1、Grammar and usage ()Past Perfect TenseUnit 1 The mass media1. He regularly visited the library and studied English and Lawby then he had learnt very little French. ( )2. By the age of 25, he had become a teacher. ( )3. He used the same business strategy he had employed at the St Louis Post-Dispatch
2、and sales of the newspaper mounted up until it was the bestselling newspaper in the country. ( )FEnglishFpublisherT1. When and where was Joseph Pulitzer born?2. When did Joseph Pulitzer found the newspaper the St Louis Post-Dispatch? 3. In 1892, what did he offer Columbia University money to start?4
3、. When were the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded?1. When and where was Joseph Pulitzer born?Joseph Pulitzer was born on April 10, 1847, in Hungary.2. When did Joseph Pulitzer found the newspaper the St Louis Post-Dispatch?In 1878.3. In 1892, what did he offer Columbia University money to start?He
4、offered Columbia University money to start a school of journalism.4. When were the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded?Six years after Joseph Pulitzers death. Read and complete the table.April 10, 1847 Joseph Pulitzer was born.1. _ He moved to America and became an American citizen.2. _ He became a p
5、ublisher.18783. _1883Pulitzer bought the New York World.1892He offered Columbia University money to start a school of journalism.4. _ Pulitzer died.5. _ The Columbia School of Journalism was established.1917The first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded.1860s1872Pulitzer founded the St Louis Post-Dispatch 1
6、9111912Find the sentences using the past perfect tense in part A.1. He regularly visited the library and studied English and Lawby then he had learnt very little English. 2. . by the age of 25, he had become a publisher. 3. He used the same business strategy he had employed at the St Louis Post-Disp
7、atch and sales of the newspaper mounted up until it was the bestselling newspaper in the country. We often use the past perfect tense to talk about something that happened (1) _ (before/after) a past action or state. The verb form of the past perfect tense is “(2)_ (have/had done)”. beforehad doneWo
8、rking out the rulesl work tirelesslyl accuse sb. of sth. l shoot upl mount upl advocate the training of l regard . as a noble profession l of unequaled importancel influence on the minds and morals Useful Expressions一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点: :概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发
9、生或完成了的动作，即或完成了的动作，即“”。例：例：They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning. 构成构成主语主语+had+过过去分词去分词+主语主语had / hadnt 过去过去分词分词Had 主语主语过去分词过去分词？Yes, 主语主语had. No, 主语主语hadnt.疑问词疑问词had 主语过去主语过去分词分词？例句例句Tom had finished his homewo
10、rk by 8 oclock last night.Tom hadnt finished his homework by 8 oclock last night.Had Tom finished his homework by 8 oclock last night?Who had finished his homework by 8 oclock last night?二、过去完成时的判断依据二、过去完成时的判断依据:1. 由由来判定：与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：来判定：与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： (1) by + 过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如： I had finished r
11、eading the novel by nine oclock last night. (2) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. (3) before + 过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由由“”来判定：是指过去某一动作之前已经发生来判定：是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即或完成的
12、动作，即这种用法常出现在：这种用法常出现在： (1) 宾语从句中宾语从句中: 在在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾等动词后的宾语从句。如：语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. (2) 状语从句中状语从句中: 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动，动作在后的要用作在后的要用一般过去时一般过去时。如：如： When I got to th
13、e station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意：注意：before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时一般过去时。如：。如： Where did you study (had you studied) before you came here
14、? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. (3) 表示意向的动词，如表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示等，用过去完成时表示原本原本，未能，未能我们原本希望你会来，但你没来。我们原本希望你会来，但你没来。We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根据上、下文来判定。根据上、下文来判定。 昨天我在街上见到了王涛，自从他来到北京后我们还没见过面。昨天我在街上见到了王涛，自从他来到北京
15、后我们还没见过面。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he came to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法三、过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去过去的过去”。如：我醒来时，雨已经停了。如：我醒来时，雨已经停了。When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表
16、示的是过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：如： 他告诉我他写了一本新书。他告诉我他写了一本新书。He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在发生在 told 之前之前 ) 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already, yet, still, just, befo
17、re, never 等时间副词及等时间副词及 by, before, until 等引导的短语或从句连用。等引导的短语或从句连用。如：如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a school for about five years.Pearl had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，且动作尚未结束
18、，仍有继续的可能。一直延续到这一过去时间，且动作尚未结束，仍有继续的可能。如：如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. (had worked 已有了已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可年，还有继续进行下去的可能能)四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为”have (has) + 过去
19、分词过去分词”；过；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更更强调强调“过去的过去过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它用到它。试比较：。试比较： 到目前为止我已经学会了到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。个英语单词。I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到那时为止我已经学会了到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till
20、 then. Im sorry to keep you waiting. Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等等”的动作从过去某一时的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）间点持续到现在） John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。约翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？（使用过去完成时他去哪儿了？（使用过去完成时是指约翰在是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即之前去了哪些地方，即“过去过
21、去的过去的过去”） 五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： 他们昨天十点他们昨天十点前前就到车站了。就到车站了。They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 他们昨天十点到
22、了车站。他们昨天十点到了车站。They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the compos
23、ition competition. 3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或或 but 连接时，连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before, after, as soon as引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如：示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： 他进入房间，打开灯，看晚报。他进入房间，打开灯，看晚报。He entered the room, turn
24、ed on the light and read an evening paper. 我离开办公室前给她打了电话。我离开办公室前给她打了电话。I (had) called her before I left the office.Working out the rulesFill in the blanks with proper and correct forms of the verbs.1. He _ (try) his best although he failed again.2. By the time, Tom _ (found) his own business.3. The
25、train _(leave) before I got to the station.4. I _ (learn) English for seven years when I graduated from high school.had triedhad foundedhad lefthad learned/ learnt5. Julie _ (finish) cleaning the house by the end of last weekend.6. Rowling began to write a review after she _ (watch) the movie.7. She
26、 said she _ (see) the headmaster already.8. No sooner _ we _ (go) out than it rained.had finishedhad watchedhad seenhad goneFill in the blanks with proper and correct forms of the verbs.1. Search the information online and write a life story of your favorite people.2. Complete part C of the workbook on page 56.
