1、1 根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词 1harm n& vt.伤害，损害harmful adj.有害的harmless adj.无害的 2long adj.长的，长时间的length n长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电 影)片长 3survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难survival n残存物；幸存事物 survivor n幸存者；生还者 4disappear vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪disappearance n消失； 失踪 5agriculture n农业，农学agricultural adj.农业的 1variety n不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
2、I was impressed by the variety of dishes on offer.不同种类 We want more variety in our work.变化，多样性 Apples come in a great many varieties.变种，变体 2living adj.活着的，活的；在使用的 n生计，谋生；生活方式 Father never talked about what he did for a living.生计 Chinese is one of the most beautiful languages that is living in the wo
3、rld.在使 用的 He is the finest living pianist that I have ever seen.活着的 Words and Phrases 知识要点 1 harm n& vt.伤害，损害 (教材 P1)The human race has done much harm. 人类已经造成了许多危害。 例 1What should be done to punish people who do harm to the animals? 应该做些什么来惩罚那些伤害动物的人呢？ 例 2Too much direct sunlight will harm the plant
4、s. 2 过多的阳光直射会损害植物。 造句他们对热带雨林造成了严重危害。 They did serious harm to tropical rainforest. 知识拓展 (1)do sb./sth.harmdo harm to sb./sth. 对有害 There is no harm (in)doing sth.做某事并无害处 (2)harmful adj.有害的 be harmful to.对有害 (3)harmless adj.无害的 即学即练单句语法填空 Walking in the air full of smog is harmful(harm)to us. Drinking
5、 too much does harm to your health. There is no harm saying(say)sorry to him first. We all know that smoking does(do)harm to our health. 知识要点 2 variety n不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体 ( 教 材 P3)The forests different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife. 雨林的不同层次使种类多到难以置信的野生动植物得以生存。 例 1We all need var
6、iety in our diet. 我们都需要饮食多样化。 例 2Im always pleased to try out a new variety. 我一直乐于尝试新品种。 造句我们有各种款式和尺码的货品。 We stock a wide variety of styles and sizes. 归纳拓展 (1)a variety ofvarieties of various 各种各样的；不同种类的 (2)vary v.变化多；变化；使多样化 vary from.to.从到不等； 3 在到之间变动 vary with.随而变动 即学即练单句语法填空 For various(variety)
7、reasons，we couldnt attend her wedding. Students are offered varieties(variety)of courses in this department. That sort of thing varies from person to person inAfrican countries. The menu in the restaurant varies with the season. 小片段助记 I am glad that our students have varieties of questions to ask in
8、 class，and I would love to answer them in various ways.In addition，the questions vary from person to person. 知识要点 3 survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难 (教材 P3)While a significant number of jaguars survive here，they are only one element of this forests food chain. 尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存，但它们只是这个雨林食物链的一个要素。 例 1Is it e
9、nough to have survived for a long time? 能保存很长一段时间就足够了吗？ 例 2I cant survive on 20 a week. 我每周靠 20 英镑难以生存。 造句很多鸟死于这次严冬。 Many birds didnt survive the severe winter. 归纳拓展 (1)survive sth.幸免于；从中挺过来/活过来 survive on依靠生活 survive sb.by.比某人多活 (2)survival n.生存；幸存 (3)survivor n.生还者，幸存者 名师点津survive 作“幸存；幸免于难”解时为及物动
10、词，其后直接接宾 语，不用介词 in 或 from。 即学即练单句语法填空 4 The old woman survived her own daughter by ten years. If you develop AIDS，your chances of survival(survive)are very small. He is lucky to have survived(survive)the terrible accident. 知识要点 4 break down 使分解(为)，使变化(成) (教材 P3)When a jaguar dies，a tiny army of micr
11、oorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth. 当美洲豹死亡时， 一小群微生物帮助分解它的尸体， 并将营养物质还给大地。 例 1Peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached. 两国之间的和平谈判破裂，没有达成协议。 例 2The computer system broke down suddenly while he was searching for information.
