1、2021 新高考英语阅读理解专题新高考英语阅读理解专题如何如何猜测生词词义猜测生词词义 把一个生词放在语篇中，让学生根据上下文语境去猜该生词的英语把一个生词放在语篇中，让学生根据上下文语境去猜该生词的英语 释义，是阅读理解中的必考题型，也是落实英语学科素养关于逻辑释义，是阅读理解中的必考题型，也是落实英语学科素养关于逻辑 思维能力及批判性思维能力培养的关键途径之一。思维能力及批判性思维能力培养的关键途径之一。 01. 01. 利用标点符号猜测词义利用标点符号猜测词义 省略号、破折号、问号等标点符号往往都成为了解题的突破口，读省略号、破折号、问号等标点符号往往都成为了解题的突破口，读 者当细心体
2、会。者当细心体会。 【20192019全国全国I I】But heBut hes nervous. s nervous. “ I Im here to tell you today why m here to tell you today why you should.should.you should.should. ”Chris trips on the Chris trips on the “- -ld,ld,”a pronunciation a pronunciation difficulty for many nondifficulty for many non- -native E
3、nglish speakers. His teacher, Thomas native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. .Vote for.me.Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. .Vote for.me.”Except for Except for some some stumblesstumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his spe
4、ech , Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. What does the underlined word stumbles in paragraph 2 refer to ?What does the underlined w
5、ord stumbles in paragraph 2 refer to ? A A.Improper pauses.Improper pauses. B. Bad manB. Bad mannersners C.Spelling mistakes. C.Spelling mistakes. D. Silly jokes.D. Silly jokes. 解析：根据解析：根据WhaleyWhaley的点评，学生的点评，学生ChrisChris做得非常得棒（做得非常得棒（amazingly amazingly wellwell），除了），除了.,.,可知可知some stumblessome st
6、umbles是演讲中的弱点；然而，是演讲中的弱点；然而，A A、B B、C C、 D D都是弱点。所以，都是弱点。所以，本题再结合省略号可知本题再结合省略号可知，ChrisChris讲话吞吞吐吐，讲话吞吞吐吐， 结结巴巴。这一点也在短语结结巴巴。这一点也在短语trips on.(trips on.(绊倒在；卡在绊倒在；卡在. .上上) )，综合考虑，综合考虑 选选A.A. 02. 02. 利用例证猜测词义利用例证猜测词义 这些词汇包括这些词汇包括for example, for instance, such for example, for instance, such as, like, i
7、ncluding, besides,.as, like, including, besides,. 【 20182018 全 国全 国 I I 】 In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationdevelopment of the nation- -state and the spread of universal compulsory state and the spread of un
8、iversal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and have caused many languages to disappear, and dominantd
9、ominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.taking over. Which of the following best explains dominant underlined in Which of the following best explains dominant underlined in paragraph 2 ?paragr
10、aph 2 ? A.ComplexA.Complex B.Advanced B.Advanced C C.Powerful.Powerful D.ModernD.Modern 解析：本句话提到，所有种种都导致许多语言消失，而且像解析：本句话提到，所有种种都导致许多语言消失，而且像(such as)(such as) 英语、西班牙语和汉语这些语言占了上风、取而代之，结合常识，英语、西班牙语和汉语这些语言占了上风、取而代之，结合常识， 英语、西班牙语、汉语是国际通用语言，说明这三门语言生命力很英语、西班牙语、汉语是国际通用语言，说明这三门语言生命力很 强，从而选强，从而选C.C. 03. 03.
