1、.Grammar.Attributive clause (限制性定语从句限制性定语从句) 先行词和关系词先行词和关系词定语从句定语从句 关系代词如何引导定语从句关系代词如何引导定语从句 关系代词的使用方法关系代词的使用方法 定语从句中需注意事项定语从句中需注意事项 附加部分附加部分习题习题. 定语定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词分词、不定式不定式、介词短语介词短语等来担任，修饰名词。(以分词、介词短语为例） 例： The girl behind the tree is Kate. The man driving too fast was a drunk. 定语从句定语从句 在英语中，修
2、饰名词名词或代词代词的句子句子叫定语从句。 例： The girl who is behind the tree is Kate. The man who was driving too fast was a drunk.先行词和关系词先行词和关系词q先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。q关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。q先行词、关系词先行词、关系词/引导词引导词对等对等 代替代替 That is the bike which my father bought for me. 先行词先行词关系词关系词 bikeq关系词的作用：
3、既引导定语从句，又在定关系词的作用：既引导定语从句，又在定 语从句中充当某种成分。语从句中充当某种成分。.关系代词如何引导定语从句关系代词如何引导定语从句q普通代词与关系代词的区别普通代词与关系代词的区别I have a sister.She works in Shanghai. 代替 sisterI have a sister who/that works in Shanghai.q普通代词普通代词：只起代替的作用（如上例只起代替的作用（如上例she)q关系代词关系代词： （如上例（如上例who/which） 1. 除了除了代替代替先行词外，先行词外，2.它还在定语从句中它还在定语从句中担任
4、担任一定的一定的成分成分，3. 同时同时连接连接先行词与它引导的定语从句。先行词与它引导的定语从句。 （把主句和从句连起来）（把主句和从句连起来）. 说明如下说明如下vThe building is our school.+The building stands by the river.= The building which/that stands by the river is our school. 先行词先行词 关系词关系词 从句从句 which、that 是关系代词，它在从句中代替先行词是关系代词，它在从句中代替先行词the building, 同时担任从句中的主语，也起连词的作用
5、，把两个简单句连接同时担任从句中的主语，也起连词的作用，把两个简单句连接 起来。起来。v 关系代词的使用取决于先行词，它们的关系非常密切，因为关系代词在关系代词的使用取决于先行词，它们的关系非常密切，因为关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的而且它的 人称、数必须和先行词一致。人称、数必须和先行词一致。The woman that/who is speaking at the meeting is my mother.(主句主句) The woman is my mother(从句从
6、句) The woman is speaking at the meeting.主语是单数. The women that/who are speaking at the meeting are famous scientists. (主句主句)The women are famous scientists. (从句从句)The women are speaking at the meeting.主语是复数 关系词关系词判判 断断 步步 骤骤 :v 首先，要辨别出先行词。首先，要辨别出先行词。 如果先行词是指人如果先行词是指人,关系词可能就用关系词可能就用 who,that,whom,whos
7、e。如果先行词指物如果先行词指物,关系词可能用关系词可能用which或或thatv 然后，要确定关系词在从句中的成分。请看下表然后，要确定关系词在从句中的成分。请看下表先行词 主格 宾格 所有格 人who,thatwho(m),that whose ,of whom 物which,that which,thatwhose,of which.v注意注意q 定语从句的时态不受主句的限制。. The woman who/that spoke at the meeting yesterday is my mother. (主句主句)The woman is my mother.(叙述客观事实用一般现在
8、时叙述客观事实用一般现在时) (从句从句)The woman(who/that) spoke at the meeting yesterday. (句中句中yesterday表示过去时间表示过去时间)v定语从句的辨认（思考步骤）定语从句的辨认（思考步骤） 找出先行词找出先行词 a.确定在从句中关系代词的人称、数和性。确定在从句中关系代词的人称、数和性。 b.确定定语从句的位置确定定语从句的位置 确定关系代词在从句中的成分以确定关系代词的格确定关系代词在从句中的成分以确定关系代词的格 确定从句的时态确定从句的时态 （定语从句的时态都不受主句的限制）（定语从句的时态都不受主句的限制）.关系代词的使
9、用方法关系代词的使用方法定语从句常用的关系代词有：that 、who(m)、whose、which等。 that多指物，在从句中作主语或作动词的宾语。（that/which作宾语时可省.） 1) A plane is a machine that can fly. A plane is a machine which can fly. 2) Who was hurt in the accident that happened yesterday? Who was hurt in the accident which happened yesterday? 3)Have you found th
10、e bike that you lost? Have you found the bike which you lost? Have you found the bike 省略 you lost? . 2. which 指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语不可省略;作宾语可以省略。 ( which 与that 指物时可以互相代替，that 更常见。） 1) His father works in a factory that /which makes TV sets. 2)The film that/ which we saw last night was very wonderful. The
11、 film 省略 we saw last night was very wonderful. .3. who 指人(既它的先行词必须是人),在从句中作主语或宾语。但whom 是宾格,只能作宾语。(that有时也指人.代替who,whom,可作主语或宾语) 1)The girls who werent badly hurt in the accident are my classmates. The girls that werent badly hurt in the accident are my classmates. 2) He knew the teacher who we met y
