1、Unit 13 Were trying to save the earth.知识点讲解一、litter n. 垃圾 v. 乱扔1、litter作名词相当于rubbish，是不可数名词。例句： There is some litter in the classroom. 教室里有一些垃圾。【辨析】litter和rubbish都可指垃圾，用作不可数名词，但含义不同。litter指(在公共场所乱扔的)废弃物(尤指废纸等杂物)。例句： Pick up your litter after a picnic. 野餐后将废弃物收拾好。rubbish指(不再想要或不需要的)废弃物或垃圾。例句：The room
2、 is full of rubbish. 房间里堆满了垃圾。2、litter作动词用意为乱扔。例句： The floor was littered with papers. 地板上乱七八糟扔了许多报纸。二、cut down 削减；砍倒 cut down意为减少；是动词+副词结构的短语，其后接的宾语为名词时，宾语可位于down的前面或后面，为代词时，只能位于down前面。例句：Car owners were asked to cut down travel. 车主们被要求减少出行。例句：Trees are helpful to us. Dont cut them down. 树对于我们有益处，不
3、要砍伐它们。【辨析】cut down砍倒；减少People cut down many trees so a lot of animals lose their homes. 人们砍倒了很多树，因此很多动物失去了它们的家。cut off切掉The doctor had to cut off his arm to save his life. 为了挽救他的生命，医生不得不将他的胳膊截肢。cut out删除You can cut out the unimportant details. 你可以删掉不重要的细节。cut up切碎Cut up the meat, please. 请把肉切碎。三、 co
4、st v. & n. 花费cost作动词时，常用于Sth cost(s) sb some money. 这一句式中。作名词时，意为花费，价钱。例句： It must cost a good deal to live here. 住在这里一定要花很多钱。例句：The price of coffee fell so low . 咖啡的价格跌得那么低【辨析】 take / spend / cost /paytake，spend，cost，pay的用法都可以表示花费，但用法却不尽相同。1、spend的主语必须是人，常用于以下结构：spend time / money on sth 在上花费时间(金钱)
5、 spend time / money (in) doing sth 花费时间(金钱)做某事 2、cost的主语是物或某种活动，还可以表示值，常见用法如下：sth costs (sb) 金钱 某物花了(某人)多少钱 (doing) sth costs (sb)时间 某物(做某事)花了(某人)多少时间 【温馨提示】cost的过去式及过去分词都是cost，并且不能用于被动语态。3、take后面常跟双宾语，常见用法有以下几种：It takes sb.时间to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间doing sth. takes sb.时间 做某事花了某人多少时间4、pay的基本用法是：pay (s
6、b) money for sth 付钱(给某人)买pay for sth 付的钱pay for sb 替某人付钱pay sb 付钱给某人pay money back 还钱四、not only .but also. 不但而且not only .but also. 意为不但而且，其中also可以省略。not only.but also.是并列连词词组，可连接相同的句子成分或并列成分。连接并列主语时，句子的谓语动词应与but also后的主语的人称和数保持一致。例句：Not only he but also I am going to visit Beijing. 吉姆还有我都打算去参观颐和园。【辨
7、析】 其他表并列的词组not.but.意为不是而是，否定前者，肯定后者。either.or.意为或者或者，不是就是，可连接并列主语、谓语、表语或宾语等。当其连接并列主语时，谓语动词要和最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。both. and.意为和都，用来连接两个并列成分，比如连接两个主语、谓语或宾语等。当其连接并列主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。五、take part in 参加take part in中的in为介词，后接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式。例句： I want to take part in your party. 我想参加你的聚会。take part in指参加会议或群众性活动等，重点
8、说明句子的主语参加该项活动，并在其中发挥作用。join指加入某个党派、团体、组织等，如参军、入团、入党等。join in指参加某种活动，如游戏等，join in sth意为参加某事。attend侧重参加或出席会议、学术活动、音乐会、上课等，着重强调成为其中的听众或观众。【辨析】 take part in/join/join in/attend六、 Everyone in this town should play a part in cleaning it up! play a part in.的意思是在起作用，相当于play a role in.。例句： Listening plays an
9、 important part in learning English. 听力在学习英语中起重要作用。七、There are other advantages of bike riding. advantage的意思是优点；有利条件，反义词是disadvantage，意思是缺点，不利条件。【归纳拓展】1、have the advantage of 胜过例句： I have the advantage of him in singing. 我在唱歌方面条件比他优越。2、to ones advantage 对某人有利的例句：To her advantage, her voice is very s
10、weet. 对她有利的是，她的声音非常甜美。八、 So together, our actions can make a difference and lead to a better future! make a difference的意思是有重大的影响；lead to的意思是导致，引导。例句： All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。九、If their numbers drop too low, it will bring danger to all ocean life. if引导的是条件状语从句，谓语动词使用一般现在时表示将来，主句使用一般将来时。例句： If
11、 it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go fishing. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去钓鱼。十、So far, no scientific studies have shown that shark fins are good for health, so why eat them? 1、so far的意思是到目前为止，主句时态使用现在完成时。2、句中that引导的是宾语从句，作动词shown的宾语。be good for的意思是对有好处。十一、Yes, we cant afford to wait any longer to take action! affor
