1、Unit 4 Exploring literatureGrammar and usage表示表示情感态度情感态度的工具的工具Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.The Essays of Francis Bacon (1597) by Francis Bacon读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。Lead-
2、in1 Step How can we choose good books? can couldmay mightshall shouldmust will wouldought tohave to dare (darent)need (neednt) used tomodal verbs1. How many modal verbs do you know?只作情态动词的可情态可实义的可情态可助动词的相当于情态动词的can/could, may/might, ought to， mustneed, dare/daredshall/should, will/wouldhave to, used
3、 to2. Whats the definition of modal verbs?v情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示表示说话人的情绪说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词态度或语气的动词,但不但不能单独作谓语能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。成谓语。 3.What are the functions of modal verbs?v1.To talk about _v2. To talk about _v3. To talk about_v4. To talk about _abilityobligationcertaintypermi
4、ssionv5. To make_v 6. To make _v7. To make_v8. To give _requestssuggestionsoffersadvice_ I come in?_ I borrow some money?_ I help you?_ I ask you some questions?may疑问句表示委婉请求，疑问句表示委婉请求，might表更加委婉表更加委婉can 表委婉请求，表委婉请求，口语中可与口语中可与may替换替换，could表更加委婉表更加委婉MayMightCanCouldShe can/be able to sing the song in
5、English.This machine can make you feel comfortable.1.can, be able to都可表示“能力”Can的主语是人或物,be able to的主语是人 Well be able to finish the work soon.I havent been able to see the film.2.can只用于现在时和过去时(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。 3.could用于表示泛指过去的能力。如： I could read when I was four. *-Must you go home now? -Yes,
6、I must. /No, I neednt.=I dont have to.*must开头的疑问句，否定的回答要用_/_neednt dont have to禁止、不准“偏要” “责备,抱怨” 【小结3】 must有时表示_,含有_之意 mustnt表示_v must表主观意志，而表主观意志，而have to表由于客观因表由于客观因素不得不做完成的事情。素不得不做完成的事情。vMust没有过去式，除在间接引语中可表示过没有过去式，除在间接引语中可表示过去的时间。在直接引语中表示过去的时间用去的时间。在直接引语中表示过去的时间用had to代替。代替。vI told her that she m
7、ust give up smoking.比较比较must & have toIts getting late. I have to leave now.（客观需要）肯定的推测可能的推测否定的推测疑问的推测must一定 对将来 对现在 对过去情态动词may, might可能 cant, couldnt一定不can, could + V. + V. + have done常见must be + be doing + V. + V. + have done + be doing 可以用not表示“可能不可能不” +V. + V. + have done + be doing+ V. + V. + h
8、ave done + be doingshouldought tohad betterWould you like to have lunch with me?Would you mind not smoking here?Would you please show me the way?情态动词 (+动词原形)行为动词 .needdare 1.无人称和数的变化; 2.尤其用于：*否定句及疑问句中;*在if/whether之后;*或与hardly, never, no one, nobody连用; 3.常以neednt 和darent 的形式出现;4.dare有其过去时dared. 多用于肯定
9、句; need to do dare to doneed to be done need doing 1.判断正误: How dare you say such a thing? How dare you to say such a thing?He darent to speak English before such a crowd, did he?He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he?Nobody need to be afraid of catching the disease.Nobody need be afrai
10、d of catching the disease.These dishes need be cleaned carefully.These dishes need to be cleaned carefully.These dishes need cleaning carefully.Note: 对need问句的回答: -Need I finish the work today? -Yes, _. No, _. No, _.you mustyou needntyou dont have toneednt 对其它情态动词的回答:-Shall I tell John about it?-No,
11、you _. -Must we do it now? -No, you _. neednt (dont have to) neednt(dont have to)情态动词：shall, will 的多种意义: * shall 可表示必须、允诺、命令、 警告或征询意见. * 均可表示将来。 过去时为 should, would.1.Shall we /he/she turn on the project today?2.You shall get what you want if you come here.3.He shall go first , whether he wants of no
12、t.4.The fine shall be paid in cash.5.If you dont behave yourself, you shall be punished.许诺征求建议命令强制威胁* will 可可表示意愿、表示意愿、决心或决定、决心或决定、常出现的动常出现的动作、在疑问句中表示请求和建议作、在疑问句中表示请求和建议.If you will take off your clothes, we will try the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.Will /Would you please turn down the
13、TV?Whenever he meets me, he will come over and say hello to me.Fish will die without water.意愿请求习惯性动作必然性1. He _ be punished if he disobeys. 如果他不服从, 就要受到惩罚.2. We are not going to quarrel at all if you _ only let me speak. 只要你让我说话, 我们根本就不会吵架.3. -Sir, _ he go or stay? -Let him go. A. will B. shall C. mi
14、ght D. couldshallwillB 4. The door _ open. 这门经常打不开.5. Ronald _ stay in his small garden for a long time every day in the past. A. could B. might C. should D. would6. You _ have the book after I read it. 我看完以后一定把这本书给你.wontD shallmustnt 不准, 禁止 neednt 没必要 ( = dont have to )cant 不能; 不可能may not 不可以; 可能不s
15、houldnt 不应该 ( = ought not to )-May I borrow some money?-No, you _.-Yes, you _.-Must/Need I do my homework now?-No, you _.-Yes, you _.-Can/Could I open the door?-No, you _.-Yes, you _.cant/mustntmay/canneednt/dont have tomustcantcanExploring the rules2 Step Below is a website article about how to cho
