1、高考 英语 第四部分 写作 专题二十 写作基础 第一节基本句型奠基第一节基本句型奠基 考点清单考点清单 英语中最基本的句型有八种,其他各种句型都是由这八种基本句型 演化而成。八种基本句型如下: 1.主语+谓语(不及物动词) My brother is studying.我弟弟正在学习。 2.主语+谓语(不及物动词)+状语 I work in a computer firm. Every day I get up early in the morning. After breakfast, I go to work by bike. 我在一家电脑公司工作。每天早上我都早早起床。早饭后,我骑自行车
2、 去上班。 3.主语+系动词+表语 My English is much better than before. I feel very happy. I am very grateful for your help.我的英语比以前好多了。我感到非常高兴。我非常感谢你 的帮助。 4.主语+谓语+宾语 Tom met a difficult problem. I found a way and helped him.汤姆遇到了一 个难题。我找到一个方法并帮助了他。 5.主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+状语 I took an English exam yesterday. I had prepar
3、ed for it for two weeks. Be- fore I turned in the paper, I checked it carefully. 昨天我参加了一场英语考 试。我为此准备了两周的时间。在上交试卷之前,我仔细地检查了一 下。 6.主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语 Mr. Smith has taught us English for 3 years. Yesterday was his 50th birth- day. Every one of us bought him a present and I even told him an interesti
4、ng story. 史密斯先生教我们英语已经三年了。昨天是他50岁生日。我们每 个人都给他买了一个礼物,我甚至给他讲了一个有趣的故事。 7.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 The old man had a lovely daughter. He named her Lily. He made her very happy every day and wanted her to become an artist.这个老人有一个可爱 的女儿。他叫她莉莉。每天他都让她很高兴并且想让她成为一名艺术 家。 8.There be句型 There are four teaching buildings, a
5、 library and a gym in our school. There are 36 classes in total, and there are 50 students on average in each class. 我 们学校有四栋教学楼、一个图书馆、一个体育馆。有36个教学班,平均 每个班有50名学生。 第二节连接过渡整合第二节连接过渡整合 考点清单考点清单 连接词与过渡词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的基本手段。在 句与句、段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的连接(过渡)性词语是非 常必要的。写作中常用的过渡性词语归纳如下: 一、表起始关系的过渡性词语一、表起始关系的过渡性词
6、语 first of all, to begin/start with, firstly, nowadays, currently, recently, general- ly (speaking), these days, with the development of, as far as I know, accord- ing to, above all, in ones opinion, by the way, when it comes to., as sb. kno w First of all, let me ask you something.首先,让我问你一件事。 As fa
7、r as I know, the tickets are given away free. 据我所知, 这些票是免费发 放的。 二二、表平行、对等或选择关系的过渡性词语、表平行、对等或选择关系的过渡性词语 and, both.and., as well (as), neither.nor., or, either.or., not only.but also., not.but., on the one hand.on the other hand., for one thing.for another (thing). They can neither read nor write. 他们不
8、会读,也不会写。 The outcome depends on conditions as well as how events unfold. 结果取决 于条件,还取决于事件的进展。 三、表递进关系的过渡性词语三、表递进关系的过渡性词语 whats more, moreover, furthermore, additionally, in addition, also, besides, still, whats worse, to make things/matters worse, worse still, even worse Worse still, most of these fo
9、ods are loaded with fat, salt, and chemicals.更糟 糕的是, 这些食品中的大多数富含脂肪、盐和化学成分。 The young find everything so simple. The young, moreover, see it as their duty to be happy and do their best to be so. 年轻人觉得每件事都那么简 单。而且,他们把幸福视为自己的责任,并努力去实现幸福。 四、表转折或让步关系的过渡性词语四、表转折或让步关系的过渡性词语 (al)though, but, while, yet, how
10、ever, nevertheless, otherwise, despite, in- stead, on the contrary, in spite of, regardless of, even if/though It isnt hot; on the contrary, its cold. 天并不热。正相反,它(天气)很冷 。 There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try. 我们几乎没有可能改变法律。不过,重要的是 我
11、们努力争取。 五、表解释说明或列举的过渡性词语五、表解释说明或列举的过渡性词语 for example, for instance, such as, that is, as follows, namely, in other words, and so on, believe it or not, to tell the truth, to be honest, in this/that case, in particular, particularly, specially The reasons are as follows. 理由如下。 They are concerned to do
12、 the right thingto dress properly, for instance. 他们认为做正确的事很重要比如说,穿着得体。 六、表因果关系的过渡性词语六、表因果关系的过渡性词语 because, as, since, for this reason, on account of, thanks to, for the sake of, due to, owing to, as a result, thus, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as a consequence (of) She gave up smoking f