12、d意为承担得起(后果)；买得起，afford sth.表示承受得起某物，afford to do sth.表示有能力做，负担得起。例句：I dont have enough money. I cant afford the new car.我没有足够的钱。我买不起新车。十二、Its difficult for parents with young children to use public transportation本句采用了It is+adj.+for /of sb.to do sth.结构，It作形式主语,动词不定式作句子的真实主语。【注意】当形容词修饰动词不定式的内容时，使用介词fo
13、r；当形容词修饰sb.时，使用介词of。例句： Its very important for us to study hard. 对我们来说努力学习非常重要。例句： Its kind of you to help me with my English. 你太好了，帮助我学习英语。十三、 be made of 由制成be made of是固定词组，意为由制成，强调从制成品中仍可以看出它的原材料。例句：The desk is made of wood. 这张桌子是由木头制成的。【辨析】 be made of 与 be made frombe made of表示由制成品仍可看出原材料，保留了原材料的
14、质地，在制作过程中仅发生了物理变化；be made from表示制成品完全失去了原材料的外形或特征，或原材料在制作过程中发生了化学变化，在制成品中已无法辨认。例句： The beautiful flowers were made of plastic. 这些美丽的花是由塑料制成的。例句： Salt is made from sea water. 盐是由海水制成的。十四、set up 建立；开办1、set up建立；开办 例句： They need money to set up a special school for blind children. 他们需要资金为盲童开办一所特别学校。2、s
15、et up也可意为建立；设立；设置。 例句： Two new bridges have been set up. 建立了两座新桥。【拓展】set off/out意为动身；出发例句：They set off at night. 他们在晚上出发。十五、bring back 恢复；归还；带回 bring back to life 使复活；给以活力例句： Once someone has died, he cannot be brought back to life. 人死不能复生。【拓展】bring的相关短语：bring up 抚养；呕吐 bring about引起；导致bring out 使显现
16、bring in引入 bring down减少十六、Have you ever thought about how these things can actually be put to good use? put sth.to good use相当于make good use of sth.，意思是充分利用。例句：She tells me that we should put time to good use /make good use of time. 她告诉我我们应该好好利用时间。十七、You have probably never heard of Amy Hayes,but she
17、 is a most unusual woman. 1、heard是hear的过去分词，hear of的意思是听说，了解，知道。【拓展】hear from表示收到的来信。2、a most unusual woman表示一位非常不同寻常的女士，most的意思是非常，修饰形容词unusual。【拓展】the+most+多音节形容词表示最的，most帮助构成形容词的最高级。十八、 She lives in a house in the UK that she built herself out of rubbish. that引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词a house，that在从句中作动词buil
18、t的宾语。十九、The windows and doors come from old buildings around her town that were pulled down. 1、come from的意思是来自，相当于be from。【拓展】come about发生；come across偶尔发现，偶遇；come along一道来，陪伴；come on赶快；come out发芽，出版；come over访问；come to life苏醒；come true实现。2、that引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词old buildings,that在定语从句中作主语，不可以省略。例句：This
19、is the factory that produces noise pollution. 这就是产生噪音污染的工厂。3、pull down的意思是拆下，摧毁。例句：Many old houses in our town were pulled down. 我们城镇的很多旧房子被拆除了。二十、 Jessica Wong from Hong Kong uses old clothes that people dont wear anymore to make bags. use.to do sth.表示使用做某事。例句：People often use a knife to cut things
20、. 人们经常用刀来切东西。二十一、 Not only can the art bring happiness to others,but it also shows that even cold,hard iron can be brought back to life with a little creativity. 1、not only.but also.的意思是不但，而且，not only引导的句子位于句首时，使用倒装句。例句：Not only can my sister play the piano, but also she can play the violin. 我姐姐不但会弹
21、钢琴，她也会拉小提琴。2、bring back的意思是恢复；归还，相当于return。例句： Please bring back the books to the library. 请把书归还给图书馆。二十二、现在进行时 1. 概念：表示说话时正在进行的动作及行为或表示现阶段正在进行的动作。2. 结构：现在进行时常有三种句型： （1）肯定式：主语bev-ing其他。（2）否定式：主语benotv-ing其他。（3）疑问式：主要分一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种句式。 一般疑问句：Be主语v-ing其他? 特殊疑问句：疑问词be主语v-ing其他？ 3. 常用的时间状语有：now，at the mom
22、ent，right now，these days等。在句首出现look或listen时，也可以判断出后面的句子用现在进行时。二十三、现在完成时1. 概念：表示过去发生或已经发生的某一动作对现在造成的结果或影响，可以和already，yet，just连用。 2. 构成：助动词have / has +过去分词。3. 常用的时间状语：already，yet，just，ever，never，before；this morning（week，month.），today，now；up to now，till now，so far，in the past few（two，three.）years等。4. 延