11、利用语义场猜测词义利用语义场猜测词义 语义场是借用物理学中的“场”的概念而来的，是指语义的类聚。语义场是借用物理学中的“场”的概念而来的，是指语义的类聚。 语义场强调的是一个词跟其它词在语义上存在着密切的联系，如同语义场强调的是一个词跟其它词在语义上存在着密切的联系，如同 个词、同义词、近义词、反义词、同类词、同功用词汇等等。个词、同义词、近义词、反义词、同类词、同功用词汇等等。 【20162016全国全国I I】I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell couriercour
12、ier. Since . Since March 2012, IMarch 2012, Ive done 89 tripsve done 89 trips- -of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(hours to carry stem cells(干细胞干细胞)in my little box because I)in my little box because Ive got two ice ve got two
13、ice packs and thatpacks and thats how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a are harvested from a donor(donor(捐献者捐献者)to the time they can be implanted in )to the time they can be implanted in the patient, w
14、ethe patient, weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscius of time.ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscius of time. Which of the following can replace the underlined word Which of the following can replace the underlined word “couriercourier”in in Para.1 ?Para.1 ? A.A. provider provid
15、er B B.delivery man .delivery man C.collecorC.collecor D.medical doctD.medical doctoror 解析：从本段词句解析：从本段词句I Ive done 89 tripsve done 89 trips以及以及I have42 hours to carry stem I have42 hours to carry stem cells cells 可以推断作者“我”是一名干细胞运送者。也就是说可以推断作者“我”是一名干细胞运送者。也就是说carry carry stemsstems与与a delivery man a
16、delivery man 属于同一个语义场属于同一个语义场。 【20192019全国全国IIIIII】China is impossible to overlookChina is impossible to overlook, says Hill. , says Hill. “Chinese Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sellmodels are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to dreams to
17、 women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashionconsumers of fashion-they are central to its movementthey are central to its movement”Of course, not Of course, not only are todayonly are todays top
18、 Western designers being influenced by Chinas top Western designers being influenced by China-some some of the best designers of contemporaryof the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves fashion are themselves Chinese.Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are Chinese.Vera Wang, Alexande
19、r Wang, Jason Wu are taking ontaking on Galliano, Galliano, Albaz, Marc JacobsAlbaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales,and beating them hands down in design and sales,” adds Hill.adds Hill. What do the underlined words taking on in paragraph 4 mean ?What do the underlined w
20、ords taking on in paragraph 4 mean ? A.learning fromA.learning from B.looking down on B.looking down on C.working withC.working with D D.competing peting against 解析：希尔认为，中国女性不仅是时尚的消费者，她们也是时尚运解析：希尔认为，中国女性不仅是时尚的消费者，她们也是时尚运 动的核心。其中，动的核心。其中，Vera Wang Vera Wang 等设计师正在与西方设计师较量并等设计师正在与西方设计师较量并 beating them
21、 hands down(beating them hands down(打败对方让其无还手之力打败对方让其无还手之力) )。这里，。这里，beat beat sb.hands downsb.hands down与与take ontake on属于近义词域属于近义词域, , 构成语义场关系构成语义场关系。答案为。答案为D.D. 04. 04. 利用构词法猜测词义利用构词法猜测词义 构词法指的是前缀、后缀和合成。前缀如构词法指的是前缀、后缀和合成。前缀如disdisadvantage, advantage, in incorrect, correct, mismisunderstand under
22、stand 等；后缀如等；后缀如handhandfulful, kind, kindnessness, drink, drinkableable, ,等；合成如等；合成如 warmhearted, greenhouse, passerwarmhearted, greenhouse, passer- -byby等等。等等。 【20182018全国全国II II】Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their r
23、ipeness and the temperature of the freezer. If you have a ripeness and the temperature of the freezer. If you have a juicerjuicer, you can , you can simply fesimply feed in frozen bananas and some berries of sliced fruit. Out comes ed in frozen bananas and some berries of sliced fruit. Out comes a a
24、 “softsoft- -serveserve”creamy dessert, to be eaten right away.creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. What is a juicerWhat is a juicer in the last paragraph ?in the last paragraph ? A.A. A dessertA dessert B.A drink B.A drink C.A containerC.A container D D.A machine.A machine 解析：解析：juicejuice是果汁，根据
25、构词常识，后缀是果汁，根据构词常识，后缀- -er,er,要么指人，要么指机器要么指人，要么指机器。 再结合语境“如果你有一个再结合语境“如果你有一个. .的话，你就把冷冻的香蕉和一些浆果的话，你就把冷冻的香蕉和一些浆果 或切成片的水果放进去，就会出来一种软软的奶油状的甜品，要马或切成片的水果放进去，就会出来一种软软的奶油状的甜品，要马 上吃掉哦。”这一波操作就是榨汁机的功能，于是我们确认选上吃掉哦。”这一波操作就是榨汁机的功能，于是我们确认选D.D. 05. 05. 利用批判性思维猜测词义利用批判性思维猜测词义 批判性思维体现在阅读上就是立足文本，即读者的“主观”应该尽批判性思维体现在阅读上
26、就是立足文本，即读者的“主观”应该尽 量靠近阅读文本的“客观”。读者的理解越靠近文本实际表达，说量靠近阅读文本的“客观”。读者的理解越靠近文本实际表达，说 明读者的批判性思维能力就越强。明读者的批判性思维能力就越强。 【20192019全国全国II II】You can use me as a last resort(You can use me as a last resort(选择选择), ), and if nobody else and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.volunteers, then I will do it.
