1、Unit 3Unit 3 Sea ExplorationSea Exploration Learning About LanguageLearning About Language 语法精讲语法精讲素养提升素养提升 不定式(The infinitive) 观察上面句子观察上面句子, , 并说出画线部分的作用并说出画线部分的作用 不定式作后置定语后置定语。 不定式作目的状语目的状语。 动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成。这里的 to 是不定式标志, 没有词义。不定式具有 名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能, 又有动词的特点, 可以有自己的宾语和状语, 构成动 词不定式短语。 一、动词不定式的时态与
2、语态一、动词不定式的时态与语态 主动语态 被动语态 意义 一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作 之后 完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时, 不定式的动作正在进行 完成进 to have been 表示其动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前并且 行时 doing 一直在进行 *I plan to attend the meeting to be to be held tomorrow. 我打算参加明天举行的会议。 (attend 的动作在
3、plan 之后发生, 且 meeting 与 hold 之间为被 动关系) *They are said to beto be studying psychology. 据说他们正在研究心理学。(be said 与 study 同时发生) *Im very sorry to haveto have kept you sitting around doing nothing. 让你一直无所事事闲坐着我很抱歉。(keep 发生在 be sorry 之前) *No harm seems to haveto have been done. 似乎并没有什么危害发生。(do 发生在 seem 之前, 且
4、harm 与 do 之间是被动关系) *She is known to have been dealingto have been dealing with the problems for many years. 大家知道她处 理这类难题已经有很多年了。 【名师点津】不定式的不定式的“被动被动”与与“否定否定” (1)不定式的被动式表示其逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者。 *Its a great honour to be invited to be invited to Marys birthday party. 被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会是一件非常荣幸的事情。 (2)不定式的否定式通常是将否定
5、词not或never置于不定式之前, 即构成not to do 或never to do 这样的形式。 *They took a vote and decided not to donot to do it. 他们进行了表决, 决定放弃。 *How many times has your mother told you never to talknever to talk to strangers? 你母亲告诉你多少次了, 绝不能和陌生人谈话? 【即学活用】 语法填空 (1)The world will be different, and we will have to be prepared
6、be prepared(prepare)to adapt to the change. (2)She pretended to be sleepingbe sleeping (sleep)when her mother came in. (3)He is said to have been workinghave been working (work)in this factory for more than twenty years. 二、动词不定式的句法功能二、动词不定式的句法功能 动词不定式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语, 表示比较具体的 意义。 1. 1. 不定式作
7、主语不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语多表示将来特定的某一次动作。 *To blame the worker To blame the worker will not make up for the loss. 责备那个工人弥补不了损失。 *(2018天津高考)ItIt took him a long time to acquire the skills he needed to become to acquire the skills he needed to become a good dancer. a good dancer. 他花了很长时间才获得成为一名优秀舞者所需的技能。 不定式短语作
8、主语时, 为了保持句子平衡, 往往用 it 作形式主语, 而把不定式短语置于谓 语动词之后。 若要说明不定式的动作的执行者, 可以在不定式前面加上“for/of+n. /pron. ”结构。当 形容词表达事物的特征时用 for sb. ; 当形容词表达人所具有的特征或品质时用 of sb. , 这 样的形容词有 careful, cruel, foolish, brave, good, honest, kind, rude, polite, nice, stupid, wise, wrong 等。 *It is generous of him to contributeof him to co
9、ntribute so much. 他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。 *It is important for us to livefor us to live a low-carbon life. 过低碳生活对我们来说很重要。 【即学活用】语法填空 (1)It is common to findto find (find) this type of poetry, calligraphy art, hanging in peoples homes. (2)If you live in a cold climate, it will be important to knowto know (kno
10、w) your dogs limits and how you can keep it safe and warm. (3)It is an honor for me to be invitedto be invited (invite) to attend the meeting. 2. 2. 不定式作表语不定式作表语 不定式作表语主要有三种情况, 一是用于 seem, appear, prove, turn out 等连系动词之后 的不定式(尤其是 to be); 二是像 My job is to sweep the floor. (我的工作就是擦地板。) 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形;
11、 三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等。 *He seems to be ill.to be ill. 他似乎生病了。 *Her wish is to be a teacher.to be a teacher. 她的愿望就是当一名教师。 *We are to meetto meet at the station at three. 我们约定 3 点钟在车站见面。 【即学活用】语法填空 (1)It is important to remember when youre trying to get along with people who are very difficult or s
12、eem to be ignoringto be ignoring (ignore) you, everyone is just doing the best that they can. (2)He is childrens books editor, whose job is to sortto sort (sort)through thousands of new titles published each year and select the very best ones in The Times. (3)The goal of this activity is to meetto m
