1、22 孟子三章,学习目标,积累文中常用文言词语，了解主要内容，把握文章的观点和思路。（重点） 把握课文层层推理、结构严谨的论证过程，体会其流畅雄辩的论证风格。（难点） 体会“人和”“大丈夫”的内涵，理解“生于忧患，死于安乐”的道理，体会行正道、经磨难对个人和国家的重要作用。（重点）,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
2、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
3、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,孟子（约前372前289），名轲，字子舆，邹（今山东邹城东南）人。战国时期伟大的思想家，儒家学派代表人物之一。孟子主张以“仁政”统一天下，并提出“民贵君轻”的民本思想。其言论汇编在孟子一书中。,作者简介,孟子是记录孟子及其弟子言行的著作，共七篇，一般认为是孟子及其弟子万章、公孙丑等人共同编著的。它不仅是儒家的重要学术著作，也是
4、我国古代极具特色的散文专集。其文气势充沛，感情洋溢，逻辑严密；尤长于譬喻，即用形象化的事物和语言来说明复杂抽象的道理；语言明白晓畅，平实浅近，又精练准确。孟子对后世散文的发展有很大影响。,作品简介,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
5、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
6、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,本课三篇文章均选自孟子译注（中华书局1960年版）。题目是编者加的。孟子生活在社会动荡不安、人民生活十分痛苦的战国时期。当时，各国之间“争地以战，杀人盈野；争城以战，杀人盈城”，统治者“庖有肥肉，厩有肥马”，而人民却“仰不足以事父母，俯,背景链接,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
7、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
8、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,不足以畜妻子；乐岁终身苦，凶年不免于死亡”。面对这样的社会现实，孟子提出了“民贵君轻”的主张，呼吁统治者重视人民的作用，主张实行“仁政”“王道”。孟子的这些思想、言论及政治主张被
9、记录在孟子一书中。,文体知识,诸子散文 诸子散文是春秋战国时期各个学派阐述自己学说的著作，反映着不同学派的思想倾向、政治主张和哲学观点等。春秋战国时期，“百家竞作，九流并起”。各个思想流派的代表人物纷纷著书立说，宣传自己的社会、政治主张，比较重要的有儒、法、道、墨四家。诸子的文章，各具风采。这类作品的代表有老子论语墨子孟子庄子荀子韩非子等。,得道多助，失道寡助,天时不如地利，地利不如人和。三里之城，七里之郭，环而攻之而不胜。,得道多助，失道寡助,宜于做某事的自然气候条件。,地理优势。,指人心归向，上下团结。,方圆三里的内城。,外城。在城外加筑的一道城墙。,围。,夫环而攻之，必有得天时者矣，然而
10、不胜者，是天时不如地利也。城非不高也，池非不深也，兵革非不坚利也，米粟非不多也，,这。,城墙。,护城河。,泛指武器军备。兵，兵器。革，皮革制成的甲、胄、盾之类。,坚，坚固。利，锋利。,委而去之，是地利不如人和也。故曰，域民不以封疆之界，固国不以山溪之险，威天下不以兵革之利。,弃城而逃。委，放弃。去，离开。,使人民定居下来（而不迁到别的地方去），不能靠疆域的边界。,巩固国防不能靠山河的险要。,震慑天下不能靠武器的锐利。,得道者多助，失道者寡助。寡助之至，亲戚畔之；多助之至，天下顺之。以天下之所顺，攻亲戚之所畔，故君子有不战，战必胜矣。,指能够施行治国的正道，即行仁政。,到。,极点。,与自己有血缘
11、或婚姻关系的人。,同“叛”，背叛。,所以（能行仁政的）君主不战则已，战就一定能胜利。君子，这里指能行仁政的君主，即上文所说的“得道者”。,亲戚畔之（ ）,通“叛”，背叛,通假字,字词释义,委而去之（ ） （ ） 七里之郭（ ） 池非不深也（ ）,古今异义,古义：放弃；今义：委托。,古义：离开；今义：从所在地到别的地方。,古义：外城；今义：姓氏。,古义：护城河；今义：池塘。,一词多义,三里之城（ ） 夫环而攻之（ ） 寡助之至（ ） 亲戚之所畔（ ）,助词，的,代词，它，指“三里之城”,动词，到,用于主谓之间，取消句子的独立性,天时不如地利（ ） 兵革非不坚利也（ ）,形容词，有利,形容词，锋利
