1、牛津英语单元词汇详解选择性 必修四Unit 2 Understanding each other1. react/rikt/ vi. 对作出反应；有不良反应，过敏；起化学反应（16）【原句背诵】If you heard someone shout “Hey you!” from across the room, how would you react?【联想拓展】react (to sth) (by doing sth) 起反应；（对）作出反应；回应react (with sth) 起化学反应；发生化学变化react on/upon v. 起作用于；对有影响react against 反抗；反
2、对；起反作用reaction n. 反应，回应；反应能力（reactions）；（药物或食物引起的）不良反应；化学反应；反作用力reactive adj. 反应的；电抗的；反动的reactivity n. 反应；反动【经典例句】Local residents have reacted angrily to the news. 当地居民对这一消息表示愤怒。 The market reacted by falling a further two points. 股市的反应是再下跌两个百分点。Iron reacts with water and air to produce rust. 铁和水及空气
3、发生反应产生铁锈。 【链接高考】（2017全国卷II）Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. Its a plants way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react. 科学家们发现，各种植物在受到攻击时都会释放出挥发性有机化合物。 这是植物呼喊的方式。 但有人在听吗? 显然。 因为我们可以观察邻居们的反应。 （2016新课标卷
4、III）But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. 但当你和朋友分享一个故事时，你更关心他们的反应。 （2012全国卷II）Her research has led her to find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effect on how we react to it. 她的研究让她发现了两种截然不同的思维模式，它们对我们的反应有很大的影响。 2. gentle /dent()l/adj.
5、温柔的；温和的；柔和的 (16)【原句背诵】They could be interpreted as a welcoming greeting from a close friend, especially if accompanied by a gentle smile. 【联想拓展】gentle and soft 温柔gentle and quiet 文静的；轻柔的；娴雅文静a quiet and gentle man 温文尔雅的男士a gentle voice/laugh/touch 温柔的声音笑声触摸gently adv. 文静地，温柔地；轻柔地；gentleness n. 温顺；亲切
6、；高贵；彬彬有礼【经典例句】These poems reveal the poets gentle side. 这些诗显示出诗人温柔的一面。Tom was a quiet and gentle man who liked sports and enjoyed life. 汤姆是个安静温和的男人，他喜欢运动和享受生活。My fathers gentle kindness taught me a lesson which I would never forget. 父亲的温柔和友善给我上了一堂永生难忘的课。【链接高考】（2020天津卷）The deep, gentle voice helped c
7、alm the nervous girl.低沉、温柔的声音使这个紧张的女孩平静下来。 （2012江西卷）The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly. 柔和的灯光、飞机上的电影和轻柔的音乐构成了你唯一熟悉的世界，时间慢慢流逝。 3. *encode /nkd/ vt. 把编码；把译成电码（或密码）（16）4. mail /mel/ n. 电子邮件；邮政；邮件（16）5. *decode /dikd/ vt. 解（
8、码），破译（尤指密码）（16）【原句背诵】Communication is the process of exchanging information between a sender and a receiver. The sender encodes a message and sends it face to face, or through videos, telephone, mail or social media. This message is then received and decoded by the receiver.【联想拓展】by/through mail 邮寄；
9、通过写信，通过邮递；按信件mail作动词时，常用mail sth (to sb/sth)/mail (sb) sth意思是“ 邮寄”。【经典例句】There isnt much mail today. 今天邮件不多。We do our business by mail . 我们通过邮递做生意。6. feedback /fidbk/ n. 反馈，反应（16）【原句背诵】In response, the receiver sends an encoded message back, which is referred to as feedback. This feedback is decoded
10、 by the original sender and the entire cycle repeats itself until they have finished communicating. 【经典例句】Id appreciate some feedback on my work. 如果有人对我的工作提出意见我将感激不尽。Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback. 学生们在向我们显示，在有即时反馈的情况下，他们会学得更好。We need both positive and negative
11、feedback from our customers. 我们需要顾客正反两方面的反馈意见。【链接高考】（2014湖南卷）Feedback (反馈） facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achiev
12、e up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters. 反馈设施，如智能电表和能源监测器，可以帮助人们了解改变他们的行为如何直接影响他们的能源使用，从而弥合这一信息鸿沟; 一些研究表明，使用智能电表，家庭可以节省高达15%的能源。 （2012江西卷）Emilys mum came across Big Brothers Big Sisters and thought it would be of benefit to Emily by “providing different feedback (反馈) about herself other
13、 than just relying on schoolmates to measure her self-worth. 艾米丽的妈妈偶然遇到了大师大姐妹会，她认为这对艾米丽有好处，“除了依靠同学来衡量自我价值外，还可以提供不同的自我反馈。” 7. competent /kmptnt/ adj. 足以胜任的，有能力的（16）【原句背诵】The communication process can be challenging but, with practice and patience, you can become a highly competent communicator. 【联想拓展