13、eet (meet) the needs of common people. 3. 3. 不定式作宾语不定式作宾语 (1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语, 请牢记下面的口诀: 决心学会想希望, 拒 绝设法愿假装 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend 主动答应选计划, 同 意请求帮一帮 offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help *We agreed to meetagreed to meet at the school g
14、ate. 我们一致同意在校门口见面。 (2)在某些动词如 find, think, consider, feel, make, believe 后, 常用 it 作形式 宾语, 然后加宾语补足语, 最后加不定式作真正的宾语。 *We ththink it ink it our duty to protectto protect the environment. 我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。 【即学活用】语法填空 (1)He pretended to be readingto be reading (read) the text when I came in. (2)I heard a pas
15、senger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused to stopto stop (stop) until we reached the next stop. (3)I think it necessary to sendto send (send) for an expert. (4)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to proveto prove (prove) that she has brains as well as be
16、auty. 4. 4. 不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语 (1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语, 如 ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach 等。 *Father will not allow us to play allow us to play in the street. 父亲不会允许我们在街上玩耍。 (2)下列动词(短语)接省略 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语, 表示动作的
17、全过程。 一感 (feel), 二听(hear, listen to), 三使(let, have, make), 五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at), 半帮助 (help), 动词不定式作 help 宾语补足语时, 既可带 to, 也可不 带 to。 *Nobody sawsaw him comecome in. (主动语态) 没人看见他进来。 以上单词, 当其所在句子改为被动句时, 动词不定式符号“to”必须保留。例如: *The thief was observed to enterwas observed to enter the ban
18、k. (被动语态) 有人看见小偷进了银行。 【即学活用】语法填空 (1)What caused him to changeto change (change) his mind? (2)He didnt allow the students to goto go (go) there. (3)The teacher got some students to stayto stay (stay) in the classroom after school. (4)He was made to workto work (work) day and night. 5. 5. 不定式作定语不定式作定语
19、 (1)不定式作定语表示将来的动作。 *I wanted to come to your birthday party, but I had a project to finishto finish then. (2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。 如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词, 或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、 工具等, 不定式后需要加相应的介词。 *I need a pen to write with.to write with. 我需要一支钢笔写字。 【名师点津】如果被不定式修饰的名词为 place, time, way 等, 不定式后的介词习惯上可 以省去。 (
20、3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或 no, all, any 等限定的中心词, 且与中心词为逻 辑上的主动关系。 *He is always the first to the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school. 他总是第一个到校, 最后一个离校。 (4)被修饰词是抽象名词时, 常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有: ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。 *The ability toThe ab
21、ility to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达观点的能 力与观点本身同等重要。 【名师点津】不定式作定语时, 若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者, 则用主动形式表被动含 义; 若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者, 则用被动形式表被动含义。 *She has a sister to look after.to look after. 她有一个妹妹要照顾。(she 是 look after 的执行者) 【即学活用】语法填空 (1)The best way to setto set (set) yourself up for
22、success is to make sure that your goals are SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely. (2)Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision to be madeto be made (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company. (3)Birds singing is sometimes a warning to other bird
23、s to stayto stay (stay) away. (4)Volunteering gives you a chance to changeto change (change) lives, including your own. 6. 6. 不定式作状语不定式作状语 (1)作目的状语。表示“为了”, 可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性, 不定 式前也可加 in order 或 so as, 但 so as to 不能置于句首。 *To/In order to increaseTo/In order to increase levels of community servic
24、e, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. 为了提高社区服务水平, 一些学校已经发起了义务志愿者服务计划。 (2)作结果状语。不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果, 有时前面加 only, 以加强语气。 常用于下列结构中: only to do 表示意想不到的结果 enough to do 足够做 too. . . to do 太而不能 so/such. . . as to. . . 如此以至于 *Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to findonly to find his
