（2019）新外研版高中英语必修第一册各单元语法总结(全册6份打包).rar

1Unit 1 A New Start一、语法梳理句子的成分1、语法是什么？语言构成的基本规则。语言包括什么？词和句子语法：词法：名冠连介代，形副动，数量 句法：基本句型，三大复合句（定语从句，状语从句，名词性从句） ，特殊句型2、句子的成分问题句子是由什么构成的？词，短语。词和短语在句子中是做成份的。（1）句子的基本成分主语：一个句子的火车头主语：一个句子的火车头一个句子叙述的对象，是句子的主体。什么词可以作主语？A light wind woke among the trees Twenty years is a long time in ones lifeNo one can help you To drink a cup of cold water in such hot weather is a great pleasureTravelling abroad is popular among young peopleThe rich are not always happier than the poorGenerally speaking, what we cant get seems better than what we haveIt is believed that girls are good at language谓语谓语说明主语的动作和状态。谓语只能是动词，动词只能做谓语。He shows confidence at any timeHe looked after two babiesOur school was built in 1961He can speak English very wellThis film is very interesting2宾语宾语表示动作的对象Richard does not like his jobI dont know himHow many computers do you need? We need fiveMonica decided to solve the problem on her ownThe young man risked losing his life to save the girlMiya said that she would return soon主谓双宾主谓双宾直接宾语：动作的承受者间接宾语：动作是对谁做的，朝谁做的They offered me the job=They offered the job to mePlease show me your ID=Please show your ID to meCora played us some light music=Cora played some light music for us主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补宾补：说明宾语的情况We all find Josie a good girlDont force such a little baby to learnHe made himself known to them firstWe must keep it a secret表语表语说明主语的性质特征身份等。判断标志：跟在系动词后系动词：be 表示是的时候These are booksThe winner is you感官动词：look, smell, taste, sound, feelJulie always looks cheerful It smells sweet变化动词：become, grow, turn, getHe becomes a doctor3（3）句子的修饰成分补充：动词的分类：助动词：助动词一般没有独立的实际意义，不能单独做谓语，通常帮助实义动词并与实义动词一起构成谓语。表示时态，语态，语气等。构成时态，疑问，否定和被动。be 动词：is am are was were being beenhave: has had havingdo: does did shall, should, will, would实义动词：有实际意义的动词，有及物动词和不及物动词之分。情态动词：can, may, could, should系动词定语定语修饰或限定名词或者代词。The boy has a beautiful pen.The boy has a ball penThe boy there has a penThe boy writing this letter needs a pen.The boy in the classroom has a pen.He is a handsome man.状语状语用来修饰动词，形容词，副词，或句子Jennifer runs very fastIll be back in a while He waited to see the result of the gameLiving in the country, they have few amusements状语一般表示时间，地点，原因，条件，比较，结果，目的，方式，让步，伴随等(1) 时间状语 I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上 5:30 起床。 Go along this street until you reach the end. 沿着这条街走直到到达尽头为止。 (2) 地点状语 4 Pandas only live in China. 熊猫仅生活在中国。 You should put the book where it was. 你应该把这本书放回原来的地方。 (3) 程度状语 He read very carefully. 他读得很他仔细。 I have quite a lot of work to do. 我有相当多的工作要做。 (4) 目的状语 Well go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday. 这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。 He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper. 他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。 She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. 她早早地起床，以便能够赶上这辆早班车。 (5) 方式状语 We usually go to school on foot. 我们通常步行去上学。 Please do it as I told you. 请按我告诉你的去做。 (6) 让步状语 Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy. 虽然她很有钱，而她并不幸福。 No matter what happens, I will never lose heart. 无论发生什么，我将决不失去信心。 (7) 条件状语 If you dont work hard, youll fall behind the others. 假如你不努力学习，你将落后于别人。 Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better. 如果给予更多的关心的话，这些花将长得更好。 (8) 比较状语 Your watch is not the same as mine. 你的手表与我的不一样。 Mike is not as (so) tall as Jack. 迈克不及杰克高。 (9) 原因状语 We didnt go to the park because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们没有去公园。 Im glad to meet you. 见到你我很高兴Being ill, he didnt go to school. 由于病了，他没有去上学。 (10) 结果状语 The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. 风是如此地猛烈，以致于我们寸5步难行。 He left early, so that he caught the train. 他早早地离去，(结果) 因此赶上了火车。 (11) 伴随状语 The doctor hurried off, with a medicine box under his arm. 这位医生匆匆离去，胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。 The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 老师进到教室里来，后面跟着一群学生。同位语同位语对句子中某一成分，作进一步解释说明。This is Mr Li, our headmasterWe each have a cellphone nowAre you two ready to start our now（2）句子的三大类型简单句只有一个谓语动词主谓：主谓：She is smiling.主谓宾：主谓宾：She loves the man.主系表：主系表：She looks cool and pretty.主谓宾宾补：主谓宾宾补：He makes her happy.主谓宾宾：主谓宾宾：See, the man is giving her a kiss（人间物直）复合句用连词连接起来的主从句The wedding that they held was very grand并列句用并列连词连接起来的并列句She is beautiful and he is handsome练习：分析句子结构My partner wants to make a good impressionThat guy just had his first math class in senior high schoolWe found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpfulThis afternoon, we had our chemistry class in the science lab6构词法四大构词法：派生法，合成法，转化法，缩略法一、派生法在一个词（词根）前面加前缀或在后面加后缀，从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫作派生法前缀：加在单词前。前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；fit（合适的）unfit（不合适的）like（喜欢）dislike（不喜欢）后缀：加在单词后。后缀一般改变词性，而不引起词义的变化后缀一般改变词性，而不引起词义的变化。move（移动）movable（可移动的）music（音乐）musical（音乐的）1、前缀(1) 表示否定意义的前缀：表示否定意义的前缀：常用的有 dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。un:fit（合适的）unfit（不合适的）fair（公平的）unfair（不公平的 ）limited（限制的）unlimited（无限制的）familiar（熟悉的）unfamiliar（不熟悉的）usual（通常的）unusual（异常的）fold（折叠）unfold（展开，打开）fair（公平的）unfair（不公平的）dis:agree 同意disagree 不同意 like 喜欢dislike 不喜欢appear 出现disappear 消失qualify 具有资格disqualify 取消资格in/im/ir/il:complete 完全的incomplete 不完全的possible 可能的impossible 不可能的 direct 直接的indirect 间接的active 积极的inactive 不积极的polite 礼貌的impolite 无礼的mis:understand 理解misunderstand 误解 use 使用misuse 误用read 读misread 读错non:non-smoker 不抽烟的人non-stop 不停non-violence 非暴力的(2) 表示程度大小super-（超级）（超级）superstar 超级明星supermarket 超市superman 超人superpower 超级大国over-(过度过度)overeat（过度进食）overuse（过度使用）mini-小的小的minibus 小型公共汽车miniskirt 迷你裙minicar 微型车under-地下的地下的underground 地下（3）表示其他意义的前缀a-多构成形容词。多构成形容词。的的asleep 睡着的alive 活着的anti- (反对；抵抗反对；抵抗)antibody 抗体antifreeze 防冻剂auto- (自动自动)automatic 自动的autodial 自动拨号 co- (共同共同) co-worker 同事cooperate 合作en- (使使)enlarge 使变大 enrich 使丰富enable 使可能inter- (互相互相)international 国际的internet 因特网 re- (再；又再；又) rewrite 重写recycle 再循环rebuild 重建sub- (下面的；次；小下面的；次；小)subway 地铁tele- (强调距离，远程的强调距离，远程的)television 电视telescope 望远镜2、后缀后缀大体分为名词后缀，形容词后缀，副词后缀和动词后缀（1）名词后缀表示的人：er, or, ist, an/iandesigner 设计师explorer 探索者challenger 挑战者driver 司机founder 创立者actor 演员professor 教授conductor 指挥specialist 专家artist 艺术家musician 音乐家（2）表示雌性，女性：-essactress 女演员lioness 母狮（3）-ness 性质，状态eagerness 热切，渴望loneliness 孤独happiness 快乐darkness 黑暗kindness 善良（4）-full 的量handful 一把mouthful 一满口（5）-ment 状态，结果excitement 兴奋，刺激achievement 成就argument 