1、- 1 - Words and Phrases 1contrast n差异；对照物 vi. 使多样化(可接宾语) (3)varietyn. 多样性 variousadj. 各种各样的 即学即练 由于各种原因，我不愿见他。 For various reasons, Id prefer not to meet him. For a variety of reasons, Id prefer not to meet him. For varieties of reasons, Id prefer not to meet him. 2. approve vi.赞成；同意 vt.批准；通过 (教材 P3
2、8)In other countries, by contrast, eye contact is not always approved of. 相反，在另一些国家，眼神交流并不总是被认可。 例 1The minister approved the building plan. 部长批准了该建筑计划。 例 2Her father will never approve of her marriage to you. 他父亲永远不会同意她和你结婚。 知识拓展 (1)approve of赞成；同意 approve of sb./sb.s (doing)sth. 同意某人(做)某事 (2)appro
3、val n.赞成；同意；批准；认可 give ones approval to批准某人 即学即练 I dont need approval all the time.If someone does not approve of me, I will still be okay. - 3 - 我不总是需要别人的认同，如果有人不认同我，我还是会觉得没事。 3. demonstrate vt. 表现; 表达; 说明; 证明 *We want to demonstrate our commitment to human rights. 我们想表明我们对人权的信念。 *In the cities,vas
4、t crowds have been demonstrating for change. 在各城市, 大量的群众已经举行示威游行要求变革。 (1)demonstrate sth. to sb.向(某人)说明/展现某事(物) (2)demonstrate against示威反对(某事) demonstrate for为而示威 (3)demonstratorn. 示威者 demonstration n. 示范 (1)语法填空。 Students are demonstrating against the war. We were given a brief demonstration (demon
5、strate) of the computers functions. (2)Some companies will be there to demonstrate their new products. 译文: 一些公司会在那里展示他们的新产品。一些公司会在那里展示他们的新产品。 4. witness vt.当场看到；目击；见证 n目击者；证人 (教材 P38)In Japan, someone who witnesses another person employing the gesture might think it means money. 在日本，看到别人做这个手势的人可能会认为
6、这是有钱的意思。 例 1Awitness was examined by him in a court of law. 他在法庭上质问一个证人。 例 2He gave witness on behalf of an accused person. 他为被告作证。 知识拓展 (1)witness sth.目击了某事 witness to (doing)sth.证实，证明(做)某事 - 4 - witness for为作证 (2)be a witness to sth.是某事的证据/证人 bear/give witness to做的证人；为作证 即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子 司机作证说，他看到此
7、人进入那栋大楼。 The driver witnessed to having seen the man enter the building. The witness who witnessed the incident gave witness to the police and promised to be a witness 这个目击了这起事故的目击者向警察提交了证据并且答应做证人。 图形助记 5. employ vt. 使用; 应用; 雇用 *The boss employed a secretary to help him with his work. 老板雇来一位秘书来帮助他的工
8、作。 *The manager employed himself in making a future plan for his company. 经理忙于为公司制订将来的计划。 *More local employment will be created,particularly in service industries. 当地会创造出更多的就业机会, 尤其是服务行业。 (1)employ sb.to do sth.雇用某人做某事 (2)be employed in=employ oneself in 忙于 (3)employmentn. 雇用 employern. 雇用者; 雇主 emp
9、loyeen. 雇员; 雇工 即学即用 He was employed in reading and he didnt see Tom come in. Employed in reading,he didnt see Tom come in. (用过去分词短语作状语改写) Employing himself in reading,he didnt see Tom come in. (用现在分词短语作状语改写) - 5 - 6. interpret vt. 把理解(解释)为 vi. 把理解为 (3)interpret for sb. 为某人做翻译(interpret 主要指“口译”; tran
10、slate 主要指“笔译”) (4)interpretationn. 解释; 翻译 7. differ vi.不同于；相异 (教材 P38)Even the gestures we use for “yes” and “no” differ around the world. 甚至我们用作“是”和“不”的手势也因地而异。 例 1Japanese differs greatly from French in pronunciation. 日语发音和法语大不相同。 例 2Conditions of employment differ according to the type of company