12、，锐利,词类活用,域民不以封疆之界 威天下不以兵革之利,名词用作动词，限制,形容词用作动词，震慑,第一句提出观点，指出决定战争胜负的三要素天时、地利、人和。用顶真的修辞手法突出“人和”是克敌制胜的首要条件。这里的“人和”就是下文说的“多助”和“天下顺之”，即人民的支持和拥护。,“天时不如地利，地利不如人和”这一句有什么作用？,运用了举例论证的方法，通过举小城四面被围，攻方又拥有“天时”这一有利条件，却不能取胜的例子，具体有力地论证了“地利”重于“天时”的论点。,“三里之城是天时不如地利也。”这几句运用了什么论证方法？有什么作用？,“域民不以封疆之界，固国不以山溪之险，威天下不以兵革之利”这三句
13、有什么作用？强调了什么？三个句子的顺序为什么不能颠倒？,作用是增强文章的语势，具有极强的说服力、感召力。强调地利不足恃，只有“人和”才可以“域民”“固国”“威天下”。三句是按照治国的逻辑顺序排列的，是递进关系，前者是后者的必要条件，环环相扣，所以不能颠倒。,对比论证。将“失道者”与“得道者”进行对比，再次强调“人和”的重要性：得人心者，人心归顺，所向披靡；失人心者，人心相悖，不攻自溃。,本文结尾运用了什么论证方法来深化全文主旨？,得道多助，失道寡助,论点,天时不如地利，地利不如人和,板书设计,进攻天时不如地利,论据,防御地利不如人和,域民不以封疆之界,类推,固国不以山溪之险,威天下不以兵革之利
14、,结论,得道者多助天下顺之,失道者寡助亲戚畔之,施行仁政,战争需要人和,治国需要人和,合作探究,1.得道者多助，失道者寡助一文作者是如何来证明他的观点的？,作者围绕“天时”“地利”“人和”三个因素，以战争为例来证明自己的观点。首先以进攻一方为例，从“三里之城，七里之郭”的规模来看，指的是小国家，强大的军队包围一个小国，即使围而不攻，被包围着也一定是坚持不住的，然而却没能使,小国屈服，这是因为小国占据了有利的地势。这就是“天时不如地利”。接着又从防守一方来论述。城高，护城河深，武器精良，粮食多，完全可以长期坚守，然而守城一方弃城而逃，这是因为军心不稳，内部不团结。这就是“地利不如人和”。可见，各
15、种客观因素在战争中都比不上人的主观条件即“人和”的因素，决定战争胜负的是人而不是物。,2.学习文言文要注意联系现实，古为今用，赋予经典作品以时代意义。对于“得道者多助，失道者寡助”，你是如何认识的？,人物一：孟子的这一主张，说明不管是战争还是治国都要顺应民心，反映了孟子在那个特定历史发展阶段中的远见卓识，对当今社会也有很好的借鉴意义。但也应当看到，孟子提出这个思想的根本,目的在于维护封建社会君主的统治，所以也不可避免地带有一定的局限性。,人物二：“威天下”不能靠“天时”“地利”，也不能完全依赖“人和”。靠人和的理论更适用于科学不发达的古代社会。在科技迅猛发展的今天，要想打胜仗，也必须具备先进的
16、国防军事力量。,人物三：“得道者多助，失道者寡助”这一中国儒家的思想对维护和平、避免战争有一定借鉴意义。世界政治格局发展到今天，虽然一些发达国家仍处于支配地位，但霸权主义已经江河日下，合乎道义正在成为处理一些国际关系的准则。,写作特色,1.层层深入，逻辑性强。,作者从战争的角度出发，思路从点到面，由个别到一般，使文章极具说服力。,2.语言简练，善用排比；骈散结合，节奏感强。,文章多次运用排比，不仅增强了文章气势，而且增强了文章的说服力。例如“城非不高也，池非不深也，兵革非不坚利也，米粟非不多也”这四个双重否定句构成的排比句式，意在说明防御者占有极为有利的条件，结果他们仍不得不“委而去之”，,这
17、就有力地说明了“地利不如人和”。文中还运用了一些骈句，例如“天时不如地利，地利不如人和”“得道者多助，失道者寡助”等，句式整齐，音韵和谐，很好地表达了中心思想。,富贵不能淫,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
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19、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,公孙衍（ ） 丈夫之冠（ ） 不能淫（ ）,yn,un,yn,字词注音,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
20、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
21、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,景春曰：“公孙衍、张仪岂不诚大丈夫 哉？一怒而诸侯惧，安居而天下熄。”,富贵不能淫,与孟子同时代的人，纵横家。,战国时期魏国人，纵横家，曾在秦国为相，又曾佩五国相印。,战国时期魏国人，纵横家，秦惠王时为相，游说六国连横以服从秦国。,指战争停息，天下太平。,真正，确实。,指有大志、有作为、有气节的男子。,孟子曰：“是焉得为大丈夫乎？子未学礼乎？丈夫之冠也，父命之；女子之嫁也，
22、母命之，往送之门，戒之曰：往之女家，必敬必戒，无违夫子！以顺为正者，妾妇之道也。,古时男子二十岁行冠礼，表示成年。冠，行冠礼。,怎么，哪里。,父亲给以训导。命，教导、训诲。,告诫。,这里指夫家。,谨慎。,这里指丈夫。,准则，标准。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
