1、Unit 3-Diverse cultures语法探索语法探索+写作指导写作指导【语法探索【语法探索-省略结构】省略结构】【要义详析】为了使语言简洁或避免重复, 省略句子中的一个或几个句子成分, 这种语法现象称为省略。按照省略的部分可分为句子成分的省略和词的省略。1.动词不定式中的省略动词不定式中的省略现象可分为两种情况：一是动词不定式符号 to 后的动词部分的省略;二是动词不定式符号 to 的省略。(1)省略动词不定式符号 to 的情况两个或两个以上的动词不定式由连词 and, or, than, but 连接时, 从第二个不定式起, 往往省略不定式符号 to。但如果强调对比之意时不能省略。
2、*Shed like to take off her coat and have a break.她想脱下外套休息一会儿。*Its more difficult to do than to say.做比说难(强调语意前后对比)。在 why 或 why not 引起的表示建议或责问的省略问句中。*Why get so excited? 为什么变得那么激动?动词不定式作感官动词 feel, see, notice, watch, find, hear, listen to, observe 和使役动词 have, make, let 等的宾语补足语时, 动词不定式符号 to 省略。如果这些动词用于
3、被动语态, 其后的动词不定式符号 to 不能省略(但 let 除外)。*We often hear him sing the song at home.He is often heard to sing the song at home.我们经常听到他在家唱这首歌。【名师点津】but, except 作介词, 后接动词不定式。如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do 的各种形式, 那么这些介词后的不定式不带 to,反之则要带 to。*She could do nothing but cry.她除了哭什么也做不了。*He has no choice but to leave.他别无选择只有离开。(2)省
4、略动词不定式符号 to 后的动词部分的情况一些表示心理活动, 情感态度的动词或短语, 如 expect, want, hope, wish, love,hate, decide, plan, mean, try, would like, be ready, be afraid, be glad 等后, 动词不定式省略 to 后面的动词部分, 但保留 to。*Will you go with me? Well, Id like to (go with you).你愿意和我一起去吗?嗯, 我愿意(和你一起去)。不定式作宾语补足语时, 省略 to 后的动词部分, 即用 to 代替整个不定式。*You
5、d better finish the job on time if he ordered you to( finish the job on time ).如果他命令你, 你最好按时完成工作。【名师点津】如果该不定式后的动词是 be 或完成时态, 则需在 to 后加上 be 或 have。*Are you a lawyer?No, but I hope to be (a lawyer).你是律师吗?*Have you been to the West Lake?I hope to have (been to the West Lake).你去过西湖吗?我希望去过(西湖)。不是, 但是我希望是
6、。2. 简单句及并列句中的省略省略成分情况说明主语在祈使句中和不容易引起歧义的情况下可省略谓语或谓语的一部分为了避免与前面已出现过的动词重复常省略表语答语或下文中与上文结构相似的表语可省略宾语省略并列谓语最后一个动词的宾语以外的所有宾语双宾语动词的直接宾语或间接宾语都可以省略掉一个主语和谓语, 或主语和谓语的一部分在不引起歧义的情况下为使语言更加简洁、明了可省略*(I)Beg your pardon.请您原谅。/请再说一遍。*Some of us study Japanese; others(study)English.我们中有些人学习日语, 有些人学习英语。*Do you know Mr L
7、i?I dont know(him).你认识李先生吗?不认识。*She washed( the shirt), ironed( the shirt), and folded the shirt.她洗了衬衫, 并且把它熨好、折叠好。*Sorry, (youve dialed the )wrong number.对不起, 你拨错号了。3. 复合句中的省略(1)宾语从句中的省略在宾语从句中常省略连词 that, 但当及物动词之后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时, 只有第一个连词 that 可以省略。*I know(that)she is a teacher and that she is an exce
8、llent writer.我知道她是一个老师, 也是一个优秀的作家。(2)主句中的省略常见于句首或回答问题时, 只用从句。*Why didnt you come to class yesterday?( I didnt come to class yesterday )Because I was ill.你昨天为什么没来上课?因为我病了。(3)定语从句中的省略一般说来, 在限制性定语从句中, 作宾语的关系代词 that, which, who, whom 可以省略; 而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不可以省略。*The man (whom)you saw yesterday fell i
9、ll.你昨天见到的那个人生病了。*The man, whom you saw yesterday, fell ill.那个人生病了, 你昨天见到他了。当先行词是 way, 且引导词在定语从句中作方式状语时, 引导词可用 in which或 that, 也可以省略。*The way( in which/that )these comrades treat problems is wrong.这些同志看待问题的方式是错误的。(4)状语从句中的省略当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致或从句主语是 it, 并且从句谓语中有 be动词时, 常可以省略从句中的主语和 be 动词。此类状语从句中的省略有如下情