11、 you are working for. 雇佣条件因供职公司的不同而有差异。 知识拓展 (1)differ from.与不同/有区别 differ in.在方面不同 differ with sb.on/about/over sth. 与某人在某事上持不同(看法) (2)different adj.不同的 be different from.与不同 (3)difference n.不同，差别 make a difference (to.)(对)有作用或影响 - 6 - Learners with different cultural backgrounds differ a lot in th
12、eir thinking patterns and learning styles.The difference can be investigated and explained. 不同文化背景的学习者在思维模式和学习风格上有很大的不同。这种差异可以被研究和解释。 8. favour vt.较喜欢；选择；有利于 n帮助；恩惠；赞同 (教材 P38)Elsewhere, people favour shaking hands, bowing from the waist, or nodding the head when they meet someone else. 在其他地方，人们见面时更
13、喜欢握手、鞠躬或点头。 例 1I must decline to show favour to any of the candidates. 我必须拒绝偏袒任何一位候选人。 知识拓展 do sb.a favourdo a favour for sb.帮某人的忙 in favour of.支持 ask sb.for a favourask a favour of sb. 请求某人帮忙 in ones favour对某人有利 即学即练单句语法填空/一句多译 今天你能帮我个忙去学校接山姆吗？ Could you do me a favour and pick up Sam from school t
14、oday? Could you do a favour for me and pick up Sam from school today? 图形助记 9.break down 消除；分解；打破 (教材 P39)Asmile can break down barriers. 微笑可以打破障碍。 知识拓展 break away from脱离；摆脱；挣脱；打破陈规 break in闯入；强行进入 break out突然发生；爆发(不用于被动语态) - 7 - break up打碎；分裂；解体；解散 即学即练完成句子 他的车在路上出故障了，那就是他开会迟到的原因。 His car broke down
15、 on the way, and that was why he was late for the meeting. 这个女孩挣脱她妈妈，跑了。 The girl broke away from her mother and ran away. 这个乐队大约在 1970 年解散，但是令人高兴的是，到了 20 世纪 80 年代中期他们再次相 聚。 The band broke up about 1970, but happily they reunited in the mid1980s. 在这一地区总有意想不到的事情发生。 Something unexpected always breaks
16、out in this area. 写出下列句子中黑体部分的含义。 (1)The car broke down halfway to the destination. (出故障出故障) (2)Chemicals in the body break down our food into useful substances. (分解分解) (3)I left London when my marriage broke down. (破裂破裂) (4)The bridge broke down in the big earthquake. (毁掉毁掉) 10.reliable adj.可信赖的；可靠
17、的 ( 教 材 P39)Which is a more reliable guide for understanding someones feelings ， their body language or the words they speak? 哪一种方式更能帮助我们理解别人的感受：是肢体语言还是他们说的语言？ 例 1It has a highly reliable control system. 它具备一套极可靠的控制系统。 知识拓展 (1)a reliable friend可靠的朋友 be reliable as作为是可靠的 (2)rely v.信任；信赖；依赖；依靠 rely on
18、/upon依靠；依赖 rely on it that.相信 即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子 This statement is not reliable as evidence. It would be better to rely on ourselves than on others. - 8 - You may rely on it that he will help you. The land, the essential means of production, is the most reliable living security that the peasants can re
19、ly on土地作为基本的生产资料，是农民可以依赖的最可靠的生活保障。 11. make inferences 推理; 推断 *And while animals arent people,he says it is logical to make the inference that an effect found in rats may also apply to humans. 他说尽管动物不是人, 但关于在老鼠身上发现的功效同样适用于人的推断也是合乎逻辑的。 *I inferred from the article that the pilot was responsible for t
