1、高一年级上学期英语导学案高一年级上学期英语导学案 英语句子成分及基本句型英语句子成分及基本句型 一、句子成分：一、句子成分： (一) 定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 (二) 分类：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。 1.主语：主语：是一个句子所叙说的主体。主语的位置一般在句首，一般不省略。但在 there be 结 构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。 主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 例如：During the 1990s, American country music has be
2、come more and more popular.（名词 ） Exercise: 请用下划线标出每个句子的主语，并在后面括号内写出其由什么充当。 1) We often speak English in class. ( ) 2) One-third of the students in this class are girls. ( ) 3) To swim in the river is a great pleasure. ( ) 4) Smoking does harm to the health. ( ) 5) What you said confused me. ( ) 6) T
3、hat the sun rises in the east is common knowledge. ( ) 2.谓语谓语：谓语即主语发出的动作或主语具有的特征和状态。根据主语，动作发出的时间不同 有人称和事态的变化。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He runs fast. 2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词的相应形式构成。 如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. Exercise: 用下划线标出下面句子的谓语： 1) What happened? 2) The
4、plane took off at 10 oclock. 3) We were beaten by their team. 4) You can do it if you try hard. 3.表语表语： 说明或表述主语的身份、 特征和状态的， 位置在系动词 （如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介 词短语、副词及表语从句充当。 例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（ 名词 ） Exercise： 用下划线标出下列句子的表语并在后面
5、括号内写出其由什么充当。 1）Is it yours? （ ） 2）The weather has turned cold.（ ） 3）The speech is exciting.（ ） 4）Three times seven is twenty one? （ ） 5）His job is to teach English. （ ） 6）His hobby is playing football. （ ） 7）The machine must be out of order. （ ） 8）Time is up. The class is over. （ ） 9）The truth is th
6、at he has never been abroad.（ ） 4.宾语宾语：是谓语动作的承受者，动作是假的对象。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、 动名词、宾语从句充当。 例如：They saw an exhibition（展览）yesterday. （ 名词 ） Exercise： 用下划线标出宾语并在后面括号内写出其由什么充当。 1) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. （ ） 2) How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. （ ） 3) They h
7、elped the old with their housework yesterday. （ ） 4) He pretended not to see me.（ ） 5） I enjoy listening to popular music.（ ） 6） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（ ） 5.定语定语：定语即在句子中修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句。单词作定语时常放在它所修饰 的 n.之前，但修饰复合代词（即 nothing, anything, everything, something 等）时，放在其后。 短语和从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的
8、 n.之后。定语一般由形容词，名词，现在分词，过去 分词，不定式，介词短语等充当。 如：Guilin is a beautiful city.（ 形容词 ）-定语前置 I have something interesting to tell you.（形容词）-定语后置 Exercise： 用下划线标出定语并在后面括号内写出其由什么充当。 1） China is a developing country; ( )America is a developed country.（ ） 2） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（ ） 3） H
9、is rapid progress in English made us surprised.（ ） 4) Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（ ） 5) The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（ ） 6) He is reading an article about how to learn English.（ ） 7) The girl in red dress is my best friend, Lily. ( ) 6.状语状语: 修饰动词、 形
10、容词、 副词或整个句子， 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分， 叫做状语。 可由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词形式、从句来充当。 如： Light travels most quickly. （ 副词 ） Exercise： 用下划线标出状语并在后面括号内写出其由什么充当。 1） Hearing the news, he was absolutely shocked. ( ) ( ) 2） Fortunately, he passed the national college entrance examination. （ ） 3） He is in the room making a model p
11、lane. （ ） 4） Once you begin, you must continue. （ ） 5) He has lived in the city for ten years.（ ） 状语种类有时间、地点、条件、方式、 、伴随、让步、比较、目的、原因、结果等： 如：How about meeting again at six? （ 时间状语） Exercise: 在后面括号内写出每个句子中的状语是什么状语。 1）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. （ 状语） 2）I shall go the
12、re if it doesnt rain.（ 状语） 3）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（ 状语） 4）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（ 状语） 5）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（ 状语） 6）In order to catch up with others, I must work harder.（ 状语） 7）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（ 状语） 8）She w
13、orks very hard though she is old.（ 状语） 9）I am taller than he is.（ 状语） 7. 宾语补足语宾语补足语: 在宾语的后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分称为宾语补足语。带 有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make 等+宾语+宾补） 。宾补可由名词、形 容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 例如：His father named him Dongming.（ ） Exercise： 用下划线标出宾语补足语并在后面括号内写出其由什么充当。 1）They painted their boat white.（ ）
14、2）Let the fresh air in.（ ） 3）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（ ） 4）We saw her entering the room.（ ） 5）We found everything in the lab in good order.（ ） 6）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（ ） 8.同位语同位语：在一个 n.或 pron.后面，对前面的性质或情况作进一步说明，这样的词或结构叫 做同位语。结构：n./pron.+同位语。 如：This i