争论（6）-ion/-tion/-ation/-ition 状态，行为invitation 邀请location 地点，位置production 生产，制造2、形容词后缀（1）-able 可的，能的acceptable 可接受的movable 可移动的suitable 合适的（2）-al 具有的性质的cultural 文化的magical 有魔力的traditional 传统的personal 个人的（3）-less 没有的useless 无用的hopeless 绝望的harmless 无害的（4）-ous 有特性的dangerous 危险的curious 好奇的various 各种各样的3、副词后缀lypersonally个人而言totally完全的actually事实上4、动词后缀（1）-fy/ify 使化simplify 简化classify 将分类beautify 美化（2）en 变成shorten 缩短widen 加宽sharpen 削尖（4）ize/ise 成为，以方式说realize/realise 实现apologize 道歉合成法英语构词法中把两个单词连在一起合成一个新词，前一个词修饰或限定后一个词，这样的方法就是合成法。1.合成名词 名词名词 weekend 周末 名词动词 daybreak 黎明 名词动名词 handwriting 书法 名词及物动词eror pain-killer 止痛药 名词介词名词 sister-in-law 嫂子 代词名词 she-wolf 母狼 动词名词 typewriter 打字机 动名词名词 reading-room 阅览室 现在分词名词 flying-fish 飞鱼 形容词名词 freshman 大一新生 副词动词 outlook 景色，风光 介词名词 afterbrain 后脑2.合成形容词名词形容词 bloodred 血红的名词现在分词 French-speaking 讲法语的名词to名词 one-to-one 一对一的名词过去分词 man-made 人造的数词名词 one-way 单行道的数词名词形容词 three-year-old 三岁的数词名词ed ten-storeyed 十层的动词副词 one-off 一次性的形容词名词 high-quality 高质量的形容词名词ed noble-minded 高尚的形容词形容词 light-green 浅绿色的形容词现在分词 ordinary-looking 相貌一般的副词形容词 ever-green 常青的副词现在分词 hard-working 辛勤的副词过去分词 well-known 著名的副词名词 fast-food 专门提供快餐服务的介词名词 indoor 室内的3.合成动词名词动词 sleep-walk 梦游形容词动词 white-wash 粉刷副词动词 overwhelm 压倒，制服4.合成副词形容词名词 hotfoot 匆忙地形容词副词 everywhere 到处副词副词 however 尽管如此介词名词 beforehand 事先介词副词 forever 永远5.合成代词代词宾格self herself 她自己物主代词self myself 我自己形容词名词 anything 一切6.合成介词副词名词 outside 在外面介词副词 within 在之内副词介词 into 进入三、 【转化法】英语构词法中把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。1.动词转化为名词1）意思没有变化，例如：I think wed better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。2）意思有一定变化，例如：He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。3）构成短语，例如：Lets have a look first. 我们先看一下吧。2.名词转化为动词1）表示物体的，如：Have you booked the ticket?你订好票了吗?2）表示身体部位的，如：Hand in your papers please.请把你们的试卷交上来。3）表示一类人的，如：She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。4）抽象名词，如：We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。3.形容词转化为动词少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。4.副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：Murder will out.恶事终必将败露。5.形容词转化为名词1）表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，如：The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。2）一些形容词如 old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured 等与 the 连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数，如：We dont belong to the rich, but we dont belong to the poor either. 我们不是有钱人，但我们也不是穷人。四、 【截短法(缩略法)】将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1.截头telephonephoneairplaneplane2.去尾mathematicsmathsexaminationexamkilogramkilotaxicabtaxi3.截头去尾refrigeratorfridge 冰箱prescriptionscript 剧本时态（时态（8 大时态）大时态）一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时现在进行时，现在完成时过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时1、 一般现在时（1）基本用法：表示经常性的，习惯性的动作或状态。时间状语：always, usually, often, constantly（始终）, every day, once a week, sometimes, at times（有时）, seldom, never, now, at present, nowadays, today 等He always goes to work by subwayIt often snows hereI work in a steel plant now（2）基本用法：表示主语现在的特征和状态Jerry loves musicHe is very happy nowWe are in Class One, Grade Two（3）表示客观真理，客观存在的，科学事实The earth moves around the sunLight travels faster than sound（4）按计划表，时刻表安排好的事情The plane takes off at 7:30 a.mThe shop closes at 11:00 pm todayWhen does the vacation begin?