1、WelcomeWelcome unitunit 语法突破语法突破 基本句型基本句型 【温故探新】【温故探新】 写出下列句子中画线部分的成分 1. People speak in a more polite way in formal situations. () 2. Aboy meets a girl during a break. () () 3. The class was difficult.() 4. He even told us a funny story.() 5. I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and
2、helpful. () 6. I just had my first maths class in senior high school!() 7. Theres a lot to explore in senior high. () 【语法讲解】【语法讲解】 I I. 句子成分句子成分 构成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、 表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语等。 1. 主语( The subject) 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体、动作的发出者,一般位于句首。 主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容 词和主语从句等构成。 To say it is one thin
3、g;to do it is another. 说是一回事;做是另一回事。(不定式作主语) What we cant get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的似乎比我们拥有的更好。(从句作主语) 2. 谓语 (The Predicate) 谓语一般放在主语之后,用来说明主语的动作、特征、行为或 存在的状语。谓语通常由实义动词或短语动词来充当;系动词 和表语一起构成谓语;助动词和情态动词必须和后面的动词原 形一起构成复合谓语。谓语具有各种时态、语态和语气的变化, 前面还可以加上助动词或情态动词等 You may go home now. 你现在可以回家。
4、 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 He studies hard to pass the exam. 他努力学习来通过靠考试。 3. 宾语(The Object) 宾语是动作的施加对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词后,表明 行为动作的支配对象。宾语由有名词、代词、数词、动词不定 式、动词ing 形式或从句等充当。宾语按词性分为:动词宾语 和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构。 They went to see an exhibition yesterday. 他们昨天去看展览了。 I think (that) he is fit for his office. 我认为他适
5、合做办公室工作。 拓展:有些动词后边需要跟双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)指 人的是间接宾语;指物的是直接宾语。如果直接宾语是代词, 就必须用介词 to 或 for 引导间接宾语。 They will give us all the books.They will give all the books to us. 他们将把所有的书给我们。 (本句中间接宾语 us 表示动作 是对谁做的) Hand the book to me. 把那本书递给我。 4. 宾语补足语(The Object Complement) 英语中有些及物动词(find, see, hear, believe, elect, b
6、ring, get, have, let, consider, ask 等)除了必须有宾语外,还必须加上宾语 补足语,说明宾语怎么样、做什么等的成分,句子的意思才完 整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语 和从句等充当。 Do you consider him trust-worthy? 你认为他可靠吗? The manager asked the college student to come in. 经理让那个大学生进去。 This radio doesnt work. Ill get it repaired this afternoon. 这个收音机坏了,我今天下午拿它去
7、修理。 We elected him the monitor of our class. 我们选他作为我们班的班长。 5. 表语(The Predicative) 表语用来表述主语的特征、状态、身份等,一般跟在连系动词 之后,一起构成系表结构。可以用作表语的有名词、代词、数 词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句及表语从句 构成。 His job is to teach English. 他的工作就是教英语。 The truth is that he has never been abroad. 事实就是他从来都没出过国。 拓展:英语中的连系动词有:be 动词、感官动词(look,. s
8、mell, taste, feel, sound 等)、 表变化类动词(get, become, turn, go, grow, come 等)、表保持类动词(keep, stay, remain 等)。 6. 定语(The Attribute) 用来修饰名词或代词的词,短语或从句,说明其品质或特征, 称之为定语或定语从句。定语有形容词的特征。可用作定语的 有形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语 以及从句等。单词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前, 单个的现在分词或过去分词作定语时,放在被修饰词的前面, 而现在分词短语或过去分词短语作定语时,放在被修饰词的后 面。从句作定语时
9、一般位于被修饰词的后面。 Rowling is a writer full of great imagination. 罗琳是一个富有想象力的作家。 The future to greet us will be bright. 我们的未来会是十分美好的。 Anyone who breaks the rule shall be punished. 任何违规的人都将受到处罚。 注意:1)修饰 something, anything, nothing, everything 等不定 代词时,就必须放在这些不定代词的后面。 She has something important to tell you
10、. 她有一些重要的事情要告诉你。 2)enough 修饰名词时,放在名词前面,如 enough food, 修 饰形容词或副词时,放在他们后面。 The room is big enough to hold eight people. 这个房间足够大,能容纳 8 个人。 7. 状语(The adverbial) 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,用来说明事情发生或存 在的状态特征的句子成分,叫作状语。可用作状语的有副词、 非谓语动词、介词短语以及从句等。状语的位置比较灵活,可 位于句首、句中或句末。 动词+副词:副词作状语, 修饰动词。 如: work hard, eat quickly, r