12、esterday. He knew the teacher whom we met yesterday. He knew the teacher (that) we met yesterday.4.whose 是代词的所有格形式是代词的所有格形式, 它既可以代人也可以代物。它既可以代人也可以代物。q I saw a woman . Her bag was stolen . I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.qIll call a person. His father knows you.qPlease show me the book . Its cover
13、 is red.qI cant find the house .My friend lives in it.Please show me the book whose cover is red.Ill call a person whose father knows youI cant find the house whose friend lives in it.1)This is the hero( whom) we are proud of. This is the hero of whom we are proud . This is the hero(that) we are pro
14、ud of .2)She is the girl whom I went with there. She is the girl with whom I went there. She is the girl that I went with there. She is the girl 省略 I went with there.注意: 固定动介词组不可分割固定动介词组不可分割,介词不能提前介词不能提前.例如例如:look after,look at v关系代词与介词关系代词与介词 介词放在关系代词的前面时介词放在关系代词的前面时,介词宾语只能用介词宾语只能用which代物代物, 和和whom
15、代人。代人。(介词在末尾时介词在末尾时,关系词可以省略关系词可以省略). 3 )The room (that) I live in is very big. The room (which) I live in is very big. The room in which I live is very big. The room where I live is very big.4).I want to find the pen (that) I wrote the letter with. I want to find the pen (which) I wrote the letter w
16、ith. I want to find the pen with which I wrote the letter. Here are the picture-books that the children are looking for . Here are the picture-books which the children are looking for. Here are the picture-books the children are looking for. 定语从句的翻译：不管引导词是哪一个，都翻译为“的”。e.g. This is the car which he bo
17、ught last year.这是这是（他去年买的）（他去年买的）那张车。那张车。The boy whose hometown is Guangdong is Yi Jianlian.那个那个（家乡是广东的）（家乡是广东的）男生是易建联。男生是易建联。.关系代词关系代词在从句中在从句中的作用：的作用：修饰功能修饰功能修饰人修饰人修饰物修饰物修饰人或物修饰人或物主语主语宾语宾语定语定语whowhichthatwhom(口语中可口语中可用用who，可省，可省)which(可省可省)that(可省可省)whosewhose(可省可省).Attention that和和which在指物的情况下一在指物
18、的情况下一般都可以互换般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下但在下列情况下, 一般用一般用that而不用而不用which。(1) 先行词为先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。代词或被不定代词修饰时。 I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.This is the first book (that) he has read.This is the very book that belongs to him.(2)先行词
19、被序数词或最高级修饰时。先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。(3)先行词被先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。修饰时。Ive read all the books that are not mine. (4)先行词同时含有人和物时。先行词同时含有人和物时。We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited there. that 不能引导非限制性定语从句不能引导非限制性定语从句 that不能置于介词之后（介词后指物用不能置于介词之后（介词后指物用whi
20、ch,指人用指人用whom） . 定语从句中需注意事项定语从句中需注意事项v 有些情况下只用关系词有些情况下只用关系词that,而不宜用而不宜用which1.从句所修饰的词又被从句所修饰的词又被形容词最高级形容词最高级或或序数词序数词修饰时修饰时,只能用只能用that引导从句引导从句. This is the most interesting story( that )I have ever heard. The first meeting( that) we will take part in will be held in the afternoon.2.先行词是先行词是all,somet
21、hing,nothing,anything不定代词不定代词时时,只能用只能用that. Here is something( that) I will tell you. Not all that glitters is gold.3.先行词既有先行词既有人人也有也有物物时时,只能用只能用that引出从句引出从句 I can remember well the persons and some pictures(that) I see.4.先行词是先行词是one of,the one, 或用或用little,few, no, all,any 作修饰，用作修饰，用that Is it the o
22、ne that you want ?We havent got much that we can offer you.5.当当主句主句已有已有疑问词疑问词 who或或which时，关系词用时，关系词用that Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?v从例句中看出，从例句中看出，who、that在许多情况下可以在许多情况下可以通用通用，但，但有时宜用有时宜用 用用who,而而不用不用that1.先行词是先行词是one(s),anyone,someone, those时，关
23、系词使用时，关系词使用who Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. One who has nothing to fear oneself dares to tell the truth. 2.在在there be 句型中，先行词指人句型中，先行词指人,关系词用关系词用who There is an old man who wants to see you.There are many young men who are against him.附加部分附加部分 关系副词关系副词 关系副词关系副词是用来引导定语从句的，它和关系
