1、121ninilll.lxnn0l0iill1,2,3,.,iniivlxil1, 2,in0iilll 1, 2,in1niilxn10niilxn00 xlx 0 x0l0lil1niilxn1 2iivlx,i, ,.n1110nnniiiiivlxnxnx1niilxn1niivn 舍前值舍后值12niinvA1(0.5)2niinvA1niilnx1niiv1niilnx1niiv1niilnx1niivxx2222121nini.nn0iilL211niivn00 xiiiiiiilLlxxlvvlxiixxvnn222222iixxiixvnvvn2222211120nnxiii
2、jiiijnijijn() 22222222211iiixiiiiivnvnnnvvnn12nll. lxn1221nD(x)D(l ) D(l ) . D(l )n12nD(l )D(l ) . D(l )21121D(l )D(x )nD(l )nnnxn1nn xn n 11 2531niiv.n n11 2531niixv.nn123nx ,x ,x ,.,xmaxxm inxnmaxminxxnndim axnvk1miixxmiiPn1 2ixin, ,mn22221122xxmxmnn.n1122mmpn ,pn ,.,pn1222212111mxxxmp : p : .: p:
3、 .:1230 050 20 1xxx.,. ,.12316 14p : p : p:1231614p,p,p12121111212mnnniimiiiimmlllx,x,.,xnnn121211111 1221211mnnnmiimiiiiiimmmmiiimiix(ll.l)/n(n xn x.n x )/(nn.n )p xp1miixx / m121mpppixininxxin1iixxmiinnixixxiip x1zp iiD( Z )PD( x )222211111iiizizxiixxp : p:pp22izixP11ziipppixixxiixiiipvp xp xiip x
4、iixp viixpv211imixip vm2111imixixmiip v( m)p112233123999 9420 x nxnx nx.mmnnn12311232220 50 40 1332530 520 450 10 00023 1325xxxxvxx. mm,v. mm,v. mmm,p,p,p( . )( . )( . ).mm() () 999 94200 0002x.(mm)2xtF0iilL22212f ()e22212F()ed正态分布曲线 F1212O0f ()d 22222212f ()dd e 22122 22211222()ed() 222()ed()12120a
5、f ()aa201aaF()aaaa 均匀分布曲线 faaO其数学期望（均值）为：02aaEda方差为：2222331112233aaaaaf()dda( a ) 222212v22222f()2122222220vxv( x )evf()()22001202vxv()xedx卡方分布曲线2f()26OEv22v2tF2tvtt2121212( v)/v()tf (t )()vvv()分布曲线 f t2Ot 2vD tv2vvv 0E t 12 11 ，22 1122vFv1v2v1v2vFFF1121212122212122212220vvvv vvv()Fvvvv()()(vvF)f(F)
6、00FFF 分布曲线f(F)OF 分布的数字期望方差为22222vE(v)v2221221222224v (vv)v(v) (v)24(v) F22222201222/p()ededtt220222tt/p ()ed t( t )(t)333lim3lim t=3时，大概370次有一次测量结果在区间之外 fO68 26.%95 44.%99 73.%322395 44.%99 73.%limt xlim xxt limxxt t0 010 02 0 05., ., .ixnx1ixn4 03t.1099p. n0 4952p(t ).2 6t.150 01n,.1 0n 20 x fO20 x
7、Lesine01809027012nl ,l ,l12nl ,l ,l12nl, l, l111222nnnlll ,lll ,lllxxxiilxviilxv iiivv (lx )iv iivlxivnvvnc)表示含周期性系统误差 d)表示b)+c)的情形2nk 12nk111111knijijkknknijijijkijKvvv v (lx )(lx )n110knijijkv v 11knijijKlx )(lx )（12nv ,v ,v111niiiuv v21un211ivn21 2531iv.n n211u21un1122mmx ,; x ,; x,1ijxx (ijm) 22
8、ij222ijijxx112 299710 00041x.,.222 310220 00019x.,.2212120 0105120 0019xx.1 21 2ixjyx : i, ,n ; x : j, ,n1210n ,n38PTTTTT1210n ,n112121211212n ( nn)n n ( nn)N,TTatTat(t)ttt1 21 2ixjyx : i,n ; x: j,n222xyxyxyxxyyn n ( nn)t( xy )( nn)( nn)11ijxyxx ,yynn221xix( xx )n221yiy( yy )n2xy(nn)aP ( tt)atatt1l2
9、l12lXQl21lPQlXPP21lPPQlPPX 21lXPlPPP21lPPQl ()2P PPXP PP1524322lllll 对称法是有效消除线性误差的有效误差之一。其原因如图所示，设某系统误差随时间或被测量成线性误差。取对称点作基准，如图的三点，这时： 从而将系统误差的线性误差消除成不变的系统误差。111sinle 222sinle211211sinsin()0llee 33iv312 ,nx , x, xjx111niiijxxn212niivnK(n, )jxxKjx12,nx ,x,xx ,ix12()()( n )xxx( i )x11( n )( )( n )( )xxxxg,g0g (n, )0(i)gg (n,x)1i,nilxn1 2iivlx ,i, ,n211niivn31miiiix pxp精品课件精品课件！精品课件精品课件！211miiixip v( m)plimxxt limxxx