12、 在他搜寻资料时，电脑系统突然坏了。 造句塑料袋很难分解。 Plastic bags are difficult to break down. 归纳拓展 break up破裂，绝交；解散；破碎 break in闯进；打断 break into闯入；侵占 break out(战争、火灾、疫病等)暴发 break through突破；冲破；有重要发现 break away from逃脱；脱离 即学即练单句语法填空 Its very impolite of you to break in while were talking. His house was broken(break)into last
13、 night. When the war broke out ，he was only four. My girlfriend has broken up with me. 小片段助记 Unfortunately，the peace talks broke down in the end.As a result，a war broke out between the two countries.The native people had to break away from their 5 homes and suffered a lot from the war. 知识要点 5 due to
14、 由于，因为 ( 教 材 P3)Over the past 50 years ， about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming. 在过去的 50 年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，大约 17%的雨林消失了。 例 1In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates. 在印度北部，由于出生率高，人口正在迅速增长。 例 2Due
15、 to the widespread use of penicillin，many lives were saved during the war. 正因为青霉素的广泛应用，战争期间很多生命得以挽救。 造句比赛因下雨而延期。 The game was put off due to the rain. 归纳拓展 (1)due adj.应付的；应得的；适当的；预期的；到期的 be due to do sth.预期/预定要做某事 be due to sb.应支付/应给予/应归于某人 be due for sth.应得到某物 (2)表示“由于”的词组还有： owing to由于 because of因
16、为；由于 as a result of由于 thanks to多亏；由于 on account of由于，因为 即学即练单句语法填空 The team are due to fly(fly)to Italy next month. The meeting isnt due to start(start)until three. Have they been paid the money that is due to them? The sports meeting had to be put off due to the bad weather. 知识要点 6 damage vt.& n损害，
17、伤害，损坏，破坏 (教材 P3).can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？ 6 我们能承担得起损伤“地球之肺”的后果吗？ 例 1The damage is usually more serious on the first plant. 对第一株植物造成的损害通常更严重一些。 例 2As we all know，eating too much fat will damage our health. 众所周知，摄入太多脂肪会损害我们的健康。 造句暴雨对庄稼造成了很大的损害。 The heavy rain has done/caused
18、great damage to the crops. 归纳拓展 do/cause damage to.对造成损害 damage ones health损害某人的健康 即学即练单句语法填空 The earthquake caused great damage to the city. It will take several months to repair the ship damaged(damage)in the storm. As we know，smoking seriously damages(damage)our health. They have repaired the bui
19、ldings damaged(damage)in the fire. 知识要点 7 build up 逐渐增加，扩大 (教材P5)For another thing， due to the Amazons hot climate， it is difficult for the soil to build up enough nutrients. 另一方面，由于亚马孙的炎热气候，土壤很难积累足够的养分。 例 1The secret to oil painting is to build up layer on layer on a canvas. 画油画的秘诀就是在画布上涂上一层又一层(的颜料
20、)。 例 2Traffic is building up on roads into the city. 来往的车辆在通往市区的道路上越聚越多。 造句当时各方面的压力逐渐增加，那家工厂每况愈下。 All the pressure built up at that time and the factory went from bad to worse. 归纳拓展 build sth.up创建；开发 build up ones strength恢复体力 build sb.up增强体质 build up ones vocabulary增加词汇量 7 build on把建立于；依赖 即学即练单句语法填
21、空 You can build on his honesty. It may take a few weeks for you to build up your strength again. She has built up a very successful business. Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere，causing the global temperature to go up. Sentence Patterns 重点句式 1 倍数the size of. (教材 P2)With an area o
22、f around 6 million square kilometres，the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China 亚马孙雨林面积约 600 万平方公里，相当于中国面积的一半以上。 句式分析 本句中用了“倍数the名词(size/length/width/height/weight.)of被比 较的对象”这一结构。 例 1Beijing is ten times the size of my hometown. 北京是我家乡的十倍大。 例 2This river is three times the length of
23、that one.这条河是那条河的三倍 长。 造句那架飞机的飞行高度是那只风筝的十倍。 The plane flew ten times the height of the kite. 知识拓展 常见的倍数表示法： (1)倍数asadj./adv.(原级)as. (2)倍数比较级than. (3)倍数what 从句 翻译 This table is three times longer(三倍长)than that one. The price of the house this year is twice what it was last year(是去年的两倍). 即学即练单句语法填空 8
24、This bridge is five times the width(wide)of that one. The red ruler is four times longer(long)than the yellow one. The city is ten times as big(big)as my hometown. Anew iPhone costs about three times the price of a secondhand one. 重点句式 2 “表语系动词主语”倒装句式 (教材 P3)Above that is the mass of leaf litter on
25、the dark forest floor. 在那之上是在黑暗的雨林地面上的大量落叶。 句式分析 本句为完全倒装句。作表语的介词短语 above that 位于句子开头，整句进行 了全部倒装。正常语序为 The mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor is above that。 例 1In the middle of the hall was standing a tall young man. 在大厅中央站着一个高个子的年轻人。 例 2Among the guests is the person you are looking for. 你
26、找的那个人就在客人当中。 造句窗户旁边是一位悲伤的母亲。 Near the window is a sad mother. 知识拓展 需要完全倒装的情况： (1)当作表语的“介词短语/形容词/分词”置于句首时，句子要用全部倒装， 构成“表语(介词短语/形容词/分词)连系动词主语”结构。 (2)表示地点、时间、方向等的介词短语放在句首时。 常见的介词有： among， between，in，at，beneath 等。 (3)表示方向、地点和时间的副词 in，out，down，up，off，back，away，over， there，now，then，here 等放于句首，若主语是名词而不是代词时