这种用法中，动词一般是表示开始，结束，到达，离开等词。Begin, start, end, arrive, leave, take off, open, hold, close, stop（5）主句是一般将来时，时间和条件状语从句用一般现在时表将来Ill go there after I finish my workI will stay with you so long as there is a room free（6）在 here, there 开头的句子，go, come 等少数动词的一般现在时表示正在发生的动作There goes the bell2、 一般过去时（1）表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语：yesterday, the day before yesterday, just now, last night, in the pastHe offered his seat to an old manI went to bed at about ten last nightI was in Grade Two last term and now I am in Grade Three（2）表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态She usually came to help us when she was hereTom was often late for class last termWhen I was a teenager, I played table tennis almost every day3、 一般将来时一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。（1）will/shallwill 用于各种人称，shall 用于第一人称。It will soon be the New YearWill you be at home at seven this eveningWhich paragraph shall I read first?（2）be going to即将做某事What are you going to do tomorrow?计划，安排The play is going to be produced next month有迹象Look at the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm（3）be to do（是指人的任务或责任，人可以安排的）按计划或正在安排We are to discuss the report next SaturdayYou are to hand in your papers by 10oclock（4）be about to马上做某事 I am about to leave when the bell rings短语：be about to dowhen 正要做，这时I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang（5）be doing按计划即将发生He is moving to the south位移性动词：go, come, leave, arrive, stay4、 现在进行时（1）表示说话时正在进行的动作We are having an English lesson nowWhat are you doing now?（2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作How are you getting on with your essay these days?（3）代替一般将来时，表示按计划安排即将发生的动作She is leaving for Beijing动词一般是终止性动词，或位移性动词finish, die, open, close, start, joincome, go, leave, arrive, fly, return（4）代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动The Yangtze River is flowing into the east（5）Be always/continuously/constantly/doing sth 表示夸奖，埋怨等感情色彩You are always helping othersHe is always finding fault with me5、 过去进行时（1）表示过去某一时刻。Then, at nine, at that time/momentThey working at nine yesterdayThey were still working when I left和 when 引导的从句连用。They were still working when I left（2）表示过去某一段时间内发生。Yesterday, last nightI was watching TV all day yesterday和 while 从句连用I was watching TV while she was writing（3）表示过去将来仅用于宾语从句，表示相对将来He said she was arriving the next day6、现在完成时表示过去发生或已经发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果（发生在过去，与现在有联系）I have had my lunchShe has cleaned the room 现在完成时不与明确的时间状语连用。标志词：recently, in the past/last years, so far, lately思考：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别I had my lunch at 11She cleaned the room just now表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在I have known Bob for three yearsI have been at this school since 1999have/has been to 表示曾经到过某地（去过）人已经回来了have/has gone to 表示到某地去了（去了）人还未回来Where is Li HuaHe has gone to the reading-roomShe knows a lot about ShanghaiShe has been thereHave/has been toHave/has come to注意：短暂动词（瞬间动词）Come, go, arrive, reach, hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, fall, join, die, borrow, marry, finish, complete 等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。