1、虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),(subjunctive mood),表示所说的话表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望只是一种主观的愿望,假想和建议等假想和建议等.1.虚拟语气的形式虚拟语气的形式2.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用3.虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用4.小练习小练习 if条件句的虚拟语气条件句的虚拟语气 if的非真实条件从句对现在,过去,将来的事实进行虚拟时,主句和if从句的谓语动词形式如下:1.与现在事实相反时现在事实相反时,其表现形式为其表现形式为:if+主语主语+v-ed,主语主语+woul
2、d(或或might,could,should)+v.Eg:If we left now,we should arrive on time.If I were you,I would refuse the money.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用 2.与将来事实相反时,其表现形式为:if主语+should(或were to)+v.,主语+Would(或might,could,should)+v.Eg:If you should drop the glass,it would break.If you should leave there for a while,y
3、oud change your mind about that place.与过去事实相反时,其表现形式为:if主语+had v-ed,主语+would(或Might,could,should)+have v-ed.Eg:We would have visited you if we had had time.I wouldnt have known that thing if I hadnt been told.错综时间句的虚拟语气错综时间句的虚拟语气 当条件从句与结果主句所表示的当条件从句与结果主句所表示的时间不一时间不一致致时时,虚拟语气的形式应当做相应的调整虚拟语气的形式应当做相应的调
4、整.如如:(1)If I had spoken to him yesterday,I should know what to do now.(2)You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.(3)If father hadnt sent me,I shouldnt be here.含蓄条件的虚拟语气含蓄条件的虚拟语气假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句来表示，假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句来表示，而是隐含在上下文中。而是隐含在上下文中。表示暗含条件的方式有：表示暗含条件的方式有：1.介词或介词短语，如：介词或介词短语，如：witho
5、ut,but for,but that等。等。Eg:But for your cooperation,we could not have succeeded in our experiment.2.连词，如：连词，如：but,or,or else 等。等。Eg:I would be most glad to help you,but Im busy now.3.副词副词,如：如：otherwise等。等。Eg:We didnt know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him.4.比较等级。比较等级。Eg:(1)A
6、 more careful person wouldnt have made so many mistakes.(2)Given more time,I would have been able to finish the experiment.5.在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。找出其暗含的条件。Eg:You wouldnt know.I would like to come.I would not have dreamed of it.if的省略的省略(1)在正式文体中，当if条件句中含有助动词had,should 或 we
7、re 时，可以省略 if,而将had,should或 were提到句首，从而构成倒装虚拟句。Eg:Had such disaster occurred,the damage would have been incalculable.Were he to tell us everything,we would try to solve this problem.(2)如果if条件句是含not的否定句，省略if时,not不能与助动词had,should或were同时提前。Eg:Had it not been for their assistance,we couldnt have finished
8、 the task ahead of time.(3)supposing,suppose,even if也可引导虚拟条件句。Eg:Supposing it were fine tomorrow,would you go swimming with us?(4)有时suppose或supposing单独引起一个句子，用于提出建议或假设。Eg:Suppose we started tomorrow.虚拟语气在表示命令，请求，建议等从句中的虚拟语气在表示命令，请求，建议等从句中的应用应用 虚拟语气可用于表示命令，请求，建议，愿望，要求等名词性从句中，从句谓语形式是“should+动词原形”或“动词原
9、形”（1）用于主语从句，其谓语用should+动词原形（或should+P.P.)或只用动词原形。常用的形容词和分词有：essential,imperative,advisable,necessary,important,desirable,urgent,preferable,natural,suggested等。Eg:It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.It was suggested that the electronic device be tested at once.虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用虚拟语
10、气在其它从句中的应用(2)用于宾语从句，一种是用做动词wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。这种从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示与现在事实相反；亦可用过去完成式，表示与过去事实相反。常用的动词有：advise,ask,command,decide,demand,desire,direct,insist,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,urge，move（提议）等。Eg:The lawyer asked that the case should be postponed for one month.The
11、detective insisted that he should have a look.insist意为意为“坚持某种动作坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语气；意为才用虚拟语气；意为“坚持某种观点坚持某种观点”则不用虚拟语气。则不用虚拟语气。eg：He insists he is a student.他坚持说他是个学生。这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。suggest意为意为“建议建议”才用虚拟语气，意为才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示暗示”则不用虚拟语气。则不用虚拟语气。eg：His face suggests that he looks worried.他的表情暗含着他很担心。这个
12、句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。(3)表语从句或同位语从句advice,command,demand,desire,idea,motion,order,plan等名词作主语的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用should be型或be型虚拟式。Eg:The doctors advice is that the patient should be kept quiet.He rejected my advice that he should meet my son.在as if 引导的表示虚拟的表语从句中，谓语动词用were型虚拟式表示对现在情况的假设，用 had been型虚拟式表示
13、对过去情况的假设。Eg:You look as if you had a toothache.如果说话人所表示的不是假设的情况，而是一种可能的事实，as if引导的表语从句中的谓语动词使用陈述语气。Eg:It looks as if it is going to rain.在主句的谓语动词为过去时的情况下，往往无法从语法形式上辨别表语从句的谓语动词是虚拟还是陈述语气，因为此时两者的形式是相同的。Eg:She looked as if she had had some bad news 虚拟语气在虚拟语气在wish后从句中的应用后从句中的应用动词wish后所跟的宾语从句表示实现可能性极小或与事实
14、相反的情况,从句用虚拟语气.(1)表示与现在情况相反的愿望时,句式为:主语+wish+(that)+宾语从句(谓语动词用一般过去时)Eg:I wish I were a bird.I wish I could change my job.(2)表示与过去情况相反的愿望时,句式为:主语+wish+(that)宾语从句(谓语动词用过去完成时/could+现在完成时)Eg:I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.(3)表示对将来发生的事情表示希望,祝愿等时,句式为:主语+wish+宾语从句(谓语动词用would/could/might+动词
15、原形)Eg:I wish I could see you later.I wish he might try again.虚拟语气在虚拟语气在if only感叹句中的应用感叹句中的应用If only后面的句子用虚拟语气,表示“但愿”,“要是就好了”,其用法基本与wish相同.Eg:If only he had followed your advice.If only she would come.If only it didnt rain today,because wellhave a sports meeting.虚拟语气在虚拟语气在“Its+about/high time+从句从句”中的
16、应用中的应用 在Its about/high time+从句的结构中,从句用一般过去时的虚拟语气.Eg:“You are very selfish.Its high time that you realized that you are not the most important person in the world.”Edger said to his boss angrily.It is about time that we went to school.虚拟语气在虚拟语气在in case,lest或或for fear that等从句中的用法等从句中的用法 in case,lest或f
17、or fear that引起的从句常用虚拟语气,表示“以防,以免”,形式为should+动词原形,should通常不能省略.Eg:He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it should go wrong on the way.虚拟语气在形容词短语的虚拟语气在形容词短语的that宾语从句中宾语从句中的应用的应用 主语+be+adj.+that+主语+should+动词原形 主语+be+adj.+that+主语+should have+过去分词 Eg:I am happy that he should agree.I am ashamed that you should have done such a thing.虚拟式动词原形用于独立句中虚拟式动词原形用于独立句中虚拟语气用于表示祝愿,诅咒等意义的公式化的句子中,谓语动词为be虚拟式.Eg:Long live our motherland.God bless you.The devil take you.So be it then.