20、he accident. 我从这篇文章推断, 飞行员应对事故负责。 (1)inferv. 推断 (2)inferencen. 推理; 推断 语法填空。 Much of the meaning must be inferred (infer) from the context. 12. assessment n. 评价；评定 (教材 P40)We make assessments and inferences from body language. 我们从肢体语言进行评估和推断。 例 1What is your assessment of the situation? 你对时局的看法如何？ 例
21、2There is little assessment of the damage to the natural environment. 几乎没对自然环境破坏程度作出评估。 知识拓展 assess vt.评估；评定 assess sth.at评估某物(多少钱) be assessed as.被评定为 assess从句评定；估定 即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子 After the flood, they assessed the loss at 10 million yuan. Many of the adults were assessed (assess)as having learnin
22、g difficulties. - 9 - We have also found that a team doing its own self assessment, rather than being assessed by those outside the team, is highly effective. 我们还发现进行自我评估的，而不是接受团队外的人评估的团队是十分高效的。 13. tendency n. 趋势; 倾向 *She has a strong natural tendency towards caution. 她天生非常小心谨慎。 *People tend to thi
23、nk that the problem will never affect them. 人们往往认为这个问题绝不会影响到他们。 *Ambulance crews were tending to the injured. 救护车上的救护人员在照料受伤者。 (1)have a tendency to do sth.有做某事的倾向 (2)tendvi. 往往, 趋向; 招待 vt. 照看, 护理 tend to do. . . 倾向于做; 往往会 tend sb.照顾某人 即学即练 During the World War ,Henry Beecher was a doctor tending (t
24、end) soldiers on the battlefield. 14. (教材 P43)In other words.换句话说 例 1In other words, she must give up singing. 换言之， 她必须放弃唱歌。 知识拓展 in a/one word总而言之 have a word with sb.与某人说(私)话 have words with sb.与某人吵架 keep/break ones word遵守诺言/失信 beyond words无法用言语表达 in words用语言 word came that.有消息说 即学即练完成句子 - 10 - 总之
25、，成功很重要，失败也很重要，因为它是成功之母。 In a/one word, success is important, and so is failure, because its the mother of success. 有消息说中国女足在世界杯比赛中获得第二名。 Word came that the Chinese Women Football Team won the second prize in World Cup. 我无法用言语来表达我的情感。 I cant convey my feelings in words 换句话说， 他成了一位伟大的英雄。 He became, in
26、 other words, a great hero. 小片段填空 He is such a man that he cant always keep his word, in other words, he always breaks his word, because of which his friends often have words with him. 他是这样的一个人，总是不能遵守诺言。换句话说，他总是食言，正是因为如此，他的朋友 们经常和他吵架。 (1)与 in other words 意思相同的表达有：namely, that is, that is to say, in
27、another word。 (2)word 表示言辞、语言时通常用复数 words；表示新闻、消息时是不可数名词。 15.occupy vt.占据；占用 (教材 P44)With their chins on their hands, they occupy themselves by staring out of the window or up at the ceiling. 双手托着下巴，他们专心于盯着窗外或天花板。 例 1Mr.White occupies an important position in the Ministry of Education. 怀特先生在教育部里担任要职
28、。 例 2He occupied himself in collecting stamps. 他忙于集邮。 *(2020天津高考) It encourages us to occupy our own little corner,to avoid foolish leaps into the dark,to be satisfied. 它鼓励我们占据自己的小角落, 避免愚蠢地跳进黑暗, 去满足。 知识拓展 (1)be occupied in doing sth./with sth. 忙于做某事 occupy oneself with sth./in doing sth. 忙于某事；专心于某事
29、keep sb.occupied使某人忙碌 (2)occupation n.占用；职业 - 11 - 即学即练 When the enemy occupied the city, the scientist was occupying himself in doing his research.In fact, he had been occupied with the research for many days. 当敌人占领这座城市时，这位科学家正忙于做他的研究。事实上，他专心于这项研究已经有 好几天了。 下列短语也表示“忙于做某事”: be engaged in doing sth. b
