1、第四单元 语法-定语从句（1）关系代词选择技巧 语法知识精讲 Grammar定语从句()关系代词的用法 定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词,起“定语”的作用,修饰说明名词、代词或主句的全部内容;通常在被 修饰的词语(即“先行词”)之后,由“关系词”引导。要学好定语从句,就必须理解透“关系词”具有的三种功 能:连接从句,引导一个定语从句;指代“先行词”;在定语从句中充当句子成分。“关系词”依据其在定语从 句中的功能,又分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”两种。本单元主要学习关系代词的用法。要正确使用关系 代词就必须掌握其指代功能和语法功能。 (1)常见的关系代词的用法 关系代词 及 其语法功 能 指代 功
2、能 例句 that 在从句 中做主语、 宾语或表 语 指 物 A plane is a machine that can fly.(做主语) The noodles(that)I cooked were delicious.(做宾语) The modern plane is not the machine (that) it was when first invented.(做表语) 指 人 Lets ask the man that is reading the book over there.(做主语) The girl(that)we saw yesterday is Jims sist
3、er.(做宾语) He is no longer a little boy (that) he used to be.(做表语) 续表 关系代词 及 其语法功 能 指代 功能 例句 which 在从 句中做主 语或宾语 指 物 They planted the trees which didnt need much water.(做主语) The fish (which)we bought were not fresh.(做宾语) who 在从句 中做主语 指 人 The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada. Th
4、e boy who broke the window is called Wang Hua. whom 在从 句中做宾 语 指 人 The professor(whom)you mentioned hasnt come yet. The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li. Mrs Brown is the professor to whom you should write. whose 在从 句中做定 语 指 人 Henry is the boy whose mother is our English teacher. 指 物 The novel
5、 whose cover was broken belongs to me. (2)只用 that 不用 which 引导定语从句的情况 用法例句 先行词为 all,much,little,everything,so mething,anything,nothing,n one,no one 等代词时 I have said all(that)I want to say. Is there anything(that)I can do for you? 续表 用法例句 先行词被形容词最高级、 序数词修饰,或本身就是 This is the best film that has been sho
6、wn in the city. Well never forget the first lesson (that)our English teacher gave us. 最高级、序数词时 先行词被 the only,the very,the last,just,all,every,no,little,f ew,any 等修饰时 This is the very book(that) I want to buy. There is little work(that) you can do. The only thing (that) I can do is to have a rest. 先行
7、词既有人又有物时They talked about the man and the things that they saw. 主句是以which或who开 头的特殊疑问句时 Which is the hotel that he stayed at last night? Who is the man that is reading over there? 先行词做主句的表语时China isnt the country(that)it used to be. 先行词是 there be 句式中 的主语时 There is a table in the corner that is folde
8、d away. (3)只用 which 不用 that 引导定语从句的情况 用法例句 当关系代词前有介 词时 This is the house in which he once lived. 引导非限制性定语 从句时 Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world. 一个句子中有两个 限制性定语从句时, 为避免重复,一个用 that,另一个用 which He bought an American magazine that could give him so much English knowle
9、dge and which could help him to kill time. 当先行词本身是 that 时 The clock is that which tells the time. (4)只用 who 不用 that 引导定语从句的情况 用法例句 先行词是指人的 不定代词时 Among his seven children,Nancy is the one who the old man loves the most. 在 there be 句式 中,先行词指人时 There is someone who is singing downstairs. (5)关系代词 as 的用法
10、 关 系 代 词 as 的 用 法 可位于句首/句 中/句末),位置灵 活 常做主动语态 的宾语 常做被动语态 的主语 常用于 be known(expected,a nnounced,reported ,shown)等结构中 只能指代主句 整个概念,不能指 代单个先行词 可以引导(非) 限制性定语从句 引导限制性定 Taiwan, as/which you know, is an inseparable part of China. As you know, Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. Taiwan is an inseparable pa
11、rt of China, as/which you know. The two brothers were satisfied with this decision,as we agreed beforehand. The professor,as we had expected,gave us a wonderful speech. As is known to all,China has made great achievements in the last 20 years. He is from the south,as I learn from his accent. Ive nev