27、 This was an actual reply from a parent after I This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kidsput out a request for volunteers for my kids lacrosse(lacrosse(长曲棍球长曲棍球)club.)club. I guess that thereI guess that theres probably some demanding work schedule,
28、or social s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at th
29、e heartstringstug at the heartstrings. I mention . I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and Ithe single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids arencoaching a team that his kids arent even on. At this poi
30、nt the unwilling t even on. At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, parent speaks up, “Allright. Yes, IAllright. Yes, Ill do it.ll do it.” What does the underlined phrase What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstringstug at the heartstrings”in in paragraph 2 mean ?paragraph 2 mean ?
31、A.Encourage teamwork. A.Encourage teamwork. B B.Appeal .Appeal to feelings.to feelings. C.Promote good deeds. C.Promote good deeds. D.Provide advice.D.Provide advice. 解析：那位家长一开始并不太愿意去“我”的孩子们的长曲棍球俱解析：那位家长一开始并不太愿意去“我”的孩子们的长曲棍球俱 乐部做志愿者。“我”就又一次尝试打感情牌，诉说乐部做志愿者。“我”就又一次尝试打感情牌，诉说“我”的可怜“我”的可怜 处境处境及及那位教练的的无私那
32、位教练的的无私。不少考生选。不少考生选 C.promote good deedsC.promote good deeds（倡议（倡议 做好事），后面的教练的确是在做好事，但至于“我”，只能说是做好事），后面的教练的确是在做好事，但至于“我”，只能说是 尽家长的义务，不能算是做好事。尽家长的义务，不能算是做好事。也即只有“打动某人的心、打感也即只有“打动某人的心、打感 情牌”才能全面概括后面两件事，在概括范围上与文本吻合，批判情牌”才能全面概括后面两件事，在概括范围上与文本吻合，批判 思维度较高思维度较高。答案选。答案选 B.B. 0 06 6. . 利用语义转折猜测词义利用语义转折猜测词义 常
33、见的表示转折的词汇有：常见的表示转折的词汇有： but,but, however, yet,however, yet, though,though, although,although, as ,as , while,while, even though,even though, even even if,if, rather ,rather , instead,instead, rather than, rather than, whatever,whatever, unlukily,unlukily, unfortunatly,unfortunatly, surprisingly,surp
34、risingly, in fact,in fact, as a matter of as a matter of fact,fact, indeed,indeed, on the other hand ,on the other hand , unlike,unlike, onon the contrary,the contrary, in contrast in contrast withwith 【20182018 北京】北京】Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty Fewer emissions and cheaper travel
35、 sound pretty appealing.appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly becertainly be fieldedfielded by yideby yide- -hailing services(hailing services(叫车服务叫车服务) )， considering considering the cost of sel
36、fthe cost of self- -driving tedriving technology as well as leability and maintenance chnology as well as leability and maintenance issues(issues(责任与维护问题责任与维护问题). ). ButBut driverless car ownership could increase driverless car ownership could increase as the price drop and more people become comfor
37、table with the as the price drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.technology. What does the underlined wordWhat does the underlined word“fieldedfielded”in Paragraph 4 mean ?in Paragraph 4 mean ? A A.Employed.Employed. B.Replaced.B.Replaced. C.Shared.C.Shared. D.Reduced.D.Reduce
38、d. 解析：根据文意，考虑到无人驾驶技术成本高、责任与维护风险解析：根据文意，考虑到无人驾驶技术成本高、责任与维护风险 并存，首批投入市场的无人驾驶汽车估计仅限于叫车服务行业并存，首批投入市场的无人驾驶汽车估计仅限于叫车服务行业使使 用用(employed)(employed). . 但是但是随着其价格走低以及人们逐渐适应该技术，其随着其价格走低以及人们逐渐适应该技术，其 购买者数量很可能增加。该题利用购买者数量很可能增加。该题利用 butbut 后文本的优势，来推断后文本的优势，来推断 butbut 前的使用局限。前的使用局限。 0 07 7. . 利用因果关系猜测词义利用因果关系猜测词义