11、un fast) 形容词+副词 或 副词+形容词:副词作状语,修饰形容词。 如:a very smart man 一个很聪明的人 副词+副词:合起来作复合状语,修饰前面的动词 He runs even faster than his brother. 拓展:状语种类:原因状语、条件状语、地点状语、方式 状语、伴随状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语、比较状 语等。 修饰形容词的状语通常放在它所修饰的形容词之前;修饰 动词的状语通常放在动词之后。但是有些副词如频率副词 often, hardly, never, ever, sometimes, always 等作状语时, 通常 放在实意义动词(又
12、叫行为动词)之前,be 动词之后。副词, 介词短语,名词词组,动词不定式短语,现在分词,过去分 词和状语从句都可以作状语。 8同位语(TheAppositive) 同位语由名词或名词词组、代词或从句构成,用于说明或解释 它之前的名词或代词的内容或情况,其句法作用和所修饰的名 词相同。 Her mother has three children, two boys and a girl. (同位语) 她妈妈生了三个孩子:两个男孩和一个女孩。 This is the problem that we cannot find enough skilled workers for this projec
13、t. (同位语从句) 问题是我们无法为此工程找到那么多的熟练工。 注意:同位语一般紧跟其说明的成分之后,但有时为了平衡 句子的结构,也可位于句首或被其他成分所分隔开。 Aperson of French origin,he is now anAmerican citizen. 他的籍贯在法国, 但他现在是美国公民。 (主语是人称代词 he) The thought came to him that he should immediately leave the hotel. 一个念头出现在他脑子里他应立即离开酒店。(谓 语动词太短) 9独立成分 在句子中插入一个词或词组,这个词或词组并不和句子
14、的其他 成分发生语法关系,如修饰关系、一致关系或连接关系等,从 而是一种独立成分。独立成分包括呼唤语、感叹语和插入语等。 Hurry up,comrades,or well be late. 快点,同志们,要不然我们就迟到了。(呼唤语) Well,here we are at last! 好啦,我们终于到了!(感叹语) This is all we have got,you see. 你瞧,我们所有的东西都在这里了。(插入语) II. 基本句子结构基本句子结构 句子的主要成分是主语和谓语,而充当谓语的动词有不同的种 类,这就形成了英语简单句的不同句型。 1. 主语不及物动词(SV) Abird
15、flies. SV 2. 主语及物动词宾语(SVO) Theylikebananas. SVO 3. 主语系动词表语(SP) Thisisgreat. SP 4. 主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语 (直接宾语和间接宾 语叫作双宾语) (SVIODO) BillybroughtSama kite. SVIODO 5. 主语及物动词宾语宾补(宾语和宾补统称为复合宾 语)(SVOC) Theyfoundthe snakedead. SVOC 提示:英语句子万万千,五大句型把线牵。句型关键是动词, 各种搭配随之变;系词后面跟表语,vi.单用无宾语;vt.又可 分三类,单宾双宾最常见,还有宾语补足语,各种结
16、构记心间。 III. there be 结构结构 there be 结构是一种常见的特殊句子结构,在这种结构中,there 本身并没有什么意义,其后的动词(通常是 be)往往表示“存在” 的意思,所以 there be 结构也称之为“存在句”。 1there be 结构的构成 1)there be 结构主要由“therebe名词主语其他”构成。 There is a doctor and two nurses in the medical team. 这个医疗队由 1 位医生和 2 名护士组成。 There were no footprints to be seen. 看不见任何足迹。 拓展:
17、 no=not a或not any, 在上述例句中等同于“not any”; 就近原则: there be 结构中的谓语动词的人称和数的形式 要与最近的主语保持一致。 There is a chair,and two desksin the room. 房间里有一把椅子和两张桌子。 There are two desks and a chair in the room. 房间里有两张桌子和一把椅子。 2) there be 结构中的 be 有多种谓语表现形式。 There is going to be a film this weekend. 这个周末有电影。 There seems to b
18、e no suitable work for him. 看来似乎没有任何合适的工作让他去干。 There happened to be nobody in the room. 碰巧屋里无人。 3) there be 结构中的动词 be 可被其他动词替换。 there be 结构中的谓语动词并非只有 be,也可以是其他实义 动词。 表示存在或位置的动词。这类动词常见的有 exist, live, stand, lie, remain 等。 There stands in the Tiananmen Square the Monument to the Peoples Heroes. 天安门广场上
19、矗立着人民英雄纪念碑。 表示运动或方向的动词。 这类动词常见的有 come, go, walk, run, flow, arrive, follow, pass 等。 Suddenly there came a knock on the door. 突然传来敲门声。 描绘某事发生或发展的动词。这类动词常见的有 occur, develop, arise, appear 等。 There have occurred great changes in my hometown since 1978. 1978 年以来,我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。 4) 含有情态动词的 there be 结构, the
20、re be 结构中的谓语动词 可以和情态动词连用。 There cannot be anyone in the office at this moment. 此时办公室里不可能有人。 There used to be a theatre here. 过去这里曾有一家戏院。 5) there be 结构的被动形式,只有少数动词的被动形式可用 在 there be 结构之中,用来表示人们说或认为某事存在。这 些动词常见的有 expect, say, believe, think, intend, mean 等。 There is said to have been shots fired from
21、 both sides. 据说双方都开了火。 There is expected to be an exciting lecture next week. 下周预计有一次精彩的讲座。 注意:There be 结构有时和 have 结构可以互换使用,但有时 两者有一定的区别,前者强调“某处有”,着重“存在”的 状态;后者则强调“某人有”,着重“占有”。 There is going to be a strong wind this afternoon. 今天下午有大风。(主语为物多用 there be 结构) Adog has a good nose. 狗有灵敏的鼻子。(表示某人所属,多用 ha
22、ve) There is a computer in every office. 每个办公室都有一台电脑。(强调客观存在) Every office has a computer. 每个办公室都有一台电脑。(着重人为配备) 2there be 结构的用法 A表示人或物存在 There is a pain in my back. 我的背疼。 B表示发生某事 There is going to be a storm tonight. 今晚将有一场暴风雨。 3there be 结构的非谓语形式。在书面语中,常出现 there be 结构的非谓语形式。there be 结构的非谓语形式只有两种:the