12、er heard of such things as he told. He made the same mistakes as you did. 语从句时常和 the same,such 等连用 the sameas指 不同的人或物,the samethat 指相 同的人或物 as 不用于引导 否定的定语从句 【拓展】关系代词在从句中做主语时,应根据先行词的单复数决定从句谓语动词的单复数。 He is the only one of the students who knows French.(the only one 为先行词) He is one of the students who
13、know French.(students 为先行词) 关系代词的省略:在限制性定语从句中,关系代词做动词宾语或介词宾语(这时介词不能在关系代词 前)时常可省略。 The boy(that/who/whom)we saw last night was Li Ming. 定语从句中的常见错误: a.缺先行词。 Is this school that you visited last year?(应在 school 后加上 the one) b.缺引导词。 Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.(应在 Children 后加上 who,关
14、系代词做主语时不能省略) c.成分重复。 This is the house where I lived there years ago.(where 和 there 成分重复,应删除 there) 语法知识专练语法知识专练 单句语法填空 1.They were well trained by their mastershad great experience with caring for these animals. 2.A school in Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform.On the edge(边缘) of the
15、jacket,there is a piece of clothgives off light in the dark. 3.She and her family bicycle to work,helps them keep fit. 4.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all c
16、auses. 5.Many westernerscome to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 6.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme,one ofpurposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. 7.My eldest son,work takes him all over the world,is in New York at t
17、he moment. 8.The little problemswe meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. 9.In their spare time,they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden,is on the rooftop of their house. 10.Around me in the picture are the thingswere very important in my life at that tim
18、e:car,magazines and musical instruments. 11.Like anything,it is possible to have too much of both,is not good for the health. 12.But Sarah,has taken part in shows along with top models,wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined to carry on with her education. 13.Please se
19、nd us all the informationyou have about the candidate for the position. 14.Oct.1st,is our National Day,is always celebrated with singing and dancing. 15.I got an email from Susan,said she was going abroad for sightseeing. Fantastic!Thats what she has been dreaming of. 参考答案 1.who考查定语从句的关系词。此处先行词是 the
20、ir masters 且关系词在从句中做主语,故用 who。 2.that/which分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为 a piece of cloth,指物,且定语从句中缺少 主语,故填关系代词 that/which。 3.which句意:她和她的家人骑自行车上班,这有助于他们保持健康。根据句子结构可知,此处用 which 引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面的句子,且 which 在从句中做主语。 4.that/which分析句子结构可知,此处引导定语从句,先行词为 a study,指物,且定语从句中缺少主语,故 填关系代词 that/which。 5.that/who根据语境并分析
21、句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词是 Many westerners,指人,且定语 从句中缺少主语,故填关系代词 that/who。 6.whose本题用 whose 引导非限制性定语从句,并在从句中做定语,修饰后面的名词 purposes。注 意:whose 用作关系代词时,可用于指人,也可用于指物。 7.whose先行词是 My eldest son,定语从句中缺少定语,故用 whose 引导从句。 8.that句意:我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。 “we meet in our daily lives”是定语从句,从句缺少宾语,先行词是 problems,且先行
22、词前有 little 修饰,故关系词用 that。 9.which先行词是 garden,定语从句中缺少主语,故用 which 引导非限制性定语从句。 10.which/that本题用 which 或 that 引导定语从句,that 或 which 在从句中做主语。 11.which“which is not good for the health”为非限制性定语从句,故填 which。 12.who根据本句的结构我们可以看出,此处应是一个非限制性定语从句。先行词是 Sarah,故填 who。 13.that句意:请把你掌握的有关申请那个职位的人的所有信息发给我们。分析题意和句子结构可 知,“you have about the candidate for the position”做定语修饰前面的 information。句中 have 是一个及物 动词,由此可以看出定语从句中缺少宾语,故用关系代词。又因为 information 被 all 修饰,所以不能用 which 做关系代词。故填 that。 14.which考查定语从句。先行词为 Oct.1st,从句中缺少主语,所以需要用关系代词,又由于前面有逗号, 是非限制性定语从句,所以用关系代词 which。 15.which考查定语从句。which 引导非限制性定语从句,修饰 an email,且在从句中做主语。