14、】be competent for/in 胜任competently adv. 胜任地；适合地competence n. 能力，胜任；权限，管辖权；技能competency n. 能力（等于 competence）；资格【反义词】incompetent adj. 无能力的，不称职的【经典例句】 He was a loyal, distinguished and very competent civil servant. 他是一个忠诚、出色、很有能力的公务员。Make sure the firm is competent to carry out the work. 要确保这家公司有能力完成这项
15、工作。Tom is very competent in his work. 汤姆非常胜任自己的工作。【链接高考】（2016天津卷）The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. 最有能力的成年人是那些知道如何做到这一点的人。 8. obtain /bten/ vt. 获得，赢得（16）【原句背诵】Once you have obtained this information, you can use it determine how best to communicate with them.【联想拓展】to obtai
16、n advice/information/permission 得到忠告信息许可obtainable adj. 能得到的【经典例句】You can obtain knowledge through practice. 你可以从实践经验中获得知识。Can plants obtain adequate nourishment from such poor soil? 土壤这样贫瘠，植物能获得足够的养分吗？To obtain the overall score, add up the totals in each column. 要得出总计得分，就把各栏的小计加起来。 【链接高考】（2017天津卷）
17、A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. 在不能获得水体的地区，自行建造的太阳能蒸馏器仍然是获得饮用水的最佳途径之一。（2017浙江卷）Cojochru, the Moldovan caregiver, hoped obtaining permanent residence (居住权) would help her bring her two children t
18、o Italy. 摩尔多瓦的看护者Cojochru希望获得永久居留权能帮助她把两个孩子带到意大利。 （2013天津卷）When you have obtained at least 40 credits (学分)，you may rent a locker and pay 400 SEK for a years rental period.当你获得了至少40个积分，你可以租一个储物柜，并支付400 瑞典克朗一年的租金。 9. suit /sut/ vt. 满足需要；相配，合身 n. 套装，西装，西服（16）【原句背诵】Depending on whether you are communica
19、ting with a stranger, friend, family member or co-worker, you will need to decide which communication channel best suits the situation. 【联想拓展】suit sth to sth/sb 使适合（或适应）某事物（或人）suit oneself 随自己的意愿做事；（表示听凭对方的意愿）自便，随便a suit of 一套follow suit 跟着做；学样suitable adj. 适宜的，合适的suited adj. 合适的be suited for/to 适合做
20、；适合于【警示误区】suit作动词时，主要指“款式、颜色”等“相配，合身”。如果表示“大小尺寸”合身，则用动词fit。I dont think this coat really suits me. 我觉得这件大衣不大适合我穿。 Blue suits you. You should wear it more often. 你适合穿蓝色。你该多穿蓝色衣服。 【经典例句】They will only release information if it suits them. 他们只会发布合他们意的消息。If we met at 2, would that suit you? 我们两点钟见面，你方便吗
21、？It suits me to start work at a later time. 对我来说，最好晚一点再开始工作。【链接高考】（2020山东卷）In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds. 在她的自然状态下，这位演员体重105磅。 但在一半的情况下，她穿着特别设计的肥胖服，体重增加到180磅。 （2016全国新课标III）At
22、the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games. 在活动中，你可以与专业种植者见面，讨论哪种苹果最适合你的条件。因为这些都是家庭事务，所以苹果主题的乐趣和游戏很适合孩子们。 （2020山东卷）The results were similar to the f
23、irst test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces. 结果与第一个测试相似：参与者也一样，但当瘦演员吃了30块时，他们明显吃了更多的糖。 10. negotiate /niet/ vt.&vi. 谈判；商定，达成（协议）（17）11. enterprise /entpraz/ n. 公司，企业；规划，事业（17）12. straightforward /stretfwd/ adj. 坦诚的；简单的（17）【原句背诵】For e
24、xample, if you are a business person negotiating with a large enterprise about a deal, you should do it face to face, using formal language in a straightforward manner. 【联想拓展】negotiate (with sb) (for/about sth) 谈判；磋商；协商to negotiate a deal/contract/treaty/settlement 达成交易；确立合同；商定条约内容解决措施negotiating sk
25、ills 谈判技巧negotiation n. 谈判，协商；转让negotiable adj. 可协商的，可讨论的；流通的，可兑现的，可转让的；可通行的straightforwardly adv. 直截了当地；正直地straightforwardness n. 坦率【经典例句】 It is not clear whether the president is willing to negotiate with the Democrats. 尚不清楚总统是否愿意与民主党人进行谈判。You have to negotiate with the locals to get better prices
26、 to buy what you need. 你必须和当地人谈判来以更好的价格来购买你需要的东西。Opposition grew and the government agreed to negotiate. 反对势力日益强烈，政府同意进行谈判。The continued fighting threatens to undermine efforts to negotiate an agreement. 持续的战斗有可能破坏通过谈判达成协议的努力。【链接高考】（2019全国卷I）The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty str
