1、Unit 1 The mass media Grammar and usageBy the end of the last holiday, what had you done?Step 1 Lead-in过去完成时（Past perfect tense)过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已完成的动作或状态（亦可以说是完成的动作或状态（亦可以说是“过去的过去过去的过去”）By the time I got up, my sister had already washed all the clothes.I had done my homework
2、 before I went to bed.Step 2 Exploring and working out the rules 1. He regularly visited the library and studied English and Law-by then he had learnt very little English. 2. By the age of 25, he had become a publisher. 3. He used the same business strategy he had employed at the St Louis Post-Dispa
3、tch and sales of the newspaper mounted up until it was the bestselling newspaper in the country. Finish the table in part A.Step 2 Exploring and working out the rules We often use the past perfect tense to talk about something that happened (1) _ (before/after) a past action or state. The verb form
4、of the past perfect tense is “(2)_(have/had done)”. Working out the rulesbeforehad done过去完成时过去完成时的构成的构成过去完成时的过去完成时的用法用法与现在完成时与现在完成时与一般过去时与一般过去时的区别的区别过去完成时（Past perfect tense)过去完成时的构成过去完成时的构成肯定句：主语肯定句：主语+had+过去分词过去分词.否定句：主语否定句：主语+had +not+ 过去分词过去分词.疑问句：疑问句：Had+主语主语+过去分词过去分词.? 疑问代词疑问代词/疑问副词疑问副词+had+主语
5、主语+过去分词过去分词.?He had already been to New York earlier in the week.At that time we hadnt met her.I visited the museum yesterday. Had you visited it before?Yes, I had. /No, I hadnt.What had you done before I arrived here?过去完成时的用法一过去完成时的用法一1、 过去完成时用来表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前过去完成时用来表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作，即已经完成的动作，即“
6、过去的过去过去的过去”。常常与。常常与by, before, 等引导的时间状语（从句）连用。等引导的时间状语（从句）连用。 She had learned some English before she went to America. Before he volunteered to direct the traffic, he had had lots of jobs.当他起床时，他奶奶已经吃过早饭了。当他起床时，他奶奶已经吃过早饭了。(by the time)当他到达目的地之前，其他人已经离开了。当他到达目的地之前，其他人已经离开了。(before)By the time he got
7、up, his grandma had eaten the breakfast.Before he arrived at the destination, others had already left.如果时间状语由如果时间状语由before引导引导,主句主句可用可用一般过去时一般过去时代替代替过去完成时过去完成时;如果时间状语由如果时间状语由after 引导引导, after引导的引导的从从句句可用可用一般过去时一般过去时代替过去完成时。代替过去完成时。Eg: John (had) left before I came home. He began to write a review af
8、ter he (had) watched the film twice. I had been at the bus stop for 10 minutes when a bus finally came. By the end of last month he had learned Chinese for 6 years.He said that he had made great progress since he came here.2、 过去完成时用来表示由过去的某一时刻开始的动过去完成时用来表示由过去的某一时刻开始的动作或状态，延续到过去另一时间，并有可能持续下去。作或状态，延续到
9、过去另一时间，并有可能持续下去。常常与常常与for, since 引导的时间状语（从句）连用。引导的时间状语（从句）连用。过去完成时的用法二过去完成时的用法二到去年为止，我们学英语已经到去年为止，我们学英语已经8年了年了。他告诉我们他做研究已经他告诉我们他做研究已经5年了年了。We had learnt English for 8 years by the last year.He told us that he had done the research for five years. I returned the book that I had borrowed. She found th
10、e key that she had lost.3、在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的、在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。过去完成时的用法三过去完成时的用法三我弟弟把妈妈做的蛋糕都吃光了我弟弟把妈妈做的蛋糕都吃光了。暴风雨摧毁了我们建的沙堡暴风雨摧毁了我们建的沙堡。My brother ate all of the cake that our mum had made.The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we had built. He said that he ha
11、d known her well. I thought I had sent the letter a week before.4、过去完成时常用在、过去完成时常用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。过去完成时的用法四过去完成时的用法四她说她之前已经看过这部电影了。她说她之前已经看过这部电影了。他说他十岁起就住在那儿了他说他十岁起就住在那儿了。She said that she had alread
12、y seen the film before.He said that he had lived there since he was ten. They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. We had hoped to be able to come and see you.5、think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等表示等表示“希望、希望、打算、计划打算、计划”的动词，用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实的动词，用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的愿望、计划，意为现的愿望、计划，意为“本想、本打算