10、况:在 as, before, till, until, when, while 等引导的时间状语从句中。*While(I was)walking along the street, I heard my name called.当我正沿街而行时, 我听到有人叫我的名字。在 though, although 等引导的让步状语从句中。*Though(they were)tired, they went on working.虽然累了, 但他们继续工作。在 if, unless 等引导的条件状语从句中。*You shouldnt come to his party unless(you are)i
11、nvited.除非你被邀请, 否则你不应该来参加他的晚会。在 as, as if, as though 等引导的方式状语从句中。*He did as(he was)told.他按要求去做了。【名师点津】在虚拟语气中, 常省掉 if, 从句使用倒装句式。*Were I you(=If I were you), I should give that guy a good lesson.如果我是你的话, 我会好好地教训那个家伙一顿。【随堂训练】在句中能省略的部分下面画线I believe that she will help you and that you will succeed.Ill giv
12、e you all that I have as long as you are happy.Whenever it is possible, he will come to my help.语法填空They have seen her _(grow) up from childhood.The teacher came not to punish you but _(help) you.She was made _(work) for ten hours a day.I have no choice except _(accept) his conditions.1.Grow2.To hel
13、p3.To work4.To accept【写作指导【写作指导-如何介绍地点】如何介绍地点】【文体剖析】地点介绍类或旅游景点类的作文属于说明文, 写作内容通常包括地理位置、面积、人口、气候特征、历史、特产等。也可适当融入人文风貌, 简单介绍该地区的民间风俗及人们的生活方式等,但要抓住该地区的主要特征, 描写详略得当, 不可笼统。【话题短语】1. be located(situated) in/on/at坐落于, 位于2. has a history of. . . years有年的历史3. has a population of有人口4. be home to是的家园5. be known/f
14、amous as作为而出名6. cover an area of . . .占地(面积)7. the reform and opening-up policy改革开放政策8. great changes have taken place 发生巨大变化9. take on a new look呈现新面貌10. make contributions to 为做出贡献11. diverse cultures 多元文化12. talk about Chinese ethnic minority cultures 谈谈中国的少数民族文化13. the origins of theAmerican foo
15、d 美国食物的起源14. be invented in 在被发明/创造15. so many beautiful old buildings 如此多漂亮的古建筑16. be influenced by 受的影响17. historical changes 历史变迁18. have a history of 有的历史19. cultural conflict 文化冲突20. cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流【话题句式】1. The countries ofAsia are diverse in their cultures and traditions.亚洲国
16、家有多样的文化和传统。2. The origins of gunpowder in China also date from the 9th century AD.火药在中国也是起源于公元 9 世纪。3. Bicycles were invented in France in the 1790s.自行车于 18 世纪 90 年代在法国发明。4. Most people eat turkey and pumpkin pie and other special dishes.大多数人吃火鸡、南瓜馅饼和其他特制的菜。5. It is likely that an Italian with a wor
17、king facility in English would have been hired,but my friend did not look like an Italian.如果一个意大利人带着教英文的设备就有可能被雇用, 可是我的朋友看起来不像是一个意大利人。6. Most people living here were employed in the mines, and other industries wereneglected.许多生活在这里的人都去采矿了, 而忽视了其他行业。7. Today, more and more foreigners learn Mandarin,
18、which is a good sign that Chinaplays the important role in the world.今天, 越来越多的外国人学习普通话, 这是中国在世界上发挥重要作用的表现。8. With increased interaction between the worlds nations, there is a great urgency forus to absorb different cultures.随着世界各国间交流的增多, 我们迫切需要学习不同的文化知识。1. 表达位置、人口(1)China lies in the east ofAsia and
19、 on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean.中国位于亚洲东部, 太平洋的西岸。(2)The beautiful town is located along the shore of the lake.这个美丽的城镇坐落于湖的沿岸。(3)The village lies among the mountains.这个村子坐落在群山之中。(4)New York is a big city with a population of over 10 million.纽约是一个有一千多万人口的大城市。2. 表述特色(1)Hangzhou is famous/wel