27、aightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. 研究人员说，这种键盘应该很容易商业化，主要由廉价的塑料类零件制成。 13. fold /fld/ vt. 折叠，对折；包，裹 n. 皱，皱层，折叠部分（17）14. friction /frk()n/ n. 争执；摩擦（17）【原句背诵】A smile shows you are attentive to the issues being discussed, while looking away with your arms
28、 folded can indicate disinterest and create distrust or friction. 【联想拓展】folder n. 文件夹；折叠机；折叠式印刷品foldable adj. 可折叠的；可合拢的folding adj. 可折叠的fold sth (up)/fold sth (back, down, over, etc.) 折叠，对折（纸、织物等）fold up 倒闭；撒手；垮台；放弃frictional adj. 力 摩擦的；由摩擦而生的frictionless adj. 无摩擦的；光滑的【反义词】fold的反义词是unfold v. 打开，展开；呈
29、现【经典例句】He folded the paper carefully. 他小心地把那张纸折起来。He folded the map up and put it in his pocket. 他把地图折叠起来，放进了口袋。The bed can be folded away during the day. 这张床在白天可以折叠收起。Friction between moving parts caused the engine to overheat. 活动部件的摩擦使发动机过热。The force of friction slows the spacecraft down as it re-
30、enters the earths atmosphere. 航天飞机重返地球大气层时因有摩擦力而减慢速度。There exist conflicts and frictions that have still to be resolved between the nations. 两国之间仍有待解决的冲突和摩擦。【链接高考】（2017全国卷I）These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. 这些部件可以折叠成一个整洁的小包，系在腰带上。 （2017全国卷II）The vehicle na
31、med the Transition has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. 这款名为Transition的汽车有两个座位、四个轮子和可折叠的机翼，可以像汽车一样驾驶。 15. clarify /klrfa/ vt. 使更清晰易懂，阐明（17）【原句背诵】If someone looks at you with a confused expression, this could indicate that they have not completely understo
32、od your point. Then you will need to clarify your message before moving on. 【联想拓展】to clarify a situation/problem/issue 澄清情况问题clarified butter 已净化的黄油clarification n. 澄清，阐明；净化【同义词】illustrate v. 说明，阐明；证明，证实【经典例句】He issued a statement to clarify the situation. 他发表了一项声明以澄清形势。Some examples will help clari
33、fy the distinction. 一些示例将帮助阐明差别。Afterward, the listener can ask nonthreatening questions to clarify the speakers position. 之后，听众可以问一些不具威胁性的问题来阐明说话者的立场。16. knowledgeable /nldbl/ adj. 博学的，有见识的（17）17. *empathy /empi/ n. 同感，共鸣，同情（17）【参考词条21】【原句背诵】While being knowledgeable about body language is vital, t
34、he value of empathy should not be understated.【联想拓展】 be knowledgeable (about sth) 博学的；有见识的；知识渊博的knowledgeably adv. 有知识地；聪明地knowledgeability n. 知识丰富；聪明knowledge n. 知识，学问；知道，了解【经典例句】She is very knowledgeable about plants. 她对植物很在行。Do you think you are more knowledgeable about life than your parents wer
35、e at your age? 父母在你这个年龄时，你认为你比他们更了解生活吗？18. put yourself in sbs shoes 处于某人的境地，设身处地（17）【原句背诵】Seek to understand the other persons emotions, by putting yourself in their shoes and looking at the situation from their perspective.【联想拓展】be in sbs shoes 处于某人的境地；设身处地if I were in your shoes（引出建议）要是我处在你的境地，换了
36、我是你的话19. sympathy /smpi/ n. 同情；赞同（17）【原句背诵】To engage him or her in the discussion and make your communication more effective, you may express your sympathy by, for instance, saying, “I understand how you feel.”【联想拓展】to express / feel sympathy for sb 向某人表示体恤；对某人感到同情in sympathy with sth因而出现；相应发生out of
37、 sympathy with sb / sth 不赞成，不支持（某人或事物）sympathetic adj. 同情的；有同情心的；表示同情的 (to / towards sb)；赞同的；支持的sympathize v. 同情；赞同；支持sympathizer n. 赞同者；支持者【经典例句】We expressed our sympathy for her loss. 我们对她的损失表示了同情。I have no sympathy for Jan, its all her own fault. 我不同情简，那都是她自己的错。Our heartfelt sympathy goes out to
38、the victims of the war. 我们对战争的受害者表示由衷的同情。I have some sympathy with this point of view. 我对这一观点有些赞同。20. account for sth 是的说明（或原因）；（数量上、比例上）占（17）21. *empathize /empaz/ v. 有同感；产生共鸣；表同情（17）【参考词条17】【原句背诵】Only when you give serious consideration to their points of view will you be able to see what accounts