I have received his letter for a month（错）I havent received his letter for a month（对）7、过去完成时表示在过去某一时间以前就已经完成的动作（过去的过去）He has shut the door before the dog came inEverything had been all right up till this morning解题策略：看动作发生的先后常见标志词：by/before+过去时间表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始，一直持续到另一个时刻才完成，甚至还要继续持续下去At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words常用 hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose 等动词的过去完成时表未实现的希望，打算，或意图（本打算，本期望）We had expected that you would be able to win the matchI had thought you would come tomorrow8、过去将来时表示语境在过去，讨论的话题是将来。I didnt know if he would come.=I didnt know if he was going to come.定语从句（定语从句（1）定语从句关系代词的使用定语从句关系代词的使用一、知识回顾什么是从句？简单句只有一个谓语动词复合句连词连接起来的主从句The wedding that they held was very grand复合句可以分为三种：定语从句（形容词性从句） ，状语从句，名词性从句什么是定语？什么成分可以作定语？The boy has a beautiful pen.The boy has a ball penThe boy there has a penThe boy writing this letter needs a pen.The boy in the classroom has a pen.He is a handsome man.二、定语从句什么是定语从句？He is a handsome man.He is a man. The man is handsomeHe is a man who/that is very handsome.一个从句作定语，修饰名词或者代词，这个从句就是定语从句。定语从句的分类：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.定语从句的俩个概念（先行词和关系词）定语从句的俩个概念（先行词和关系词）先行词：被修饰的词关系词：连接主从句的词构成：先行词+关系词+定语从句关系词的作用：1、 连接主从句2、 指代先行词3、 在从句中作成分练习：画出下列句子的先行词和关系词Do you know the girl who plays a part in this film?This is the Childrens palace which was built last yearThere was a time when nothing was important to meThis is the place where we got together last year三、定语从句的考点：关系词的选择关系代词：在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语关系副词：在从句中作状语关系代词如何选择：关系代词有几个？who, whom, whose, which, that, as 1、 who/whom引导定语从句，用于先行词是人的情况。who 在从句中作主语，和宾语都可whom 在从句中作宾语The boy who made a speech just now is my best friendI have many friends who/whom I can turn to for help when in trouble但是，如果在从句中作介词的宾语，介词提到关系代词前，只能用 whomI have many friends to whom I can turn for help when in trouble2、 whose它的先行词既可以是人，也可以是物。表示的，即先行词和 whose 后面的词是修饰关系I want to help the children whose parents died in the earthquakeWe must repair the desks whose legs are broken3、 which他的先行词是物。在定语从句中作主语，宾语。也可作表语He has a lot of lipsticks which many girls want to have.Austin promotes beauty products which/that are in good quality with low priceHe was not sick, which some of the other passengers were4、 that that 引导定语从句，可以看作一个万能词。先行词既可以是人也可以是物。在从句中作主，宾，表。He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the place that it used to be.This is supermarket that sells a variety of goodsThe message that you are looking for is in todays China Daily5、 as 引导限制性定语从句主要是一些固定搭配先行词前面有 as, so, such, the same 等，定语从句用 as 引导。在从句中作主语和宾语Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respectedYou may take as many chairs as you needMy parents have not so much money as I want He made the same mistake as you made in the last exam四、本节小结选择关系词的俩步走：判断出题目属于定语从句：N/P+关系词+句子（修饰关系）判断先行词是人还是物关系词在从句中充当什么成分：主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语关系词在从句中充当的成分：关系代词关系副词先行词主语宾语表语定语状语why人that/whothat/who/whom/不填where物that/whichthat/which/不填that/不填whosewhen随堂检测1Do you want a friend to _ you could tell every