27、，要全部倒装。 翻译 Here comes the bus(汽车来了). In front of our school stands(我们学校前面矗立着)a tower. 即学即练单句语法填空 Sitting in the hall were(be)the two astronauts who were very young. 9 Here comes(come)a good chance that you can use your summer vacation to go on study tours. On the wall are(be)hanging two old painting
28、s. Present at the evening party on Thursday was(be)our English teacher. 1 (教材 P2)TheAmazon River， from which the rainforest gets its name， is close to 6， 400 kilometres in lengthroughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. 分析此句为主从复合句，其中 from which the rainforest gets its name 为 “介词 which ”引
29、导的定语从句，修饰先行词 TheAmazon River。 译文亚马孙河接近 6 400 公里长，比长江大约还长 100 公里，亚马孙雨 林便是由其得名。 2(教材 P3)Each level of the forest forms its own little world，home to different kinds of living things. 分析此句为简单句。home to different kinds of living things 是名词 world 的同位语。 译文雨林的每一层都形成了自己的小世界，是各种生物的家园。 3(教材 P3)As the impact of
30、human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer，we are left with a question：can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？ 分析此句为主从复合句。其中 As 引导时间状语从句，表示“当时 候，随着”。can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”是名词 question 的同位语。 译文人类活动的影响不断增大，濒危物
31、种名单越来越长，这留给我们一 个问题：我们能承担得起损伤“地球之肺”的后果吗？ 教材高考 1.The human race has done much harm. (2020 全 国 卷 )These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals 10 in groundwater. 2.The forests different levels support a
32、n unbelievable variety of wildlife. (2020 全 国 卷 )There are different kinds of fruit trees as well as a variety of animals. 3.When a jaguar dies ， a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth. (2020天津卷)Jones idea has been fully realizedthe“HAPPYTO CHAT
33、”benches help break down the invisible social barrier that keeps people from saying hello. 4.As the impactof humanactivities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer， we are left with a question： can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？ (2020 全 国 卷 )
34、Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously. .单句语法填空 1The polluted air around is harmful(harm)to our health. 2He was ordered to pay damages (damage)totaling $ 3，000. 3She survived her husband by ten years. 4She is the only survivor(survive)in the accident. 5Apolice officer came to our help when our car br
35、oke down on the way. 6The bands first album is due to come(come)out this month. 7Build yourself up to peak performance on the day of the exam. 8The production is now three times what it was five years ago. 9In front of our house lies(lie)a river where we used to swim. 10The island offers such a wide
36、 variety(vary)of scenery and wildlife. .短语填空 in turn；break down；breathe life into；due to；build up；feed on；in danger of； play a role in；more than；be known as 1Increased production will，in turn，lead to increased profits. 2The graduates breathed life into our business. 11 3As is known to all，the panda
37、is in danger of becoming extinct. 4I like her more than her sister. 5 The country needs new leadership if she is to play a role in future development. 6Birds feed on nuts and berries in the winter. 7Many people were expecting that the peace talks would break down 8This design came to be known as the
38、 oriental style. 9The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding. 10She has always been encouraged to swim to build up the strength of her muscles. .课文语法填空 Welcome to the Amazon rainforest，the 1.largest(large)rainforest in the world.It plays a significant role in 2.maintaining(m
39、aintain)the fine balance of the Earths ecosystem.The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries 3.with an area of around 6 million square kilometres，more than half 4.the size of China.It is named after theAmazon River，5.which is close to 6，400 kilometres in length. Of the 390，000 plant species6.
40、known(know)to us，more than 40，000 can be found in the Amazon rainforest.The forests different levels support an unbelievable 7.variety(vary)of wildlife.And more than 1，300 species of 8.birds(bird)and over 400 species of mammals hide among the forest. The Amazon rainforest 9.is known(know)as the “lungs of the planet” by fixing carbon and producing over 20% of all the Earths oxygen.Moreover，the Amazon rainforest 10.is(be)a treasure house of species that can be used for food or medicine.