13、、本计划本想、本打算、本计划”等。等。过去完成时的用法五过去完成时的用法五我原本打算去看你的，但是我那时候太忙了。我原本打算去看你的，但是我那时候太忙了。他本想在北京买栋房子他本想在北京买栋房子。I had intended to see you, but I was too busy then.He had wanted to buy a house in Beijing. Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. No sooner had he arrived than he went away aga
14、in.It was the third time that he had mentioned his mother in his speech.It was 3 months since I had come back from abroad. 6、过去完成时还可用在、过去完成时还可用在hardly.when., no sooner.than., It was the first(second, etc) time (that).，It was +一段时间一段时间+ since从句等固定句型中。从句等固定句型中。过去完成时的用法六过去完成时的用法六这是他第一次在如此大的舞台上表演。这是他第一次
15、在如此大的舞台上表演。我刚到家就下雨了。我刚到家就下雨了。我离开家乡至少一个月了我离开家乡至少一个月了.It was the first time that he had performed on such a big stage.Hardly had I reached home when it began to rain. No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.It was at least a month since I left my hometown.过去完成时与现在完成时的区别过去完成时与现在完成时的区别I have
16、learned 1000 English words so far.I had learned 1000 English words so far.现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响；过去基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的状态，以过去的时间为基点，完成时则是一个相对的状态，以过去的时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过过去的过去去”。过去完成时与一般过去时的区别过去完成时与一般过去时的区别They have a
17、rrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station by ten yesterday.过去完成时在时间上强调过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去过去的过去”；而一般过去；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。时只强调过去某一特定的时间。I my homework.我已经完成作业了。我已经完成作业了。I my homework by 10:00 this morning.到今天上午到今天上午10点，我已经完成了作业。点，我已经完成了作业。Last week they Lesson 12.上周他们学习了第十二课。上周他
18、们学习了第十二课。By the end of last week they 3 units.到上周末为止，他们已经学习了三个单元。到上周末为止，他们已经学习了三个单元。have finishedhad finishedlearnedhad learnedStep 3 Applying the rules B1 Circle the mistakes and correct them in the blanks below. 1) Pulitzer knew that he had learnt very little English, so he had started to work har
19、d at the language._2) Pulitzer was very hard-working. Quite often, when he arrived home at midnight, he was working for over 10 hours._3) For the time he was 25, Pulitzer had become a journalist and publisher._4) Many of the best reporters have worked for his paper before its failure in 1931._had st
20、arted 去掉去掉 had was working 改成改成 had worked For 改成改成 By have worked 改成改成 had workedStep 3 Applying the rules B2 Below is a passage about the Pulitzer Prizes. Complete it with the correct forms of the verbs in the box below. (1) had built (2) were awarded (3) had won (4) has been allowed (5) had inten
21、dedStep 4 Topic talking and sharingTalk about Zou Taofens life story according to the timeline and share it with each other.Example: By the time he was 31, Zou Taofen had become the chief editor of Life Weekly.Step 4 Topic talking and sharingSample answer1895年邹韬奋出生于福建。年邹韬奋出生于福建。1921年，二十六岁的他从年，二十六岁的他
22、从大学毕业。第二年，他成为了一名编辑。大学毕业。第二年，他成为了一名编辑。在他成为在他成为生活周刊的主编之前，他做了四年的编辑。生活周刊的主编之前，他做了四年的编辑。1931年，他开始了反对日本侵略的运动。年，他开始了反对日本侵略的运动。到四十岁时，他到四十岁时，他创办了一份名为群众生活的新杂志。创办了一份名为群众生活的新杂志。邹韬奋邹韬奋1944年在上海去世，在此之前，他已成为一名著名的记者年在上海去世，在此之前，他已成为一名著名的记者和出版商。和出版商。Step 4 Topic talking and sharingLets Share!Step 4 Topic talking and s
23、haringSample answerZou Taofen was born in 1895, in Fujian. He graduated from university at the age of twenty-six, in 1921. The next year, he became an editor. He had worked as an editor for four years before he became the chief editor of Life Weekly. In 1931, he started campaigning against the Japanese invasion. By the time he was forty, he had started a new journal called Life of the Masses. Zou had established himself as a famous journalist and publisher before he died in Shanghai in 1944.Homework1. Complete part C of the workbook on page 56.