15、s Lily, my best friend. Exercise; 用下划线标出下面句子里的同位语： 1) They girls may go there by bus. 2) This is Miss Green, the new English teacher. 3) You three go and look for it in your room. 4) You may leave this work to us two. 5) We are facing the question whether he has known it. 二、简单句的基本句型二、简单句的基本句型 1. 主谓
16、S+ Vi 1) The pen writes smoothly. 2) She cried. 3) Nothing happened. 4) The snake disappeared. 5) It rained yesterday. 2. 主系表 S +V+ P 连系动词可分为三类： 表感官：look(看起来), sound(听起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), feel(感觉起来) 表保持：keep/ stay/remain(保持) 表变化：become(成为，变得), get(变得), turn(变得), go(变得), come(变得) e.g. 1). Thi
17、s is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2). The dinner smells good. 3). He fell in love. 4). Everything looks different. 5). He is growing tall and strong. 6). Our well has gone dry. 7). His face turned red. 8). The fact proves right. 3.主谓宾 S +V+ O 1) Who knows the answer? 2) He has refused to help them
18、. 3) He enjoys reading. 4) They ate what was left over. 5) He said Good morning. 6) I want to have a cup of tea. 4.主谓间宾直宾 S +V +IO+ DO = S + V + DO + for/to + IO e.g. My father bought me a new bike. = My father bought a new bike me. Will you please choose me a better one? = Will you please choose a
19、better one me? Ill give you a new dictionary. = Ill give a new dictionary you. 常带 to 的词有： bring , give , hand , lend , offer , owe , pass , pay , promise , read , send , show , take , teach , tell , throw , write . 常带 for 的词有： book , buy , call , choose , cook , do ,make, fetch , find , get , keep ,
20、 save ，spare. 5. 主谓宾宾补 S +V +O+ C 1. They appointed him manager. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. What makes him think so? 5. He asked me to come back soon. 6. I saw them getting on the bus. 6. There be 句型 1. There is a book on the desk. 2. There are many students play
21、ing on the playground. 三、简单句、并列句、复合句三、简单句、并列句、复合句 按句子的结构分，英语句子可分三种：按句子的结构分，英语句子可分三种： 1简单句简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语） 。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2并列句并列句：由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。
22、 表并列关系 and, as well as, bothand, not only/justbut (also) 表转折关系 but, yet(然而) 表对比关系 while(而，却), whereas(然而，但是) 表选择关系 or/or/else/otherwise( 否 则 ), eitheror( 要 么 / 或 者 ， 要 么 / 或 者 ), neithernor(既不也不), notbut(不是而是) 表因果关系 for(因为), so e.g. You help him and he helps you. Hurry up, or youll miss the train. H
23、e was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes interesting. Tom was rich while his brother was very poor. Tom 非常富有，然而他的哥哥非常穷。 We had better stay at home, for it is raining. Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 3. 复合句复合句：含有一个或一
24、个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾 语从句、表语从句和同位语从句） 、定语从句和状语从句等。 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.(状语从句) This is the book which I am looking for. (定语从句) What you said is correct. (主语从句) I dont know when she will come back. (宾语从句) The news that our team had wo
25、n excited us. (同位语从句) His suggestion is that we should stay calm. (表语从句) 四、练习 （1）指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：）指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. ( ) ( ) ( ) 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! ( ) ( ) ( ) 5. T
26、hey went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. ( )( ) ( ) ( ) 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. ( ) ( ) 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. His wish is to become a scientist. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). 10. He managed to finish the work in
27、time. 11. Tom came to ask me for advice. ( ) ( ) ( ) 12. He found it important to master English. 13. He noticed a man enter the room. ( ) ( ) 14、The apples tasted sweet. ( ) 答案：1.主语 定语 2. 宾语 3. 谓语 状语 4. 定语 5. 状语 状语 6. 定语 表语 7. 宾语 状语 8. 谓语 主语 状语 9. 主语 宾语 10. 谓语 宾语 11. 目的状语 12. 宾语补足 语 13. 宾语补足语 14. 表
28、语 （2）判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：）判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句： 1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.( ) 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.( ) 3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?( ) 4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seve
29、n in the evening.( ) 5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.( ) 6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.( ) 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.( ) 8. What he said at the meeting is very important.( ) 9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.( ) 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. ( ) 答案： 1.简单句 2.复合句 3. 反意疑问句 （简单句） 4.简单句 5. 并列句 6. 复 合句 7.并列句 8. 复合句 9. 简单句 10. 简单句
