1、非谓语动词,知识梳理,非谓语动词指不能单独作谓语，但仍保留动词的某些特征的动词形式。非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词。它们没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等。,一、非谓语动词的各种形式,二、如何确定非谓语动词的形式 确定非谓语动词的形式时，首先要找出相应的逻辑主语。非谓语动词作表语、状语和主语补足语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语；非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑主语是它所修饰的词；非谓语动词作宾语补足语时，其逻辑主语是句子的宾语。如果非谓语动词所表示的动作与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，应该用动词-ing形式或不定式的主动式；如果是动宾关系，即逻辑主语是非谓语动词动作的承
2、受者，应该用过去分词或不定式的被动式。,非谓语动词的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。非谓语动词的一般式与谓语动词的关系如下： 1. 不定式的一般式所表示的动作可能发生在 谓语动词所表示的动作之后，也可能与谓 语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如： I hope to see you again. Would you help me put things in order?,2. 动词-ing形式的一般式所表示的动作可能发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或之后，也可能与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如： Climbing to the top
3、 of the tower, we saw fantastic scenery. Larry went out shutting the door behind him. Walking down the street, I ran into Ben.,三、非谓语动词的一些用法 1. 动词-ing形式和不定式作主语和宾语 通常，动词-ing形式着重进程，不定式着重结果。但有时二者有下列不同之处： 1) 动词-ing形式的逻辑主语可能泛指人们，而不定式的逻辑主语则常是句子中的名词或代词。 2) 动词-ing形式可表示一般或抽象的多次性的动作，而不定式则往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。,3) 有些动
4、词后常跟不定式作宾语。这类动词常见的有agree, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, intend, learn, plan, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, threaten, wish等。 4) 有些动词后常跟动词-ing形式作宾语。这类动词常见的有admit, dislike, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, bear, escape, stand, deny, consider, mind,
5、miss, finish, resist, imagine, risk, practice, suggest等。,2. 非谓语动词作定语 1) 不定式作定语 a. 作定语的不定式与它所修饰的名词或 代词在逻辑上可能是主谓关系，也可能是动宾关系。如： The next train to arrive was from New York. It was a game to remember.,b. 名词前有only, last, next，序数词或形容词最高级时，其后常用不定式作定语。如： Rita was the only person to complain. He was the first
6、 man to fly across the Atlantic. Alex is the best man to do the job.,c. 有些名词的同根动词后常跟不定式，因而它也常跟不定式作定语。如： Their offer to assist in the work was not taken seriously. (比较：They offered to assist in the work.),2) 动词-ing形式作定语可表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常发生的或短暂的动作以及经常存在的状态。如： The woman sending her children to school is
7、 my history teacher. A little child learning to walk often falls. He mistook me for a friend, causing me some embarrassment.,3) 过去分词作定语常表示被动或已经发生的动作。如： Weve met the doctors sent to work here by the city hospital. 3. 非谓语动词作状语 1) 不定式作状语，常表示目的、结果等。作结果状语时，常用“only +不定式”结构，表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的结果。如： Alan lifted
8、a rock only to drop it on his own feet.,2) 动词-ing形式或过去分词作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随情况等。其前可用连词while, when, once, if, unless等。如： Being a student, he was naturally interested in museums. Seen through the eyes of a young friend, Einstein was a simple, modest and ordinary man. She got to know them whil
9、e attending a conference in Beijing. These sentences, if analysed differently, will make no sense.,4. 非谓语动词作补语 1) 动词-ing形式表示正在进行的活动或反复的动作，而不定式则表示整个活动或事件的全过程。如： I heard him talking to his mother when I passed. I saw him go out and disappear into the rain.,2) 感官动词和使役动词后要接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语，但用于被动语态时，需把to补出