13、or the sake of her health.为了身体健康,她戒了烟。 She retired early on account of/because of/owing to/as a result of ill health. 她由于身体不好而提早退休。 七、表观点的过渡性词语七、表观点的过渡性词语 in ones opinion/view, from ones point of view, as far as sb. be concern ed, as for., personally As for us, we are fortunate. 对我们来说, 我们是幸运的。 Perso
14、nally, I prefer the second option. 就我个人而言,我倾向第二种选择。 八、表总结的过渡性词语八、表总结的过渡性词语 in short/brief/conclusion, in a word, to sum up, all in all, on the whole, in general To sum up, there are three main ways of tackling the problem.概括起来说, 这一问题主要有三种解决办法。 On the whole, Im in favour of the idea. 大体说来,我赞成这个想法。 九、
15、表时间的过渡性词语九、表时间的过渡性词语 开始at first, at the beginning of, in the beginning 然后after a while, afterwards, and then, later, after that, next, shortly after, the next moment 最终at last, at length, finally, eventually, in the end 同时 at the same time, in the meantime, meanwhile 过去 at that time, before, by that
16、 time, earlier, formerly, in the past 现在 at present, presently, right now, nowadays, up to now Afterwards, we picnicked on the riverbank. 之后,我们在河岸上野餐。 Eventually our flight left five hours late.我们的班机最终晚了五个小时起 飞。 My first novel was rejected by six publishers. In the meantime I had written a play.我的第一
17、部小说遭到六家出版商的拒绝。其间我又完成了一部戏 剧。 十、表空间的过渡性词语十、表空间的过渡性词语 before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, nearby, under, above, over, on the right/left, in (the) front of, in the middle of, at the back of, at the bottom of, opposite to, next to, on one side, on the other side, at the foot/end of The corre
18、ct answers can be found at the bottom of page 8. 正确答案在第8页末尾。 He entered by the door opposite to that opening into the garden.他是从对着 通向花园的那个口的门进来的。 第三节高级词汇增光第三节高级词汇增光 考点清单考点清单 写作中所谓的“高级词汇”指的是课程标准中有但课本中出现的 频率不高而实际中经常用到,或课程标准中没有列入或没有识记要 求,但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇(包括短语)。要让语言表达多 样化,就要做到“人无我有,人有我优”。如果考生能恰当地运用此类词
19、汇,在写作中定会给评卷老师留下深刻的印象,提高书面表达的得分。下 面把写作中常用的高级词汇做一下简单总结,希望对同学们的写作有所 裨益。 常见词汇意义高级词汇 attend参加be involved in;participate in bear忍受put up with cause导致lead to;result in;contribute to; give rise to consider考虑take.into consideration/account fail失败meet with failure help帮助do sb. a/the favor;lend sb. a helping h
20、and happen发生occur/come about 1.动词类 have拥有possess improve提高promote master掌握have a command of realise意识到be aware remember记得bear/keep in mind save节省set aside send送deliver should应该be supposed to thank感谢appreciate 续表 tend to do sth.倾向做某事have a tendency to do sth. use使用;利用make use of/take advantage of und
21、erstand理解make sense of/figure out be made up of由组成be composed of/consist of be being built在建造中be under construction cant do sth.不能做某事have trouble/difficulty doing sth. decide to do sth.决定做某事determine to do sth./ be determined to do sth. have to do sth.不得不做某事cannot help but do sth./have no alternativ
22、e but to do sth. 续表 lie in位于be located/situated in see看见catch sight of think of sth.想到某事sth. occurs to sb. try ones best to do sth.尽力做某事spare no effort to do sth./do everything in ones power to do sth . explain解释;说明account for result from由于;由造成be attributed to 续表 2.名词类 常见词汇意义高级词汇 chance机会opportunity
23、 choice选择alternative people人们individuals result结果consequence shortcoming缺点drawback more and more people越来越多的人an increasing number of people all kinds of各种各样的a wide range of 常见词汇意义高级词汇 difficult困难的challenging enough足够的adequate good好的outstanding/ distinguished/brilliant free空闲的available important重要的es
24、sential/vital/significant lucky幸运的fortunate popular受欢迎的enjoy great popularity proper恰当的appropriate 3.形容词类 rich丰富的abundant tired疲惫的exhausted/worn out be angry with对生气be annoyed with be busy with忙于be occupied with/bury oneself in be bored with 对厌烦be fed up with be very happy很高兴be wild with joy be+adj.