24、代词一样，具有是用来引导定语从句的，它和关系代词一样，具有 数种作用。数种作用。o 在从句中代替先行词。在从句中代替先行词。o在句中在句中作状语作状语。o连接作用，把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的复合句。连接作用，把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的复合句。 关系副词关系副词有有三种三种： where:在从句中作在从句中作地点状语地点状语,指代地点指代地点. ( on/in/atwhich)=that when: 在从句中作在从句中作时间状语时间状语,指代时间。指代时间。(on/ inwhich)=that why: 在从句中作在从句中作原因状语原因状语,指代原因。指代原因。 =that
25、.关系副词的用法：关系副词的用法： 1.where 的用法：的用法：(先行词应是地点名词）先行词应是地点名词） The hotel wasnt clean. + We stayed =The hotel where we stayed wasnt clean. The hotel at which we stayed wasnt clean. The hotel which we stayed at wasnt clean The hotel 关系词略关系词略we stayed at wasnt clean . at the hotel. We stayedthere.先行词先行词关系词关系词
26、从句从句从句从句共有五个共有五个不同的句不同的句子来表达。子来表达。.2.when的用法：的用法： （先行词应是表示时间的名词）先行词应是表示时间的名词） Ill never forget the day. + I joined the League on that day. Ill never forget the day that I joined the League.(口语口语) Ill never forget the day on which I joined the League . Ill never forget the day when I joined the Leagu
27、e.从从句句3.why的用法：的用法： ( 表示原因的名词表示原因的名词) The reason why Im calling you is to invite you to a party. The reason that Im calling you is to invite you to a party The reason Im calling you is to invite you to a party 略 在口语中,关系副词where、when、why 常被that 代替,也可省略。 . Exerc sesI.Rewrite the sentencesII.Choose the
28、best answersIII.Translate.Practice:The boy is Tom. He sits in front of me.The boy is Tom. He sits in front of me.The boy (The boy (who who sits in front of me ) is Tom.sits in front of me ) is Tom.The teacher will give us a speech . The teacher will give us a speech . We met the teacher yesterday.We
29、 met the teacher yesterday. The teacher (The teacher (whomwhom we we met yesterday )will met yesterday )will give us a speech give us a speech. .Practice:Do you find the pen? I wrote with it just now.Do you find the pen? I wrote with it just now.Do you find the pen Do you find the pen ( (which which
30、 I I wrote with just now)?wrote with just now)?Do you find the pen (Do you find the pen (with whichwith which I wrote just now)? I wrote just now)?I still remember the first day. I still remember the first day. I came to school on the firstI came to school on the firstday.day.I still remember the fi
31、rst day (I still remember the first day (when when I came to I came to school).school).Exercises:指出关系代词（副词）在定语从句中的成分：指出关系代词（副词）在定语从句中的成分：1.The man who came to our school is Mr. Wang. ( ) 2.The girl (whom) I met is Lucy. ( )3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom. ( ) 4.I like the book (which)
32、 you bought yesterday. ( )主语主语宾语宾语定语定语宾语宾语.6. I like the person to whom you just talked. ( )7. We shall never forget the days (that) we spent together. ( ) 8. We shall never forget the days when we lived together. ( )Exercises:介宾介宾宾语宾语状语状语I.把下列单句合并成含有定语从句的复合句把下列单句合并成含有定语从句的复合句.1.The little girl was
33、crying on the street.Her money had been stolen.2.The colour of the bike is green.Have you seen the bike?3.The student didnt agree with us.The student was standing under the tree.The little girl whose money had been stolen was crying on the street.Have you seen the bike whose colour is green.The stud
34、ent who was standing under the tree didnt agree with us.4.Where is the man? The man talked with you just now.5.The watch is very nice. He gave me the watch for my birthday.6.The book is very interesting. You lent it to me yesterday.7.The teacher is our English teacher. You saw her on the playground.