25、 plane high up in the sky. 汤姆 乘出租车去了机场, 结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。 *He is old enough toold enough to gogo to school. 他到上学的年龄了。 (3)作原因状语。表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词作表语时, 后可接不定式作原因状语, 用以 说明产生这种心理活动或情绪的原因, 常用于这类结构的形容词有 sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish 等。 *Maggie was
26、glad towas glad to be be home in her own bed. 玛吉回到家躺在自己的床上, 觉得非常高兴。 *Im delighted to hear delighted to hear that you are keen on Chinese traditional culture. 我很高兴听到你喜欢中国传统文化。 【即学活用】语法填空 (1)To liberateTo liberate (liberate) our country, they devoted their lives. (2)To learnTo learn (learn) more about
27、 Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. (3)Mary rushed home immediately she heard the news, only to findto find (find) that her husband was gone. (4)You will never know how happy I was to seeto see (see) her yesterday. 课时检测课时检测素养达标素养达标 . . 单句语法填空单句语法填空 1.
28、 (2020全国卷) I encourage readers to go to their local library when they cant afford to purchaseto purchase (purchase) a book. 2. (2020全国卷)A housewarming party is a special party to be heldto be held (hold) when someone buys or moves into a new apartment or house. 3. (2020江苏高考) There will still be lots
29、 of challenges if we are to clasto classifysify (classify) garbage in a short time. 4. (2020天津高考)To helpTo help (help) us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes. 5. (2019全国卷) It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and thats plenty of time for your s
30、kin to absorbto absorb (absorb) a days worth of Vitamin D. 6. Its everyones responsibility to maketo make (make) good use of water, such as recycling and saving water in our daily life. 7. If successful, Wen Xu, 32, will be the first person to crossto cross (cross)Antarctica alone from the shore Ber
31、kner Island, according to the event organizer. 8. They have been in the room listening to explanations when things seem to have goneto have gone (go) wrong. 9. Jack was in low spirits those days and his friends did all they could to cheerto cheer (cheer) him up. 10. I was watching the clock all thro
32、ugh the meeting, as I had a train to catchto catch (catch). . . 用不定式完成句子用不定式完成句子 1. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Changehope to use the instruments onboard Change- -4 4 to find and study areas of the South Pole Aitken basin. 中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。 2. I didnt mean
33、to eat anythingdidnt mean to eat anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldnt help trying it. 我当时什么都不想吃, 但是那个冰激凌看上去太诱人了以至于我禁不住品尝了它。 3. The best way to solve the problemto solve the problem is to depend on yourself. 解决这个问题的最好办法是依靠你自己。 4. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members ofte
34、n gather together to share to share a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes. a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes. 过中秋节的时候, 家人们通常会团聚在一起吃饭、赏月和品尝月饼。 5. It is a great pleasure for me to have been workingto have been working with you these days. 我很高兴这段时间和你一起共事。 6. I have a lot of readings t
35、o completehave a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term. 这个学期结束前, 我要做很多阅读练习。 7. Helen borrowed my book the other day, promising to return it soon. promising to return it soon. 海伦在几天前借了我的书, 答应我会马上还给我。 8. Although parents seem to be giving good advice to their sons aseem to be giving
36、good advice to their sons and daughtersnd daughters, their kids have marked them poorly on being good role models when it comes to dealing with lifes difficulties. 尽管父母似乎给他们的儿子和女儿们提供了很好的建议, 但他们的孩子们在处理生活中遇到 的困难时, 却很难成为好的榜样。 9. Police are urging anyone who saw the accident to contact them immeare urgi
37、ng anyone who saw the accident to contact them immediately. diately. 警方敦促任何看到事故的人立即与他们联系。 10. The queen bee appears to be nursed wellappears to be nursed well in the comb built by the diligent worker bees. 蜂王似乎在勤劳的工蜂建造的蜂巢里得到了很好的护理。 使用本单元所学的语法知识补全下面语段 The scientists 1. decided to exploredecided to ex
