1、 分享与下载精品教学资料 上传教学资料赚钱的网站 一一. 宾语从句宾语从句 object clause： 一一. 定义定义 definition： 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。 二二. 连接词连接词 connections： that: I think that you can pass the exam. Whether/if: I dont know what the word means. “Wh”: I dont know what the word means. I dont know where he found the book. 只用只用 whether 的情况：的
2、情况： 1. 与 or not 连用： I dont know whether its raining or not. 2. 与动词不定式连用： He doesnt know whether to accept the invitation. 3. 连接词前有介词时： It depends on whether he is coming. 三三. 时态时态 tenses: 1. 主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定(各种时态均可各种时态均可) She wants to know what he has done for the exam. 2.主句是
3、一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。 1）She said that she was a student. 2）She said that she would fly to Japan in a week. 3）She said that she had finished her homework already. 3. 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般 现在时态。现在时态。 The teacher said that the earth goes
4、round the sun. 二二. 定语从句定语从句 Attributive clause： 1. 定义：在复合句中修饰名词、代词的从句叫定语从句 2. 先行词指人 who /that 先行词指物 which/ that 3. 定语从句一般紧跟被修饰的名词或代词（即先行词）后 4.关系代词代替先行词在句子中担当成分，所以从句中不可再出现其他代替先行 词的代词 5.翻译方法 “. 的” Eg. 1. Yesterday we bought a book which is really hard to understand. 2. The students who are from Maple
5、Leaf School like learning English. Whom: 先行词指人，则代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语（包括介词先行词指人，则代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语（包括介词的宾语）的宾语）, 与与 who 的区别是如果前面带介词则必须用的区别是如果前面带介词则必须用 whom 1. This is the teacher whomwho we like best. 2. I dont like the boy to whom you are talking. Whose : 指人或物，作定语，表示指人或物，作定语，表示 “的的” 分享与下载精品教学资料 上传教学资料赚钱的
6、网站 eg: Harry is the boy whose mother is our math teacher. 关系代词只能关系代词只能 that 的特殊情况的特殊情况: 1.先行词前有序数词修饰时：先行词前有序数词修饰时： This is the first gift that my parents bought me. 2.先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时：先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时： This is the most exciting film that I have ever seen. 3. 先行词是不定代词先行词是不定代词 something, anything 等时等时. e.
7、g. Is there anything that you want in this shop 4. 先行词是人和物时先行词是人和物时, 用用 that. e.g. He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all. 5. 先行词被先行词被 all , little , the only , the very(就是，正是就是，正是), the last 等词修饰时等词修饰时,只只 能用能用 that e.g. This is the last place that I want to visit. 6. 特殊疑
8、问句以特殊疑问句以 who 或或 which 开头，只能用开头，只能用 that 引导引导. Who is the girl that is making a speech on the platform? 当关系代词前使用介词时：当关系代词前使用介词时： 物物+介词介词+which ; 人人+ 介词介词 + whom 当关系代词前使用介词时： e.g. 1. This is the train by which we went to Beijing. 2. This is the teacher to whom my mother is talking. 三三. 状语从句：状语从句：Adve
9、rbial clauses 定义：定义： 在复合句中由从句表示的状语称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语（包括非谓 语动词） 、定语或状语，或是整个句子。 状语从句一般分为八大类状语从句一般分为八大类 时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 目的状语从句 结果状语从句 条件状语从句 方式状语从句 让步状语从句 1. 时间状语从句时间状语从句 When -当当时候时候, 通常指某一特定的时间点，主句与从句的动作同时发通常指某一特定的时间点，主句与从句的动作同时发 生。生。 When I opened the window, I saw him come up. When - 正在正在的时候， 突然
