1、高中英语被动语态讲解高中英语被动语态讲解高中英语被动语态讲解一、被动语态的构成形式二、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义四、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义五、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义六、被动语态与系表结构的区别一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to t
2、ouch the exhibits.2) has /have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here一、被动语态的构成形式4) was/were done 一般过去时一般过去时例例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5)
3、had been done 过去完成时过去完成时例例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6) was/were being done 过去进行时过去进行时例例A meeting was being held when I was there.7) shall/will be done/ be going to be done/ be about to be done/ be to be to done一般将来时一般将来时例例Hundreds of jobs will be l
4、ost if the factory closes.一、被动语态的构成形式8) should/would be done/ waswere going to be done/ waswere about to be done/waswere to be to done一般将来时一般将来时例例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时将来完成时(少用)(少用)例例The project will have been completed
5、before July.10) should/would have been done 过去将过去将来完成时(少用)来完成时(少用)例例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.一、被动语态的构成形式2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词be过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语, 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。
6、通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.一、被动语态的构成形式3) 当当“动词动词+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。例例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为可改为The boy was caught smoking a cig
7、arette.4)在使役动词)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加但变为被动结构时,要加to。例例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.一、被动语态的构成形式5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如有些相当
8、于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词动词介词介词”,“动词副词动词副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。词或副词也不能省略。例例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态也有被动语态(一一般时态和完成时态般时态和完成时态) 。例例I dont like being laughed at in the public.二、 It is s
9、aid that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示一些表示“据说据说”或或“相信相信”的动词如的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型等可以用于句型“Itbe过过去分词去分词that从句从句”或或“主语主语be过去分词过去分词to do sth.”。有:。有:二、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道,It is believed that大家相信,It is hoped that大家希望,It is well kn
10、own that众所周知It is thought that大家认为,It is suggested that据建议。)三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如英语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式语特征时,常用其主动形式 表达被动意义表达被动意义,主主语通常是物。语通常是物。例例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特注意:主动语态表被动
11、强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较:试比较:The door wont lock (指门(指门本身有毛病)本身有毛病)The door wont be locked (指不会有(指不会有人来锁门人来锁门, 指指“门没有锁门没有锁”是人的原因)是人的原因)三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义2. 表示表示“发生、进行发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,的不及物动词和短语,如:如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out,
12、give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。等以主动形式表示被动意义。例例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?3. 系动词没有被动形式系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, look, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例例Your reason sounds reasonable.四、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式
13、表被动意义 。1 在need,want,require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing(to be repaired)这房子需要修理。2 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 例The picture-book is well worth reading(The picture-book is very worthy to be read)五、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的
14、介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有:under control(受控制), under treatment(在治疗中), under repair(在修理中), under discussion(在讨论中), under construction(在施工中)。例The building is under construction( is being constructed).五、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义2“beyond+名词名词”结
15、构,结构,“出乎出乎胜胜过过、范围、限度、范围、限度”。常见的有:。常见的有:beyond belief (令人难以置信令人难以置信), beyond ones reach(鞭长莫及),(鞭长莫及),beyond ones control(无法控制),(无法控制),beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。我们的成功始料不及。例例The rumour is beyond belief(=cant be believed)五、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义3.“above+名词名词”结构结构, 表示表示“(品质、行为、品质、行为、能力等能力等) 超过超过、
16、高于、高于”。例例His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough4“for+名词名词”结构,表示结构,表示 “适于适于、 为为着着”。如:。如:for sale(出售出售), for rent(出(出租)等。租)等。例例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).五、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义5“in+名词名词”结构结构 ,表示,表示“在在过程中或过程中或范围内范围内”常见的
17、有:常见的有:in print(在印刷中),(在印刷中),in sight(在视野范围内在视野范围内),等。,等。例例The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)6“on+名词名词”结构结构, 表示表示“在从事在从事 中中”。常见的有:常见的有:on sale(出售出售),on show(展(展出)出), on trial(受审)。(受审)。例例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).五、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意
18、义7“out of+名词名词”结构结构 ; 表示表示 “超出超出 之外之外“,常见的有:,常见的有:out of control (控制不控制不了了),out of sight (超出视线之外),(超出视线之外),out of ones reach(够不着够不着), out of fashion(不不流行流行)等。等。例例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 8“within+名词名词”结构,结构,“在在内、不超内、不超过过”。例例He took two days off within the teachers permissio
19、n六、被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作;作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时,be后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词。其区分办法如下:1如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被动语态,否则为系表结构。例The glass is broken (系表结构)The glass was broken by the boy (被动语态)六、被动语态与系表结构的区别2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时,如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时,一般为被动语态。一般为被动语态。例The door is locked (系表结构)The door hasalready/just been locked(被动语态)3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,还可以用于其他各种时态,而系表结构中的还可以用于其他各种时态,而系表结构中的系动词系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。只有一般时态和完成时态。例 The machine is being repairedThank You世界触手可及世界触手可及携手共进,齐创精品工程携手共进,齐创精品工程