38、plore(决定探索) the deep ocean in order to find out what exists at the floor of the sea. Their first step 2. to carry out the planto carry out the plan(实 施这项计划) is 3. to send a deepwater machineto send a deepwater machine(派一台深水机器) designed specially for the research. 4. The machine to be controlled remo
39、tely by scientistsThe machine to be controlled remotely by scientists(由科学家们远 程控制的机器) at the surface of the sea is in a shape of an egg. They will watch the machine 5. dive deep into the seadive deep into the sea(潜入大海深处). 6. To conduct such a researchTo conduct such a research(进 行这样的研究) is a long pro
40、ject that scientists have prepared for several months. 课时素养评价课时素养评价 八八 Unit 3Unit 3 Learning About LanguageLearning About Language . 单句语法填空 1. So it can help reduce the tiredness out of the immune system and allow people to to feelfeel (feel)more energetic. 2. It took Janet three hours to finishto f
41、inish (finish) reading this interesting story. 3. She pretended to be listeningto be listening (listen) to the manager, but actually she was thinking about something else. 4. In many homes in the UK, the first person to waketo wake (wake) up has to make tea for the family. 5. Dont try to hide anythi
42、ng from your mother. She appears to have been toldto have been told (tell) everything. 6. To bTo be admittede admitted (admit) to a university in the UK, international students must display a strong ability in spoken and written English. 7. The new phone is very easy to operateto operate (operate).
43、Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. 8. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier to breakto break (break) into small pieces. 9. It can be disheartening to spend a lot of time preparing a meal only to findto find (find) your kids turning their nose up at it. 10. Man
44、y airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online to saveto save (save) their valuable time. . 完成句子 1. To make it easier to get in touch with us/To get in touch with us more easilyTo make it easier to get in touch with us/To get in touch with us more easily, youd better keep this
45、 card at hand. 为了更容易与我们取得联系, 你最好把这张卡片放在手边。 2. I remember I told my mom more than once that I hoped to pursue an acting career to pursue an acting career in the futurein the future. 我记得我不止一次告诉我妈妈我希望将来追求演艺事业。 3. The old man sits in front of the television every evening, happy to watch anything to watc
46、h anything that happened to be onthat happened to be on. 老人每天晚上坐在电视机前, 高兴地看电视上碰巧播放的任何内容。 4. The airport to be completed next yearto be completed next year will help promote tourism in this area. 明年竣工的机场将会帮助推动该地区的旅游业发展。 5. I will be surprised if you can get Calvin, who is a close-fisted man, to buy t
47、o buy these donation draw tickets from youthese donation draw tickets from you. 如果你能让加尔文, 一个吝啬的男人, 从你那里买这些捐款抽奖票, 我会很惊讶。 6. He has a heart trouble and the doctor finds it difficult to treatthe doctor finds it difficult to treat. 他有心脏病, 医生发现很难治疗。 7. To enjoy the convenience of digital paymentTo enjoy
48、the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones. 为了享受数字支付的方便, 很多老年市民开始使用智能手机。 8. The man opened his eyes, only tonly to find himself left alone in the roomo find himself left alone in the room. 那人睁开眼睛, 却发现房间里只剩下他一个人。 9. They lived a hard life and were often made
49、to workwere often made to work for over 10 hours a day. 他们生活很艰苦, 经常被迫在一天内工作十个多小时。 10. I wanted to travel to America instead of France, but he persuaded me not to chanhe persuaded me not to change ge my mindmy mind. 我想要去美国旅行, 代替之前的法国, 但是他劝我不要改变我的主意。 . 阅读理解 Say the phrase “female environmental pioneer
50、s, ” and among the names you will hear Rachel Carson, who wrote about pesticides; chimpanzee expert Jane Goodall; and 17-year-old climate-change activist Greta Thunberg. To mark Womens History Month, Kidspost is sharing the story of an environmental pioneer who is not that famous but equally remarka