10、的时候， 突然。 通常主句是进行时或。 通常主句是进行时或 be about to 时，时， 在翻译的时候，在翻译的时候，when 可以译成没想到或突然。可以译成没想到或突然。 I was walking along the street , when I met him. When 当从句是进行时，主句是一般时，往往表示不满。当从句是进行时，主句是一般时，往往表示不满。 Someone knocked at the door when I was having breakfast. When=after When the children had gone to bed, she began
11、 to prepare her lessons. 分享与下载精品教学资料 上传教学资料赚钱的网站 While -在在期间，往往指一段时间。期间，往往指一段时间。 While we were in America, we saw him twice. While -表示一种不满情绪，意思是这边在干某种重要的事，而另一边在享受表示一种不满情绪，意思是这边在干某种重要的事，而另一边在享受 等。等。 We are cleaning the classroom while they are playing the football. As - 一边一边一边一边, 随着随着 She was doing
12、 her homework as she was listening to the music. As - 当当时，指一个动作紧接着一个动作发生，从句通常用进行时。时，指一个动作紧接着一个动作发生，从句通常用进行时。 As I was going out, it began to rain. The moment - 一一就就 =as soon as , immediately, -Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? -Yes, I gave her the moment I saw her. Not until - 直到
13、直到才才 He didnt leave the office until he finished the work. Before - 在在之前之前 The passengers should arrive at the airport an hour before the flight departs. After - 在在 之后之后 The customer left the ticket counter after he had a quarrel with the ticket agent. Since -自从自从, 通常主句用现在完成时通常主句用现在完成时 I have never
14、been there again since I graduated from the university. It is just a week since we arrived here. As soon as - 一一就就 Jack went to school as soon as he got well. No sooner than - 一一就就 no sooner than 用于句首要求倒装 Hardly when Scarcely when No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. Once - 一但一但就就 Once
15、you see him, you will never forget him. Every time, each time 每次每次 whenever 每当每当 Each time he came to town, he would visit our school. 2. 条件状语从句条件状语从句 引导状语从句的连接词有引导状语从句的连接词有: If 如果如果, unless 除非除非, as long as 只要只要, As (so) far as - 据据所知，所知， in case 万一万一, provided that 假如假如, on condition that 若是，以若是，以
16、为条件为条件 If -如果如果 If you dont hurry up, you will miss the plane. Unless - 如果不如果不, 除非除非=if not We cant get there on time unless we book the earliest flight As long as - 只要只要 We will succeed as long as we keep on trying. As (so) far as - 据据所知所知 分享与下载精品教学资料 上传教学资料赚钱的网站 As far as I know, he speaks Engli
17、sh very well. In case - 假使假使, 如果如果 The plane cannot take off in case it rains. Provided that 如果如果,有时省略有时省略 that The plane will be in good condition provided that it is taken care of carefully. On condition that - 条件是条件是 He said that he would come to the meeting on condition that no one asked him to
18、speak. 注注:主从句的动作发生在将来时，则主句用将来时主从句的动作发生在将来时，则主句用将来时, 从句用一般现在时。从句用一般现在时。 If he arrives tomorrow, I will be waiting for him at the airport. 3.地点状语从句地点状语从句 地点状语从句只地点状语从句只有两个连词有两个连词: Where, wherever Where - 在在地方地方 Where there is a will, there is a way. Wherever - 无论哪里无论哪里 Wherever you are, I will be righ
19、t there waiting for you. 4.原因状语从句原因状语从句 because, as, since, now that, 和和 considering that, seeing that 这六个连词都用这六个连词都用 于表示表示原因于表示表示原因, 但在语气上一个比一个弱但在语气上一个比一个弱. Because - 因为因为,通常从句放在主句后通常从句放在主句后. Mr Smith was very upset because he couldnt find his luggage. As - 因为因为, 通常放在句首通常放在句首 As he is honest and modest, all his friends like him. Since -既然既然 因语气较弱因语气较弱, 常译为既然常译为既然(众所周知的原因众所周知的原因) Since everybody has come, we can set off. Now that - 既然既然 Now that you are here, you c