39、一定的原因会导致一定的结果，作者在叙述原因的过程中常会把一定的原因会导致一定的结果，作者在叙述原因的过程中常会把 词和句子臵于因果关系中。常见词汇有：词和句子臵于因果关系中。常见词汇有： because,because, as ,as , since,since, now now that,that, for,for, so,so, thus,thus, therefore,therefore, consequently,consequently, hence,hence, duedue to,to, owing owing to, result in,to, result in, resul
40、t from,result from, as a result,as a result, for this for this reason,reason, accordingly,accordingly, so,so, so .that,so .that, such.thatsuch.that 等。等。 【20162016 全国新课标】全国新课标】There are also varieties developed to suit There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.specific loca
41、l conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette,quality is Orleans Reinette, but youbut youll need a warm,ll need a warm, sheltered place sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it,with perfect soil to grow it, soso it i
42、ts s a a pipe dreampipe dream for most apple for most apple lovers who fall for it.lovers who fall for it. What does the underlined phraseWhat does the underlined phrase“a pipe dreama pipe dream”in Paragraph 3 in Paragraph 3 mean ?mean ? A.A. a practical idea.a practical idea. B.B. A vain hope.A vai
43、n hope. C.C. A brilliant plan. A brilliant plan. D.D. A selfish desire.A selfish desire. 解析：前一句话提到，要栽种解析：前一句话提到，要栽种 Orleans ReinetteOrleans Reinette, , 必须拥有温暖，防必须拥有温暖，防 风雨日晒的地方，而且有风雨日晒的地方，而且有完美的完美的土壤条件，土壤条件，因此因此，那些喜爱这个，那些喜爱这个 品种苹果的人要想拥有，简直是枉然的、品种苹果的人要想拥有，简直是枉然的、难以实现的愿望难以实现的愿望。 0 08. 8. 利用解释关系猜测词义利用解
44、释关系猜测词义 破折号或表示同位语的逗号在阅读文章中都起到解释说明作用，破折号或表示同位语的逗号在阅读文章中都起到解释说明作用， 我们在阅读中要能敏感地意识到这一功能，以利于更顺畅地理解我们在阅读中要能敏感地意识到这一功能，以利于更顺畅地理解 文本。文本。 【20152015 江苏】江苏】Some 2500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Some 2500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great Before tha
45、t there was no freedom. There were great civilizations,splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and civilizations,splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were bothBabylon were both tyranniestyrannies, , one very powerful man ruling over one very powerful man ruling over
46、helpless masseshelpless masses. . What does the underlined wordWhat does the underlined word“tyranniestyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?in Paragraph 2 refer to? A.Countries where their people need A.Countries where their people need help.help. B.Powerful states with higher civilization.B.Powerful st
47、ates with higher civilization. C.Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom. C.Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom. D.D.Governments ruled with absolute power.Governments ruled with absolute power. 解析：逗号后面的解析：逗号后面的 one powerful man ruling over helpless massesone powerful man ruling over help
48、less masses 是是 单词单词 tyranniestyrannies 的同位语，两者互为一体。答案选的同位语，两者互为一体。答案选 D.D. 0 09 9. . 利用推理判断法猜测词义利用推理判断法猜测词义 【20122012 北京】北京】Proudly reading my words, I glanced around the room, Proudly reading my words, I glanced around the room, only to find my classmates bearing big smiles on their faces and tears only to find my classmates bearing big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes. Confused, Iglanced toward my stonein their eyes. Confused, Iglanced toward my stone- -face