23、续性动词与非延续性动词 现在完成时中非延续性动词不可以和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。此时应将非延续性动词转换为延续性动词，转换情况可见下表：非延续性动词（短语）延续性动词（短语）例句borrowkeepHe has been away for a week. 他离开有一周了。How long have you kept the book? 你借这本书多长时间了？buyhavediebe deadget (to)be (in)leavebe awaybecomebefall asleepbe asleepbeginbe ongo outbe outjoinbe a member ofput on
24、wear【注意】在否定句中，短暂性动词可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。5. 现在完成时的三个固定结构：（1）have / has been to表示某人曾经去过某地，现在已不在某地。可以和表示次数的单词或短语连用，如once，twice，three times等。（2）have / has gone to表示某人去某地了，可能在途中，也可能到了那里，总之不在说话处。（3）have / has been in表示某人在某地待了一段时间，经常与for+一段时间连用。二十四、被动语态主动语态变被动语态时，主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语，主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。1.
25、基本结构：is / am / are +及物动词的过去分词2. 主动语态与被动语态之间的转换状语宾语谓语主语状语宾语谓语主语 We visited that factory last summer. 主动语态 That factory was visited by us last summer. 被动语态3. 感官动词（hear，see，watch等）或使役动词（make，let等）在主动句中，其后的动词不定式不带to，但在变为被动语态时必须使用to。make somebody do something somebody + be + made to do something see some
26、body do something somebody + be + seen to do something 同步练习一、单项选择1All of us _ great progress since we started Grade 9.AmakeBmadeCwill makeDhave made2The movie Pirates of the Caribbeanis so exciting, and.Stop! _ the movie. Please dont let me know too much about the story.AI wont watchBIm not watching
27、CI havent watched3What did the doctor say about the mans illness?His _ was terrible, but they had found the medicine for the illness.AdifficultyBadvantageCsituation4Tim _ lots of computer games, but now he works hard for his dream.Aused to playingBis used to playCis used to playingDused to play5 You
28、 cant imagine how Mike _! Oh, yes. Hes much happier and works even harder than before.Ahas changedBchangedCwill changeDchange6Eat less chocolate, or youll _ weight quickly.Aput onBput offCturn offDturn on7The popular book Gone with the Wind _ a score of 9.2 by Chinese readers on Douban last month. A
29、gaveBwas givenCwas givingDwere given8One third of the students in our class _ for Beijing next week.AleavesBhave leftCare leavingDleft9Thanks to the kind person, the little dog _ from the hole successfully.Awas savingBwas savedCsavedDwill be saved10We _ to check our papers several times before handi
30、ng them in.AsupposeBsupposedCare supposedDare supposing二、完形填空One morning Sharon woke up and she wanted to find the environment. Miss Clark, her teacher, told her that people needed to keep environment _11_. So Sharon had to find it first. Because it was Saturday, she had plenty of _12_. When she got
31、 out of bed, she decided to look _13_ the bed. It was dusty(布满灰尘的) under there, but where was the environment?Sharon went to the window. She _14_ at the trees in the neighbors yard. She _15_ something a little smoky. Then she went to the living-room. Ugh, the smell of her dads cigarette. She didnt f
32、ind the environment. _16_ she wanted to find it, shed better hurry up. Then she went to the kitchen. Her mom was preparing for breakfast.After breakfast, she went outside to look for the environment. She met Herman, a talking squirrel (松鼠). He asked her what she was looking for. “Im looking for the
33、environment. Have you seen it here? How have you ever _17_ it? And if you find it, how do you keep it clean?”Herman looked surprised. “Its strange. You are the _18_ human to ever look for the environment. The environment seems to be almost everywhere,” Herman said.Sharon looked to the right and the