35、Where is the man who talked with you just now?The watch(that) he gave me for my birthday is very nice. The book( that/which) you lent me yesterday is very interesting. The teacher(who/that)you saw on the playground is our English teacher.8. The letter is from my friend. I received it yesterday. The
36、letter(that/which) I received yesterday is from my friend. .9. Im reading a book. Its name is “Who Moved My Cheese” Im reading a book whose name is “Who Moved My Cheese” 10.He works in a school. There is a big store near it.He works in a school near which there is a big store .11.He used to live in
37、a house.In front of it grew many apple trees.He used to live in a house in front of which grew many apple trees12.This is the room. We lived in it last year.This is the room (that/which)we lived in last year.This is the room in which /where we lived last year.13.The children are very healthy. She is
38、 looking after them.The children (who/that)she is looking after them are very healthy.14.I know the boy.He can speak English well.I know the boy who/that can speak English well15.The season is summer.It comes after spring.The season which comes after spring is summer.16.The man was American.I spoke
39、to him yesterday.17.I cant find the house.My friend lives in it. 18.I know the boy.You are looking for him.The man (whom /that)I spoke to yesterday was American.The man to whom I spoke yesterday was American.I cant find the house (which /that) my friend lives in.I cant find the house in which /where
40、 my friend lives.I know the boy (whom/who/that) you are looking for.19.This is the town.He was born in the town. 20.We arrived here on the day.Do you remember it?This is the town (which/that) he was born in.This is the town in which/where he was born.Do you remember the day( that/which) we arrived h
41、ere on?Do you remember the day on which we arrived here?Do you remember the day when we arrived here?. 根据汉语完成句子：1.This is the engineer_ (给我们作关于计算机报告的) the other day.2.My necklace is not _ (唯一不见的东西）3.The man_(在这间房子里工作的)is a chemist.4.The old building_ (我们住的)has been here for 30 years.5.The history bo
42、ok _ (封皮是黄的）was lost.who gave us a talk about computersthe only thing thats missingwho works in the room(that/which) we live inwhose cover is yellow.6.Her is the pen _(你昨你昨天丢失的）天丢失的）7.This is the best book_(我读过的）我读过的）8.I have lost the pen_（我（我父亲给我买的）父亲给我买的）9.Wheat is a plant _（中（中国北方种植的国北方种植的 10.I d
43、ont like the people_(说说得多可做得少的）得多可做得少的）(that) I have read (that)you lost yesterday.(which/that) my father bought me which/that is grown in the north of Chinawho talk too much but do little.猜猜看,下面的句子明白了吗?1.不懂装懂，一事无成.He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything , is indeed a good-for nothing.2.甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼. He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf.3.万事开头难 Its the first step that costs.4.千里之行，始于足下。 He who would climb that ladder must begin at the bottom.5.自满的人腹中空. He who is full of himself is very empty. 6.闪光的未必都是金子 Not all that glitters is gold. . Have fun