39、 for their emotions and empathize with them.【联想拓展】account n. 账户；账目；描述；叙述；报告；（思想、理论、过程的）解释，说明，叙述on account of sth由于；因为on no account决不；绝对不on this / that account由于这个那个缘故take account of sthtake sth into account 考虑到；顾及accountant n. 会计；会计师【警示误区】当on no account放在句首时，句子要用倒装结构。On no account can we shut our ey
40、es to the increasingly serious environmental problems. 我们绝不能对越发严重的环境问题置之不理。【经典例句】Cross-cultural comparisons cant account for differences of opinion. 跨文化的比较并不能解释意见的差异。Exactly, these gases account for nearly half the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. 确切地说，这些气体占温室气体排放量的近一半。【链接高考】（2020全国卷I）Lighting ac
41、counts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).照明用电约占美国总用电量的7%。 由于照明通常远离电源例如，从发电厂到偏远公路上的路灯的距离在传输
42、过程中会损失大量的能量。 （2020广东卷）The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants overall health status. 即使在科学家考虑了参与者的整体健康状况后，这一结果仍然成立。 （2012广东卷）Sports account for a growing amount of income made on the sales of commercial time by television companies. 体育节目在电视公司的广告时段销售收入中占越来越大的比重。
43、 22. approve /pruv/ vi.&vt. 赞成；批准，通过（计划、要求等）（17） approve of 赞成，赞同（17）23. tone /tn/ n. 语气，腔调；风格，特色（17）【原句背诵】You may not approve of their ideas but at least you will see where they are coming from, which means you can make adjustments to your own tone and choice of words accordingly. 【联想拓展】approve of
44、sb/sth 赞成；同意approve of sb doing sthapprove of sbs doing sth 同意某人做某事approval n. 赞成；同意；批准，通过，认可（计划、要求等）approved adj. 得到正式认可的，核准的approving adj. 赞成的，赞许的，满意的【反义词】disapprove v. 不赞成，反对；不批准，否决speaking in hushed/low/clipped/measured, etc. tones 以压低、低沉、短促、缓慢谨慎等的语调讲话a conversational tone 交谈的语气a tone of surpris
45、e 惊奇的口气【经典例句】I told my mother I wanted to leave school but she didnt approve. 我告诉母亲我不想继续上学，但是母亲不同意。 Not everyone approves of the festival. 不是每个人都喜欢这个节日。She doesnt approve of me leaving school this year. 她不同意我今年离校。The committee unanimously approved the plan. 委员会一致通过了计划。The course is approved by the D
46、epartment for Education. 课程已获教育部核准。They urged Congress to approve plans for their reform programme. 他们敦促国会批准他们有关改革项目的计划。I still didnt like his tone of voice; he sounded angry and accusing. 我仍然不喜欢他说话的语气；他的声音听起来好像是怒气冲冲地在指责人。She set the tone for the meeting with a firm statement of company policy. 她坚定地
47、说明了公司的方针，为会议定下了调子。【链接高考】（2015天津）The following items are approved for use in residential (住宿的) rooms: electric blankets, hair dryers, personal computers, radios, televisions and DVD players. 以下物品被批准用于住宅房间:电热毯，吹风机，个人电脑，收音机，电视和DVD播放器。（2014胡北卷）Before building work began, a lot of people didnt want the S
48、hard though the plans were approved. 在建筑工作开始之前，很多人都不想要碎片大厦，尽管该计划得到了批准。 24. gain /en/ vt.&vi. 获得；增进，增长；到达；（从中）受益 n. 好处，收获（17）【原句背诵】Good communication skills will also help you build trust and gain respect, allowing relationships to become more positive and productive. So, get practising and good luck
49、!【联想拓展】to gain entrance/entry/access to sth 得以进入接近某物to gain confidence/strength/experience 增加信心力量经验gain (sth) (by/from sth) （从中）受益，获益；得到（好处）no pain(s) no gain(s) 不劳无获a 5, 000 gain from our investment 从投资中获取的5, 000英镑的收益efficiency gains 效率提高【经典例句】 Elleen Gu unusual talent in skiing gained her worldwid
50、e recognition. 谷爱凌非凡的滑雪才能举世公认。There is nothing to be gained from delaying the decision. 推迟决定得不到任何好处。Regular exercise helps prevent weight gain. 经常锻炼有助于防止体重增加。 【链接高考】（2014陕西卷）Today the rate of obesity or extreme overweight among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains acceptance and t