25、(important/useful/ beneficial/helpful/valuable) 重要的/有用的/有益的/有帮助 的/有价值的 be of+n.(importance/ use/benefit/help/value) be satisfied with对感到满意express ones satisfaction with be interested in对感兴趣have interest in/be fascinated by/ be crazy about/sth. appeal(s)to sb. 续表 4.副词类 常见词汇意义高级词汇 finally最后eventually
26、hardly几乎不barely hurriedly匆忙地in a hurry immediately立刻without hesitation/delay nowadays现在currently so因此consequently/therefore suddenly突然all of a sudden very非常extremely 5.介词(短语)类 常见词汇意义高级词汇 considering考虑到in view of during在期间in the course of in fact事实上as a matter of fact in a word总之to summarize/in concl
27、usion/ to sum up 第四节句型转化添彩第四节句型转化添彩 考点清单考点清单 在写作中,要想有效避免句子的单调和呆板,写出丰富、简短、生动 的句子,善于句型转化非常重要。常用的句型转化形式有: 一、用介词或介词短语对祈使句、并列句、状语从句进行转化,可使句 子变得简洁。常用的介词(介词短语)有but for、thanks to、in spite of、 despite、in the face of、on/upon ones arrival、because of、as well as、 such as、by doing等。 典例典例1 Because he helped me, I
28、accomplished the task on time. Thanks to his help, I accomplished the task on time. 二、使用现在分词对祈使句、并列句、名词性从句、定语从句或状语 从句进行转化 典例典例2 1.Go straight and you will see a flower shop. Going straight, you will see a flower shop. 2.As I was lying on the grass, I thought of my brother who was studying abroad. Ly
29、ing on the grass, I thought of my brother studying abroad. 三、使用过去分词可对并列句、定语从句或状语从句进行转化 典例3 He was told many times, but he didnt memorize the rule. Told many times, he didnt memorize the rule. 四、使用不定式可对介词短语、并列句、状语从句、定语从句、名词 性从句进行转化 典例4 The policemen entered the forest in search of the missing boy. Th
30、e policemen entered the forest to search for the missing boy. 五、with的复合结构可对并列句、状语从句进行转化,而独立主格结构 也可对并列句或状语从句进行转化 典例5 1.I have a lot of work to do and cant go to Beijing with you tomorrow. With a lot of work to do, I cant go to Beijing with you tomorrow. 2.If weather permits, we will hold the meeting
31、outside. Weather permitting, we will hold the meeting outside. 六、为了增强表意效果,有时可以用倒装句、省略句等特殊句式对常见 句式进行转化 典例6 1.I didnt know the result until he told me. Not until he told me did I know the result. Only when he told me did I know the result. 2.If I am invited, I will attend the party. If invited, I will
32、 attend the party. 七、有时,根据写作的需要,名词性从句和定语从句、并列句和定语从 句、名词性从句之间也可以相互转化 典典例例7 1.He has two sons and both of them are doctors. He has two sons, both of whom are doctors. 2.We all know that he is a warm-hearted man. As we all know, he is a warm-hearted man. What is known to us all is that he is a warm-hea
33、rted man. 3.That different people have different hobbies is natural. Its natural that different people have different hobbies. 第五节第五节“It” “It” 句型妙用句型妙用 考点清单考点清单 在英语中,为了避免头重脚轻,保持句子平衡,经常运用it作形式主语 或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语后置。此外,it有时也用在某些固定 句型中。灵活运用it句式可以使句子结构更紧凑,收到平中见奇的效果。 一、it作形式主语的常用句型 1.It takes (sb.) some t