23、re to be 和 there being。 1) there to be there to be 结构可以在句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。 It is a pity for there to be any disagreement in the class. 班级不和,实在遗憾。(作主语) We dont want there to be any classmate falling behind. 我们不希望有任何同学掉队。(作动词宾语) The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence. 老师等着完全安静下来。(作介词宾语)
24、 2) there being there being 结构可在句中充当主语、宾语、状语等句子成分。 There being no index to this book is a disadvantage. 这本书没有索引是个缺陷。(作主语) There being a supermarket so near, the house is a great advantage. 超市离家那么近是一个很有利的条件。(作状语) He was disappointed at there being so little to do. 能做的事那么少,他很失望。(作介词宾语) 注意:there to be
25、结构作主语时,前面要带 for。 For there to be a mistake in a computers arithmetic is impossible.用计算机进行运算而出错是不可能的。 It was surprising for there not to be any objections. 没有任何反对意见,大大令人吃惊。 【语语法练习】法练习】 I. 写出下列句子中画线部分的成分写出下列句子中画线部分的成分 1. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult. _ 2. The old m
26、an sitting at the gate said he was ill. _ 3. Why is he worried about Jim?_ 4. She was the first to learn about it. _ 5. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus._ 6. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. _ 7. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. _; _ 8. I poured my drink down the sink. _ 9. We found
27、 nobody in. _ 10. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. _ II. 根据括号内的要求把下面两句话合并成一句话根据括号内的要求把下面两句话合并成一句话。 1. Weve painted the walls.Theyre bright yellow. (用 “宾语宾补” 的形式连接两句) _ 英语中有很多 there is no.结构,这些结构不表示“存在” 的意义,而是用于对某一具体行为和抽象概念的否定。 There is no use(in) doing it.干此事毫无用处 There is no joking about such
28、 matters. 这种事开不得玩笑 There is no saying what may happen.很难说会发生什么事 There is no knowing when we shall meet again. 不知何时我们能再相 见 There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不能倒转 There is no doubt that he is guilty.毫无疑问, 他是有罪的 2. We gave him.We gave a book. (用双宾语的形式连接两句) _ 3. We have physics in the
29、classroom.The classroom is new. (用 new 作定语的形式连接两句) _ 4.An old man lived in the village many years ago. (用 There lived. 改写) _ III. 高考链接之高考链接之单句语法填空单句语法填空 1. My mom told me how _ (prepare)it.(2020新课标 I) 2. Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with _ (chopstick).(2020新课标 I) 3. I love
30、 coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I _ (make) over the years. (2019全国) 4. They also shared with us many_ (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were _ (huge) popular with tourists. (2019全国) 5. When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find _(they) alive. (201
31、8全国) 6. Once his message was delivered, he allowed me _ (stay) and watch. (2018全国) 7. I still remember _ (visit) a friend whod lived here for five years and I_ (shock) when I learnt she hadnt cooked once in all that time. (2018浙江) 8. After a heated discussion, we agreed on making a video _(record) o
32、ur experiences at school. 9. You were _(luck) to get such a wellpaid job. 10. Doesnt the food smell _(well)? 11. _ (listen) to the radio is a good practice in learning English 12. There _(be) a pen and two books on the desk. 【温故探新】【温故探新】 1. 主语;2. 谓语;宾语;3. 表语4. 间接宾语;直接宾 语5. 宾语补足语6. 状语7. there be 句型 【
33、语语法练习】法练习】 I. 写出下列句子中画线部分的成分写出下列句子中画线部分的成分 1. 主语2. 宾语3. 表语4. 定语 5. 定语6. 状语 7. 间接宾语;直接宾语8. 状语9. 宾补10. 定语 II. 根据括号内的要求把下面两句话合并成一句话根据括号内的要求把下面两句话合并成一句话。 1. Weve painted the walls bright yellow. 2. We gave him a book. 3. We have physics in the new classroom. 4. There lived an old man in the village many years ago III. 单句语法填空单句语法填空 1. to prepare;2. chopsticks3. have made;4. Traditional hugely; 5. Them6. to stay7. visiting; 8.was shocked; 9. to record10. lucky11. good12. Listening13. is