16、ose books. Find the sentences that use modal verbs and fill in the table below. The first one has been done for you.Working out the rules3 Step a, d, e, fExploring more about the rules4 Step Ability: can/be able to Can you run 1,500 metres in five minutes? Even a small personal computer can store va
17、st amounts of information. Are you able to run 1,500 metres in five minutes? Will you be able to speak English fluently in five years? Jim could/couldnt run fast when he was young. He was able to drive when he was a student.1. We can use _ to express ability at present. 2. We can use _ to express ab
18、ility in the future. 3. We can use _ to express ability in the past. can and is/am/are able towill/shall be able tocould and was/were able toWorking out the rulesNecessity: must, have to I must book a hotel for my trip next week. We have to wear a uniform at work. Must we finish our work today? Yes,
19、 you must finish it as quickly as possible. ( No, you dont have to. / No, you neednt.) Must you play the piano at such a late time? Its midnight. Must you spoil everything? Why must you always be so suspicious?1. We use _ when we decides that something is necessary or needs to be done; we use _ when
20、 somebody else other than us has made the decision. 2. To answer the question introduced by must, we use _ for a positive answer, and _ for a negative answer.3. _ can be used in questions to tell someone that their behaviour makes us upset or annoyed. mustWorking out the ruleshave tomustdont have to
21、/needntMustApplying the rules5 Step B1 For the following groups of three sentences, tick the sentence which uses the modal verb differently from the other two.Choose proper modal verbs and use the proper forms to complete the sentences.1. shall/will(1) I have told him again and again to stop smoking
22、, but he _ listen. (2) _ you come with me to visit Uncle Bill? (3) _ we start the project right now?2. must/need(1) You _ smoke in the hospital. It is bad for the patients.(2) We _ get up too early tomorrow morning.wontWillShallmustntneednt3. can/be able to(1) He _ swim across the English Channel, b
23、ut he didnt feel like it that day.(2) Mary _ play the piano since she was 5.4. should/ought to(1) I dont care what people think. Well, you _.(2) Dont ask me! How _ I know?(3) Try phoning Mikehe _ be home by now.couldcan/has been able toshould/ought toshouldshouldTranslate the following sentences int
24、o English.1. 过马路时越小心越好。 You _ cross the road.2. 凡事都有两面性。动听的歌曲有时候对别人来说就是噪声。 Everything has two sides. Beautiful songs, sometimes, _.3. 我们学校的一个规定是每个学生在校期间都得穿校服。 One of our school rules is that every student _ while at school. 4. 我再也不会那样做了。 I _ that again.cant be too careful tocan/may be noise to other
25、s has to/shall wear a school uniformwill/would never doB2 Below is an entry in a students reading journal. Complete the entry with the correct modal verbs in the brackets.cantmustcouldmustcanshouldought to(根据2016 全国卷II改编) Fill in the blanks with proper words. If you feel stressed by responsibilities
26、 at work, you (1) _ take a step back and identify those of greater and less importance. Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of (2) _ (achieve). Leaving the less important things until tomorrow (3) _ (be) often acceptable.Most of us are more focused (4) _ our tasks
27、in the morning than we are later in the day. So, get an early start and try to be as productive (5) _ possible before lunch. This (6) _ give you the confidence you need to get you through the afternoon and go home feeling accomplished.shouldachievementisonaswill/canRecent (7) _ (study) show that we
28、are far more productive at work if we take short breaks (8) _ (regular). Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for a while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.If you find something you love doing outside of the office, youll be less likely (9) _ (bring) your work home. It (10) _
29、be anythinggardening, cooking, music, sportsbut whatever it is, make sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.studiesregularlyto bringcould/canB3 In pairs, make rules for your school library using modal verbs. Use the following examples to help you. You must study
30、 quietly in the reading room. You must not eat or drink in the library. You can use the computers to find books in our library. You can borrow two books at a time and keep them for as long as two weeks.Books can enrich our life. Life without books is like a body without a soul. 1. Finish exercise C on page 76 of the textbook. 2. Write a notice for the school library, using the sentences you have written in class. Homework