23、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
24、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,居天下之广居，立天下之正位，行天下之大道。得志，与民由之；不得志，独行其道。,（大丈夫应该）住进天下最宽广的住宅仁，站在天下最正确的位置礼，走着天下最正确的道路义。,与百姓一同遵循正道而行。由，遵从。,独自走自己的道路。,富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈。此 之谓大丈夫。”,惑乱，迷惑。这里是使动用法。,改变，动摇。这里是使动用法。,威武：威胁暴力。,贫贱不能移：贫穷卑贱不能
25、使之改变操守。形容意志坚定。,威武不能屈：威武不能使其意志屈服。意思是：不屈从于威势的镇慑之下。形容不畏强暴。,屈服。这里是使动用法。,往之女家，必敬必戒。（ ）,“女”同“汝”，你,通假字,字词释义,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
26、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
27、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,古今异义,丈夫之冠也 （ ） 父命之（ ） 与民由之（ ）,古义：男子；今义：已婚女子的配偶。,古义：教导、训诲；今义：命令，生命,古义：遵循；今义：介词，从,一词多义,妾妇之道也（ ） 不得志，独行其道（ ）,法则，规律,道路,词类活用,丈夫之冠也,名词用作动词，行冠礼。,文言句式,判断句： 以顺为正者，妾妇之道也（ “者，也”表判断 ）,省略句： 以居天下之广居（ 省略主语“大丈夫”）,“妾妇之道”表现
28、为顺从，其本质是在权力面前无原则，如张仪之流，只是顺从秦王的意思；“大丈夫之道”表现为“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈”，其本质是对内心的“仁、义、礼”的坚守，一如儒家所倡导的“穷则独善其身，达则兼善天下”。,请对比分析孟子所说的“妾妇之道”和“大丈夫之道”的不同。,作者在直接反驳景春的观点后，紧接着“立”，从正面提出自己心目中大丈夫的标准：第一，要讲仁德，守礼法，做事合乎道义；第二，无论得志与否，都不能放弃自己的道义准则；第三，富贵、贫贱、威武这些外部施加的因素都不能使之迷乱、动摇、屈服。这三条都做到，才有资格叫作“大丈夫”。,作者心目中“大丈夫”的标准是什么？,不能。“仁”“礼”“义”
29、是大丈夫应该坚持的根本原则，是核心，是基础，所以必须放在最前面；接下来“得志”“不得志”分两种情况讨论，是对根本原则的一种补充；“富贵”“贫贱”“威武”是三种假设的情况，其有一定的偶然性，又是进一步的补充，因此应置于最后。,文章所论述的成为“大丈夫”的三个标准，顺序能否颠倒？为什么？,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,富贵不能淫,景春：,公孙衍、张仪岂不诚大丈夫哉？（
30、树靶子）,板书设计,孟子,以“妾妇之道”讽刺公孙衍、张仪不是大丈夫（批驳）,坚持“仁、礼、义”,坚守自己的道义准则,“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈”,是大丈夫（树标准）,大丈夫,孟子关于大丈夫的标准的论述，对于今天的我们有哪些指导意义？,合作探究,写作特色,1.构思精巧，思路清晰。,文章表明孟子的“大丈夫之道”采用问答的形式，先由景春提出问题，然后孟子回答，一问一答，在问答中阐述自己的观点，让读者读来如同身临其境，感受更加深刻。同时，又把“妾妇之道”与“大丈夫”的准则对比，从而突出观点。,2.语言幽默，富有气势。,孟子以“妾妇之道”喻指公孙衍、张仪所为，表明自己的观点，含蓄而幽默。在语言
31、上，孟子善用排比、反问等修辞手法，如“居天下之广居，立天下之正位，行天下之大道”等，气势非凡，有无可辩驳的力量。,生于忧患，死于安乐,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
32、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
33、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,畎亩（ ） 傅说（ ） 百里奚（ ） 胶鬲（ ） 法家拂士（ ）,qun,yu,x,b,字词注音,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
34、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
