1、1.congratulation n. (pl.)祝贺，恭喜；恭贺；祝贺，恭喜；恭贺； u.n.祝贺祝贺 the act of congratulating congratulations (to sb) on sth 为某事（向某人）祝贺为某事（向某人）祝贺 offer /send ones congratulations to sb on sth 向某人致以祝贺向某人致以祝贺拓展拓展 congratulate vt. 向（某人）道贺，祝贺向（某人）道贺，祝贺 congratulate sb on sth 祝贺某人（做了）某事祝贺某人（做了）某事 I congratulated him on
2、 his success. =I offered my congratulations to him on his success. Practise:1)He sent her a letter of _on her election victory.2)I had hoped to send Peter a gift_(祝贺祝贺) him _ his marriage, but I couldnt manage it. 3)-John and I _(庆祝庆祝)our 10th wedding anniversary next week. -Oh, _(恭喜恭喜)!congratulati
3、on on to congratulate will celebrate congratulations 4)许多亲戚朋友都对他们的银婚表示祝贺。许多亲戚朋友都对他们的银婚表示祝贺。 Many relatives and friends_ their silver wedding. =Many relatives and friends_ _their silver wedding.congratulated them onoffered/ sent their congratulations to them on2.assume vt 假定，认为；承担（责任），就（职）假定，认为；承担（责任
4、），就（职） assume sb/sth to be + n/adj认为某人认为某人/某物是某物是 assume that . 假设，认为假设，认为. It is (generally) assumed that. 人们人们(普遍）认为普遍）认为.I assume him to be an honest man.We were wrong to assume that he would agree. 我们错误地认为他会同意。我们错误地认为他会同意。It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work.He assumed
5、all his duties .人们普遍认为，压力是工作过多所致。人们普遍认为，压力是工作过多所致。他承担了所有职责他承担了所有职责。拓展拓展 assumption c. n. 假定，假设假定，假设 on the assumption that 假定假定 assuming conj. 假如，假设假如，假设为真为真 assuming (that) 假定假定 A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice
6、blow-up(放大的照片放大的照片) for one of the visitors centers. 一位深思熟虑的官员把一些复印件转交给了公园管理者，认一位深思熟虑的官员把一些复印件转交给了公园管理者，认为他们可能会为其中一个游客中心制作一张漂亮的放大的照片。为他们可能会为其中一个游客中心制作一张漂亮的放大的照片。Assuming (that) it is true,what should we do now?Practise1)His actions were based on a false _(assume).2)_(assume)that we cant get the nece
7、ssary equipment,we will have to give up the experiment.3)_(普遍认为普遍认为)women are normally more sensitive than men.assumption Assuming It is generally assumed that 指出下列句中指出下列句中assume的含义的含义4)They are assumed to be foreigners.5)Developed countries should assume the responsibility of helping undeveloped co
8、untries.6)Mr White will assume the role of CEO.认为 承担 就职 发达国家应该承担起帮助不发达国家的责任。发达国家应该承担起帮助不发达国家的责任。3.tend vi.&vt. (1)vt. 往往会，常常就往往会，常常就 tend to do sth When Im tired, I tend to make mistakes. 我累了就容易出错误。我累了就容易出错误。(2)vi. 倾向，趋向倾向，趋向 tend to/towards sth His views tend towards the extreme. 他的观点趋于偏激。他的观点趋于偏激。
9、(3)vt./vi.照料，照管，护理照料，照管，护理 tend (to)sb/sth Doctors and nurses are busy tending the injured. well- tended gardens 精心照料的花园精心照料的花园 拓展拓展 tendency c.n.倾向，偏好；趋向，趋势倾向，偏好；趋向，趋势 for sb/ sth to do sth to/ towards sth have a tendency to do sth 倾向于做某事倾向于做某事I have a tendency to talk too much when Im nervous. 我紧张
10、时总爱唠叨。我紧张时总爱唠叨。There is a tendency for this disease to run in families. 这种疾病容易在家族里遗传。这种疾病容易在家族里遗传。 He has a bad temper, with a tendency towards violence. 他性情暴躁，有暴力倾向。他性情暴躁，有暴力倾向。Practice1)People _(往往认为往往认为)that the problem will never affect them.2)There is a growing _for people to work at home inste
