.主动形式表被动意义谓语动词
42、用主动表被动的几种情形:(1) 某些连系动词(如 look,sound,smell,feel,taste,等)要用主动表被动，因为连系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。That dog looks dangerous.那只狗看起来很危险Your idea sounds a good one.你的想法听起来很好(2)当 carry,clean,close, cut,lock,open,read,sell, shut,wash,wear 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。The cloth washes well这和石料好洗The book sells qu
43、ickly.这书销售得快(3)某些表示开始和结束的动词(begin,start,finish,end 等)，当主语为事物且不强调动作的执行者时,可用主动形式表示被动意义。When does the concert begin? 音乐会什么时候开始?The play ended at ten oclock戏10 点钟结束(4)want/need/require doing 相当于后接不定式的被动结构，即 want/need/require to be done。My bike needs repairing.= My bike needs to be repaired.我的自行车需要维修(5)
44、be worth+动名词用主动形式表被动意义。In all,the book is worth reading.总之，这本书值得一读。4.现在完成时1.表示过去发生的动作或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的结果或影响:或表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语。(1) for+时间段; since + 时间点。They have lived in Beijing for five years.他们住在北京五年了They have lived in Beijing since 1995.从1995年起他们就住在北京I have learned English for ten years.我学习英语有十年了。(2) 常见的不确定的时间状语: lately, recently,just, already, yet, up to now, till now, so far, these days等。Has it stopped raining yet? 雨已经停止了吗?(3)在表示“最近几世纪/年/月以来.”的时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时in the past few years/months/weeks/days