20、l-known for its beautiful West Lake.杭州因它美丽的西湖而著名。(2)Hainan Province consists of Hainan Island and neighbouring isles as well as widesea areas.海南省由海南岛和附近的群岛及广阔的海域组成。(3) Built in the 16th century, the castle has witnessed too much coming and going inhistory.建于 16 世纪, 这座城堡见证了太多的历史浮沉。(4)There is one pla
21、ce you cant miss while visiting Kaifeng the Kaifeng House.参观开封时, 有一个地方你不能错过开封府。3. 表达变化(1)Great changes have taken place over the past five years in my hometown.我的家乡在过去的五年中发生了巨大的变化。(2)Thanks to the reform and opening-up policy, China has taken on a new look.得益于改革开放政策, 中国的面貌已焕然一新。【典题演练】假如你是李华, 请你给某英文报
22、社的“城市风采”栏目写一篇短文, 介绍我们的首都北京。要点如下:1. 基本概况: 人口约 2 000 万, 面积 16 000 多平方千米, 位于华北平原北部;2. 气候: 四季分明, 夏季炎热多雨, 冬季寒冷干燥;3. 历史与文化: 有 3 000 多年的历史, 是我国的政治、文化中心, 有很多著名大学, 如清华大学、北京大学等;4. 交通与旅游: 交通便利, 有天安门广场、故宫、长城等很多旅游景点。注意:词数 80 左右, 可适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯。【谋篇】【遣词】1. _占地(面积)2. _有人口3. _位于4. _有三千多年的历史5. _四季分明6. _政治、文化中心7. _吸引
23、的注意力8. _便利的(1) cover an area of. . .(2) have a population of. . .(3) have a population of. . .(4) have a history of more than 3, 000 years(5) four distinct seasons(6) the political and cultural center(7) draw the attention of(8) Convenient【造句】1. 完成句子(1)北京是中国的首都。(2)北京人口约 2 000 万, 面积 16 000 多平方千米。(3)北
24、京位于华北平原北部。(4)北京四季分明, 夏季炎热多雨, 冬季寒冷干燥。(5)北京有 3 000 多年的历史。(6)北京是中国的政治、文化中心。(7)它成功举办了 2008 年奥运会, 吸引了世界的眼光。(8)北京有很多著名大学, 清华大学、北京大学是其中最著名的两所。(9)北京也是一个度假的好去处, 且交通便利。(10)北京有很多旅游景点, 如天安门、故宫、长城和鸟巢等。2. 句式升级(11)把句(1)、(2)合并成含同位语的句子(12)将句(3)、(4)合并成用分词短语作状语的句子(13)将句(6)、(7)合并为一句话1.Beijing is the capital of China.2.
25、Beijing has a population of about 20 million and covers Beijing has a populationof about 20 million and covers.3.Beijing is located in the north of the North China Plain.4.Beijing has four distinct seasons.It is hot and rainy in summer and cold and dryin winter.5.Beijing has a history of more than 3
26、, 000 years.6.Beijing is the political and cultural center of China.7.It successfully hosted the 2008 Olympic Games and drew the attention of theworld.8.Beijinghasmanyfamousuniversities;PekingUniversityandTsinghuaUniversity are two of the most famous universities.9.Beijing is also a great place to e
27、njoy your holiday and its convenient to travelthere.10. There are many places of interest, such as Tiananmen Square, the Forbidden City,the Great Wall and the Birds Nest.11. Beijing, the capital of China, has a population of about 20 million and covers anarea of more than about 20 million 16, 000 square kilometers.12. Located in the north of the North China Plain, Beijing has four distinct seasons.It is hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter.13. As the political and cultural center of China, Beijing successfully hosted the 2008Olympic Games and drew the attention of the world.【成篇】