11、ad of in offices.3)Prices _(tend) downwards over recent years.4)He has a strong natural _ _ caution. 他天生非常小心谨慎。他天生非常小心谨慎。5)Some medical workers were sent _(tend) the survivors of earthquake.tend to think tendecny has tended tendecny towards to tend 4.routine n./ a.(1)c.n./u.n. 常规，惯例常规，惯例 We are tryi
12、ng to get the baby into a routine for sleeping. 我们试着让婴儿按时睡觉。我们试着让婴儿按时睡觉。 The players had to change their daily routine and lifestyle. 运动员不得不改变他们的每日常规与生活方式。运动员不得不改变他们的每日常规与生活方式。(2)adj.常规的，例行公事的，日常的；乏味的，平淡的常规的，例行公事的，日常的；乏味的，平淡的 The mistake was discovered during a routine check. 这个错误是在一次常规检查中发现的。这个错误是在
13、一次常规检查中发现的。 a routine job 平淡乏味的工作平淡乏味的工作 Practise1)You should make exercise a part of your _ (每日常规每日常规).2)Dont worry. Its just a_ _(常规医学检查常规医学检查) 3)This kind of work _(be) routine and uninteresting.4)We clean and repair the machines as a matter of routine. (翻译翻译) _daily routine routine medical test/
14、 examiantionis我们定期清洗和修理机器。5.stretch vt. &vi. 伸展，舒展伸展，舒展； 拉长拉长，撑大，撑大； 伸出；延伸伸出；延伸 stretch out/stretch oneself out 躺下（休息）躺下（休息） stretch out ones hand 伸出某人的手伸出某人的手 stretch ones legs 散散步，活动活动腿脚散散步，活动活动腿脚After studying for some time,you ought to get up and stretch your legs. 学习了一段时间之后，你应当起来活动活动。学习了一段时间之后，
15、你应当起来活动活动。This sweater has stretched. 这件毛衣给撑得变形了。这件毛衣给撑得变形了。Is there any way of stretching the shoes? 有什么办法能把鞋子撑大吗？有什么办法能把鞋子撑大吗？He stretched across the table for the cup. 他伸手到桌子那头去拿杯子。他伸手到桌子那头去拿杯子。Practise1)I _(伸出手伸出手)and picked up the book.2)We got out of the car and _ (活动活动腿脚活动活动腿脚).3) The beach s
16、tretches for several miles. 译：译： 4)John sat up in bed and stretched. 译：译：5)Rubber will stretch easily when pulled. 译：译： stretched out my hand stretched our legs 海滩绵延数英里。海滩绵延数英里。 约翰从床上坐起来，伸了伸懒腰。约翰从床上坐起来，伸了伸懒腰。 橡胶很容易被拉长。橡胶很容易被拉长。 6.range (1)(c.n. usually sing.) 一系列一系列 of sth The club provides a wide /
17、 full range of activities. 这个俱乐部提供各种各样的活动。这个俱乐部提供各种各样的活动。(2)(c.n. usually sing.)(变动或浮动的变动或浮动的)范围，幅度，区间范围，幅度，区间 It is difficult to find a house in our price range. The average age range is between 15 and 17. There will be an increase in the range of 1 to 3 percent. 将会有将会有0到到3个百分点的增长幅度。个百分点的增长幅度。 6.ra
18、nge (3)vi (在一定范围内在一定范围内)变化，变动变化，变动 from A to B/ between A and B vi. 包括（从包括（从.到到.）之间的各类事物）之间的各类事物 from A to B The ages of the players range from 15 to 20 years. 运动员的年龄在运动员的年龄在15到到20岁之间。岁之间。 The conversation ranged widely. 谈话所涉及的范围很广。谈话所涉及的范围很广。 Practise1)The national park has _ wide range of wildlife
19、, _ from butterflies to elephants.2) He is expecting a salary _ (在范围内在范围内) 30,000 to 50,000.3)Such conversations usually cover _(各种各样的话题各种各样的话题). a ranging in the range of a wide range of topics 7.energy u.n 能，能量；能源能，能量；能源; 精力精力, 干劲，活力；干劲，活力； (pl) 精力，力量精力，力量 She is always full of energy. He put all