35、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,舜发于畎亩之中,舜在历山耕田，后被尧起用，成为尧的继承人。发，兴起，指被任用。畎亩，田地。,傅说原在傅岩为人筑墙，因以傅为姓，后被殷王武丁任用为相。举，选拔、任用。版筑，古人筑墙，在两块夹板中间放土，再用杵夯实。筑，捣土用的杵。,傅说举于版筑之间,字词释义,管夷吾举于士,胶鬲举于鱼盐之中,胶鬲原以贩卖鱼盐为生，西伯（周文王）把他举荐给纣王。后来，他又辅佐周武王。,管仲（字夷吾）原是齐国公子
36、纠的家臣，纠与公子小白（即后来的齐桓公）争夺君位失败，管仲作为罪人被押回齐国，后经鲍叔牙推荐，被齐桓公任用为相。士，狱官。举于士，从狱官手中释放出来，进而得到任用。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
37、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
38、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,孙叔敖举于海,孙叔敖隐居海滨，楚庄王知道他有才能，用他为相。,百里奚：春秋时期虞国大夫。虞亡后被俘，由晋入秦，又逃到楚。后来秦穆公用五张公羊皮把他赎出来，用为大夫。市，集市。,百里奚举于市,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
39、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
40、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,故天将降大任于是人也，必先苦其心志， 劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其 所为，所以动心忍性，曾益其所不能。,责任，使命。,使动用法，使痛苦，意即折磨。,使动用法，使劳累。,使他经受饥饿之苦。,财资缺乏。,拂，违背。乱，扰乱。,用这些办法。,使他的心受到震撼，使他
41、的性格坚忍起来。,增加。曾，同“增”。,人恒过，然后能改；困于心，衡于虑，而后作；征于色，发于声，而后喻。,常常犯错误。,困惑。,同“横”，梗塞，不顺。,奋起。这里指有所作为。,表现在脸色上，流露在言谈中，才能被人们了解。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
42、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
43、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,入则无法家拂士，出则无敌国外患者，国恒亡。然后知生于忧患而死于安乐也。,指在国内。,法家，守法度的大臣。拂士，辅佐君王的贤士。拂，同“弼”，辅佐。,指在国外。,常处忧愁祸患之中可以使人生存，常处安逸快乐之中可以使人死亡。,势力、地位相当的国家。敌，匹敌，相当。,曾益其所不能（ ） 困于心，衡于虑（ ） 入则无法家拂士（ ）,同“增”，增加,通假字,同“横”，梗塞、不顺,同“弼”，辅佐,
44、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
45、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,古今异义,舜
46、发于畎亩之中（ ） 举于版筑之间（ ） 举于士（ ）,古义：兴起，指被任用； 今义：送出，产生,古义：捣土用的杵； 今义：建筑，修建,古义：狱官；今义：士兵,天将降大任于是人（ ） 所以动心忍性（ ） 而后喻（ ）,古义：代词，这； 今义：判断动词，与“非”相对,古义：用来；今义：表因果关系的关联词,古义：了解、明白； 今义：比喻,一词多义,发于畎亩（ ） 发于声（ ）,动词，兴起，被任用,动词，显露、流露,舜发于畎亩之中（ ） 天将降大任于是人（ ） 生于忧患（ ）,介词，从,介词，给,介词，在,行拂乱其所为（ ） 入则法家拂士（ ）,违背,同“弼”，辅佐,而后作（ ） 而死于安乐（ ）,连
47、词，表承接,连词，表并列,词类活用,必先苦其心志 劳其筋骨 饿其体肤,形容词的使动用法，使痛苦,形容词的使动用法，使劳累,形容词的使动用法，使饥饿,空乏其身 人恒过，然后能改 入则无法家拂士，出则无敌国外患,形容词的使动用法，使财资缺乏,名词用作动词，犯错误,动词作状语，在国内，在国外,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
48、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,文言句式,倒装句： 傅说举于版筑之间（介词结构后置，正常语序应为“傅说于版筑之间举”）,第段运用排