34、left. She looked up. She looked down. “Where?” she said. “_19_ is it now?” “The environment is just about everywhere you look,” Herman said. “The environment is the air, the water and the soil. In fact, its _20_ around us.”11AopenBcleanCdirty12AmoneyBworkCtime13AunderBonCat14Alooked backBlooked inCl
35、ooked out15AfeltBsmeltCtasted16ASoBIfCThough17AfoundBfindCfinding18AfirstBlastCearly19AWhatBHowCWhere20AeverythingBnothingCsomething三、阅读单选In the USA, a question is asked millions of times every day in the supermarket: “Paper or plastic?” Well, which kind of bag would you choose?In fact, all kinds of
36、 bags have some influence on the environment. But we are always told that paper bags are better. For example, they break down easily and can be recycled. However, making paper bags takes more energy than making plastic bags. How can this be true?Studies show that paper bag production requires four t
37、imes as much energy as plastic bag production. And the amount of water used to make paper bags is twenty times higher. And the influence on forests is more serious. It takes about fourteen million trees to produce ten billion paper bags. As for recycling, some people believe that paper bags more env
38、ironment-friendly than plastic ones. However, this idea can be quickly discarded. Research shows the opposite is true.Even though paper bags might be more harmful than plastic ones, plastic still seems to be considered by governments as the more harmful of the two. In Ireland, people have to pay 22
39、cents for every plastic bag, and as a result, their use has dropped quickly.It seems wise to reuse these bags. However, were not doing that a lot. That may be because they are easily broken. If so, cloth bags are a better choice, but still their production also has a bad influence on the environment
40、. So what should we do? How should we answer the question of “Paper or plastic?” It seems that we first need to ask ourselves the following question: “What can I do to help the environment?”21The question in Paragraph 1 is used to _.Atell reader how to shopBexplain the writers problemCshow what will
41、 be discussed in the passageDshow the hard work in the supermarket22Compare with plastic bags, paper bags _.Aneed less water to produceBrecycle less energy to recycleChave a worse influence on forestsDtake more time to break down23What does the underline word discarded in Paragraph 3 mean in Chinese
42、?A分享B抛弃C讨论D提出24Ireland has cut down the use of plastic bags by _.Aletting people pay for themBnot allowing people to use themCproviding people with paper bagsDnot providing them in the supermarkets25Which question does the writer probably want to hear in the supermarket?APaper or cloth?BPaper or pla
43、stic?CA small bag or a big one?DA new bag or your own one?As we all know, too much trash is a big problem for our environment. A woman in Indonesias Java island has come up with a great idealending books to children in exchange for trash. Raden Roro Hendarti, nearly 50 years old, is a librarian in M
44、untang village. She started a “trash library”, hoping to make children read more as well as make them realize the importance of environment protection. Each weekday, Raden puts all kinds of books on the back of her three-whoceler (三轮车) and rides to Muntang village. There, chldren line up to exchange
45、 plastic cups, bags and other trash for books from Radens mobile library. After finishing the exchange, Raden carries back all the trash. In the library where Raden works, there are thousands of books. Every time she shows up, children run to her “trash library”. They all carry trash bags, and Radens three-wheeler quickly fills with trash as th