20、his energies into his work. It is important to conserve energy. 节能十分重要。节能十分重要。 solar / nuclear energy 太阳能太阳能/ 核能核能 拓展拓展 energetic a.精力充沛的，充满活力的，积极的精力充沛的，充满活力的，积极的Practise1)John always gets up early in the morning feeling _(energy) and ready to start a new day.2)He devoted his energies _(teach).3)我们应
21、当重视能源节约。我们应当重视能源节约。 We should _energy saving.energetic to teachingattach importance to 8. average n. 平均水平，一般水准，平均数平均水平，一般水准，平均数 adj. 平均的；一般的，普通的平均的；一般的，普通的 an average of . 平均为平均为. on average平均平均 above/below average 高于高于/低于平均水平低于平均水平8.average n./ adj.The average age of the students is 15.On average,
22、there are 200 visitors to the exhibition every day.Toms work at school is above/ below average.It takes an average of ten weeks for a house sale to be completed. 平均需要平均需要10周才能完成一幢房子的销售。周才能完成一幢房子的销售。Practise1)40 hours _(be) a fairly average working hour for most people. 对大多数人来说一周工作对大多数人来说一周工作40小时是相当正
23、常的。小时是相当正常的。2)Parents spend _3000 yuan a year on toys. 父母为孩子买玩具的花费每年平均为三千元。父母为孩子买玩具的花费每年平均为三千元。3)Every year 400 people die of this disease _(平均平均).4)His salary is _(低于平均水平低于平均水平)in his company, which makes him upset.is an average of on average below average 9.throughout prep 自始至终；各处，遍及自始至终；各处，遍及 The
24、 giant panda is loved by people throughout the world. 大熊猫受到世界各地人们的喜爱。大熊猫受到世界各地人们的喜爱。 The world changes so fast that you must continue to learn throughout your life. 世界变化如此之快以至于你必须终生学习。世界变化如此之快以至于你必须终生学习。Practise1)The museum is open daily _(一年到头，整年一年到头，整年)2)They export their products to markets _(世界各
25、地世界各地) .throughtout the year throughtout the world 10. injury c.n./u.n. 伤害，损伤伤害，损伤 There were no injuries in the accident. Mike is out of the basketball team because of a terrible head injury/a terrible injury to his head. 迈克因头部受了重伤而退出了篮球队。迈克因头部受了重伤而退出了篮球队。拓展拓展 injure vt. (尤指在事故中尤指在事故中)受伤，伤害受伤，伤害, 损
26、害损害 injured adj. 受伤的受伤的Practise1)They suffered serious _ in the attack.2)The firefighters couldnt get close to the burning house in time, _(result) in several deaths and _.3)The _ (伤者伤者) _(be) rushed to a nearby hospital.4)He seriously_his knee when playing basketball.injuries resulting injuries inj
27、uried were injuried11. lack (1) n.缺乏，匮乏，短缺缺乏，匮乏，短缺 of sth a lack of. 缺乏缺乏. for lack of. 因缺乏因缺乏. no lack of. 不缺不缺There was no lack of volunteers. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a lack of exercise. 健康问题与不良饮食习惯和缺少锻炼密切相关。健康问题与不良饮食习惯和缺少锻炼密切相关。The case was dismissed for l
28、ack of evidence. 因缺乏证据该案件被撤销。因缺乏证据该案件被撤销。The programme was canceled through lack of money.11. lack (1) n.缺乏，匮乏，短缺缺乏，匮乏，短缺 of sth (2)vt. 没有，缺乏，不足，短缺没有，缺乏，不足，短缺 This novel lacks imagination. As he is very rich, he lacks for nothing. 他很富有，什么都不缺。他很富有，什么都不缺。Practise1)There is _(缺少缺少)parking space in our
29、city. 2)The project was canceled_lack of money.3)生活中并不缺少美。生活中并不缺少美。 There is _ in life .4)尽管他缺乏经验，他还是得到了那份工作。尽管他缺乏经验，他还是得到了那份工作。 _experience, he got the job. _experience, he got the job.5)他缺乏信心。他缺乏信心。 He _. a lack of for no lack of beautyDespite his lack ofAlthough/ Though he lackedlacks confidenceThank you