34、ime/energy/effort/.to do sth. 花费(某人)时间/精力/努 力/做某事 It took me five days to finish the tough task. 我花了五天才完成这项艰巨的 任务。 2.It+be+形容词(kind/honest/generous/modest/important/necessary/helpful/ beneficial/valuable/useful/vital/crucial/critical/significant/essential/funda- mental)+(of/for sb.)to do sth. It is
35、significant for me to seize the opportunity to study abroad. 抓住出国留 学的机会对我来说是很重要的。 3.It be+名词(a pity/a fact/an honor/common sense)+从句 It is a pity that you didnt attend the party yesterday. 很遗憾你昨天没有参 加聚会。 4.It be+形容词(certain/uncertain/natural/strange/important/vital/necessary/ urgent)+从句 It is import
36、ant that you should engage in various extra-curricular activities. 重要的是你应该参加各种课外活动。 5.It be+过去分词(said/thought/believed/reported/suggested/known/proved)+ 从句 Its suggested that we should take effective measures to fight against pollu- tion. 有人建议我们应该采取有效措施来对抗污染。 6.It seems/appears/happens that. 似乎/碰巧 I
37、t happened that I came across my old friend Tom in the street. 碰巧我在街 上遇到了我的老朋友汤姆。 7.It hits/strikes/occurs to sb. that.某人突然想到 It hit/struck/occurred to me that I had left the key at home. 我突然想到我把 钥匙忘在家里了。 8.It matters+that/wh-/if/whether. 很重要 It matters whether you will attend the party tomorrow. 你明
38、天是否参加聚 会很重要。 9.It be+ones turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了 Its your turn to attend to the old man. 轮到你照顾那个老人了。 10. 某人该做某事了 It is high time that you paid/should pay attention to your handwriting. 现在 是你应该注意你的书写的时候了。 11.It be no good/use doing sth. 做某事没有好处/用处 It is no use waiting passively without taking actio
39、n. 被动等待而不采取行动 是没用的。 It be time for sb. to do sth. It be (about / high) timethat sb. did /should do sth. 12.It be no surprise/wonder that. 不足为怪;难怪 It is no wonder that he often wins first place in exams. 难怪他经常在考试中 赢得第一名。 13.It be worthwhile doing/to do sth. 做某事是值得的 It is worthwhile making efforts to
40、do the job. 努力做这项工作是值得的。 二、二、it作形式宾语的常用句型作形式宾语的常用句型 1.动词+it+形容词/名词+to do/doing/that从句,常见的动词有:find, feel, think, consider, make, believe, guess, suppose, assume。 I make it a routine to do exercise in the morning. 我把早上做运动作为一种 惯例。 2.Sb. likes/loves/hates/dislikes it when. 某人喜欢/不喜欢 I hate it when people
41、 speak with their mouth full of food. 我讨厌人们满嘴 食物说话。 3.rely/depend on it that. 相信 Yon can depend on it that he will spare no efforts to help you out. 你可以指 望他会不遗余力地帮助你。 4.take it for granted that. 认为是理所当然的 Dont take it for granted that you should ask your parents for money. 不要 想当然地认为你应该向你父母要钱。 三、三、it用
42、于其他常用句型用于其他常用句型 1.When it comes to. 当谈到 When it comes to protecting the environment, everyones contributions count a great deal. 说到保护环境,每个人的贡献都很重要。 2.It+be+the+序数词+time that.has/have/had done sth. 这是某人第几次做 某事 It is the first time that he has visited Mount Tai. 这是他第一次游览泰山。 3.It is/has been+一段时间+since. 自从多长时间了 It has been two years since he came to China. 他来中国已经两年了。 4.It+be+一段时间+before. 多久以后就/才 It will be a long time before we can see each other. 还有很长时间我们才能 见面。