30、e busy in doing sth. /with sth. be buried in doing sth. 16. distract vt. 分散(注意力); 使分心 *Dont talk to hershes very easily distracted. 不要同她讲话她的注意力很容易分散。 * It was another attempt to distract attention from the truth. 这又企图分散人们对事实真相的注意力。 (2021 全国卷) Annoyed by the level of distraction(干扰) in his open offic
31、e，he said “That is why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street .” (1)distract from转移; 使从分心 be distracted by / with被分散注意力 (2)distraction n. 注意力分散; 心烦意乱 即学即练 (1)语法填空。 Tom admits that playing video games sometimes distracts him from his homework. No matter what happens, nothing wil
32、l distract my attention. 不管发生什么情况, 都不会分散我的 注意力。 17. inquire vi. 打听 *Whatever it is, I know I need to inquire and assess what is going on. 不管是什么, 我知道我需要询 - 12 - 问和评估正在发生的事情。 *Inspectors were appointed to inquire into the affairs of the company. 检查员被派去调查该公司的事 务。 inquire about询问; 咨询; 打听 inquire for询问;
33、要见 inquire into调查 inquire of询问(某人);向(某人)了解情况 inquire after查阅; 问候 18. perceive vt. 察觉; 看待; 理解 *This discovery was perceived as a major breakthrough. 这一发现被视为一项重大突破。 *I perceived a change in his behaviour. 我注意到他举止有些改变。 *She perceived that all was not well. 她意识到并非一切都顺利。 *The patient was perceived to hav
34、e difficulty in breathing. 发现病人呼吸困难。 (1)perceive sb. /sth.as 视为; 把当作 (2)perceive+sb. /sth. +to be/have sth. 认为/发现是的 (3)perceive+that 从句或 what/where/who 等从句 19.distinguish vi. 使为难) (2)ashamed adj.羞愧；惭愧 例 1Her husband felt ashamed at her behaviour. 她丈夫为她的行为感到害臊。 例 2He felt very much ashamed whenever h
35、e encountered any of his old mates. 每当遇到老相识时，他总是感到很难为情。 知识拓展 (1)be ashamed of (doing)sth. 因(做了)某事而感到羞愧 be ashamed to do sth.耻于做；因难为情而不愿做 be ashamed that.对感到内疚 (2)shame n.羞耻；惭愧；遗憾的事 Its a shame that.真让人遗憾 What a shame/pity!真可惜！ 即学即练 Dont be ashamed of speaking poor English.Dont be ashamed of being la
36、ughed at.Dont be ashamed of being stared at.The only real shame is that you never open your mouth. 不要羞于说破烂英语，不要羞于被人嘲笑，不要羞于被人注视，唯一应该羞耻的是你从不开 口说。 图形助记shame 家族大集合 21.call on (短暂地)访问；要求(某人讲话等)；正式邀请 (教材 P44)Some students act this way merely because they are afraid of being called on by the - 15 - teacher
37、. 有些学生这样做只是因为他们害怕老师叫他们。 例 1I like that you should call on me frequently. 我喜欢你经常来拜访我。 例 2He called on his friends to help him. 他向他的朋友求助。 即学即练完成句子 光阴一去不复返。 Time past cannot be called back again. 当我给住在乡下的母亲打电话的时候，她感到很心烦。 When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset.
38、 足球赛为什么取消？ Why was the football match called off? 他们呼吁人们采取措施来抵制它。 They call on people to take measures to fight against it. 22.bother vi. the left hand is not used at all.In parts ofAsia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person. When you use a foreign language, it is very important to know the meanings of gestures and movements in the foreign country.Following the customs will help you communicate with people and make your stay there much more pleasant and comfortable. 24