10、来。如： Someone saw Mary enter the building about the time the crime was committed. Mary was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed.,四、非谓语动词独立结构 非谓语动词可有其独立的逻辑主语，这种逻辑主语常常是名词或代词，置于非谓语动词之前，二者构成非谓语动词独立结构。这种独立结构常用作状语。如： With so many children to look after, the mother has to quit h
11、er job. The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. When in trouble, Sadie would sit alone, head bent.,高考链接,1.【2015北京】21. _ the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early. A. Catching. B. Caught. C. To catch. D. Catch 【答案】C 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了赶上早班的飞机，我
12、们提前叫了出租车并且起得很早。这里逻辑主语是we，空中用不定式作目的状语，表示提前叫出租车并早起的目的。故选C。,2. 【2015湖南】30. When the clerk saw a kind of face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground, _ whether to stay or leave. A. wondering B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondered 【答案】A,【解析】 考查非谓语动词。句意：当店员看到一张漂亮的脸上挤出一副抱歉的笑容时, 她像扎根似地定
13、在了那里, 想着是去还是留。主句的主语she与动词wonder构成逻辑上的主动关系, 因此用v.ing形式作伴随状语, 故选A。,3.【2015天津】8. _ for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. A. To work B. Worked C. To be working D. Having worked 【答案】D 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：工作了两天，史蒂夫成功地按时完成了他的报告。句中的逻辑主语为Steve, 与work之间为主动关系, 故用现在分词, 这里用having worked, 表示动作的
14、先后性。故选D。,4.【2015福建】33. In recent years an English word “infosphere“ has appeared, _ the sense of “information” and “atmosphere“. A. combine B. combined C. combing D. being combined 【答案】C,【解析】考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词主要有动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词形式。其中现在分词表示主动的关系，而过去分词通常表示被动的关系。根据该句意思：最近几年，一个叫做“infosphere”的英语单词出现了，结合了“信息”和“
15、气氛”这两个单词的意义。这里的结合与前面新出现的单词的关系是主动的，故选C。,5.【2015湖南】34. Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students _ what is bothering them A. to talk over B. talked over C. talk over D. having talked over 【答案】A,【解析】 考查非谓语动词。talk over讨论，根据分析，可知act as a listening ear for fellow student to do sth中的to do sth是
16、作student的宾语补足语。句意：有时我充当一个倾听者来倾听我的同学们讨论他们的烦心事。故选A。,6.【2015江苏】24. Much time _ sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems. A. being spent B. having spent C. spent D. spending 【答案】C,【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：上班族们坐在办公桌前太久，一般会受到健康问题的困扰。分析句子结构可知，分词的逻辑主语和后面主句的主语不一致，应用独立主格结构。分词主语和分词动作之间
17、构成選辑上的动宾关系， 且动作已完成，故用过去分词。故选C。,7.【2015重庆】6. _ in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star. A. Being raised B. Raising C. Raised D. To raise 【答案】C,【解析】 考查非谓语动词。句意：由于在格拉斯哥最穷的地方长大，他要想成为足球明星还有很长的路要走。根据句意可知raise这个动词的逻辑主语是he，他在这个地方长大(被抚养长大)，两者之间是被动关系所以用ed形式，并且是一个已完
18、成的动作，所以排除A。故选C。,8.【2015安徽】27. _ the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make. A. Ignore B. Ignoring C. Ignored D. Having ignored 【答案】B,【解析】 考查非谓语动词。句意：忽视这两项研究结果的差异将会是你所犯的最糟糕的错误之一。句子缺主语, ignore 的逻辑主语是you, 两者是主谓关系, 故用动名词做主语, 故选B。本题考査非谓语动词。will be前是主语部分, 动
19、词原形和过去分词不能直接作主语, 习惯上用动名词作主语。且you和ignore是主谓关系。,巩固练习,用括号内动词的正确形式完成下面短文。 A Air pollution is a big problem 1. _ (affect) millions of Americans. 2. _ (pollute) mainly by industries and automobiles, the air contains toxic (有毒的) chemicals. Environmentalists pressure politicians 3. _ (pass) stricter laws. However, the problems are too complex 4. _ (solve) easily.,to be solved,affec
