1、句子的基本结构句子的基本结构句子种类两种分类法按句子的用途可分四种：按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句陈述句（肯定、否定）：（肯定、否定）：He is six years old.2）疑问句疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：（一般、特殊、选择、反意）： Do they like skating? How old is he? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句祈使句：Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class4）感叹句感叹句：How clever the boy is!按句子的结构可分三种： 1) 简单句简单句2) 并列句并列句3) 复合句
2、复合句v1）简单句简单句：只有一个主语（或：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。谓语）。ve.g. He often reads English in the morning.vTom and Mike are American boys.vShe likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.v我们可以给句子的我们可以给句子的动词加上副词动词加上副词修饰，给修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子修饰，给句子加上加上状语状语进行修饰等，以使整
3、个句子的意进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有，都只有一个主谓结构一个主谓结构。vHe worked hard all his life. vHe is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. v2) 并列句：并列句：v句型：句型：简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词+简单句简单句v并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系
4、是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词。它们之间用连词连结。连结。ve.g. You help him and he helps you.vThe future is bright; the road is tortuous. 并列句的分类v1、表示连接、表示连接两个同等概念两个同等概念，常用，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。等连接。ve.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.v2、表示、表示选择选择，常用的连词有，常用的连词有or, eitheror, ot
5、herwise等。等。 e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.v3、表示、表示转折转折，常用的连词有，常用的连词有but, yet, while等。等。ve.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.v4、表示、表示因果因果关系，常用的连词有关系，常用的连词有so, for等。等。ve.g. August is the time of the year for rice h
6、arvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.3）复合句：）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。句子。从句包括从句包括名词性从句名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从（主语从句、宾语从 句、表语从句和同位语从句）句、表语从句和同位语从句） 定语从句和状语从句定语从句和状语从句等。等。句型句型主句主句+连词连词+从句；或连词从句；或连词+从句从句+主句主句ve.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.v复合句就
7、是复合句就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句的句子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。要部分，即从句部分。vWhere there is a will, there is a way. Exercises 判断句型v1.Having finished his homework, the boy went on to help his mother.v2. What he says doesnt suit what he does.
8、 (简单句简单句划线部分在句中作状语，修饰划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整个句子整个句子) (复合句复合句包含两个名词性从句：包含两个名词性从句：What he says 是一个主语从句；是一个主语从句；what he does 是一是一个宾语从句个宾语从句)v3. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.v4. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.v5. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?简单句简单句复合句复合句简单句简单句6.
9、He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.7. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.8. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句9. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.10. What he said at the m
10、eeting is very important, isnt it?11. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句句子成分和句子结构句子成分和句子结构v简单句的五个基本句型简单句的五个基本句型v主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 She came. v主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 She likes English.v主语主语 系动词系动词 主语补语主语补语 vShe is happyv主语主语 动词动词 间接宾语间接宾语 直接宾语直接宾语vShe gave John a bookvShe bought a bo
11、ok for me.v主语主语 动词动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语 vShe makes her mother angry vThe teacher asked me to read the passage.v（ There +be There is a book on the desk. 1. 主语（主语（subject）：句子的中心词，说明的人或事物。句子的中心词，说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east （名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seei
12、ng is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictiona
13、ry was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.2.谓语（谓语（predicate）：）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We study English. He is asleep.(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get lon
14、ger and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon3. 表语（表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher.
15、（名词） You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词）His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）（听起来）, look（看起来）（看起来）, feel(摸起来，摸起来，smell（闻起来）（闻
16、起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉）（感觉）It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.(三三) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why i
17、s he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.4. 宾语：宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：如：I like China. （名词）（名词） He hates you. （代词）（代词）How many do you need? We need tw
18、o. （数（数词）词）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）（动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式）（不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从（宾语从句）句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介介宾宾 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3）双宾语）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give
19、the poor man some moneyv(四四) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语v My brother hasnt done his homework.v People all over the world speak English.v You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.v How many new words did you learn last class?v Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?v5.
20、宾补：宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。vWe elected him monitor. （名词）（名词） vWe all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名词）（名词）vWe will make them happy. （形容词）（形容词）vWe found nobody in. ( 副词副词 )vPlease make yourself at home. （介词短语）（介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省（省to不定式）不定式）vHis father advised him t
21、o teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带（带to不定式）不定式）vDont keep the lights burning. （现在分词）（现在分词）v Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词）（过去分词）v(五五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语v She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.v He asked her to take the boy out of school.v She found it difficu
22、lt to do the work.v They call me Lily sometimes.v I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.v Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?v to read newspapers and books in the reading-room to take the boy out of schoolv Lily get on the bus playing football on the playgroundv 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语v
23、Please tell us a story.v My father bought a new bike for me last week.v Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.v Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.v Did he leave any message for me?v6.定语：定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。句子。vYanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）（名词）vHe is our friend. （代词）（代词）vW
24、e belong to the third world.（数词）（数词） vHe was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）（形容词）vThe man over there is my old friend.(副词副词)vThe woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词介词)vThe boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）（现在分词）vThe trees planted last year are growing well now. （过
25、去分（过去分词）词）vI have an idea to do it well.（不定式）（不定式） vYou should do everything that I do. （定语从句）（定语从句）v挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语v They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.v What is your given name?v On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.v I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.v The man downstai
26、rs was trying to sleep.v family given third some downstairs v7.状语状语：用来修饰：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）（以下例句按上述顺序排列）vI will go there tomorrow. vThe meeting will be held in the meeting room.vThe meat went bad because of the hot wea
27、ther. vHe studies hard to learn English well.vHe didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. vI like some of you very much.vIf you study hard, you will pass the exam. vHe goes to school by bike.vThough he is young, he can do it well.v 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语v There was a big smile on her face.v Every
28、 night he heard the noise upstairs.v He began to learn English when he was eleven.v The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.v With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.v on the face Every night when he was eleven fast off8. 同位语同位语：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处
29、于同等地位说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫同位语。的句子成分叫同位语。Mr Lin, our headmaster , is giving us a speech.Beijing , capital of China , is developing fast.The engineer himself repaired it . We all got angry.We two will go to see you .The news that he will come is true.9、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独
30、立结构)。oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 yes no ：称呼人的用语。 ：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 v如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束. ,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。 10、分词独立结构：、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。 Studying hard,your score will go up.
31、 v正确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up. v独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。 v如： vWith nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./vThe teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.v分词做状语时，其逻辑主语应该与句子的主分词做状语时，其逻辑主语应该与句子的主语保持
32、一致，否则应该有自己的逻辑主语，语保持一致，否则应该有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。构成分词的独立结构。v1）逻辑主语）逻辑主语+现在分词，表主动。现在分词，表主动。vMary coming back, they discussed it together.(when Mary came back.)vAll being well, the project will be finished in five months.(If all is well.)vThat being the case, wed better make another plan. (Since that is t
33、he case)vShe walked along the path, her daughter following close behind. (her daughter followed close behind)v1）逻辑主语）逻辑主语+现在分词，表主动。现在分词，表主动。vMary coming back, they discussed it together.(when Mary came back.)vAll being well, the project will be finished in five months.(If all is well.)vThat being th
34、e case, wed better make another plan. (Since that is the case)vShe walked along the path, her daughter following close behind. (her daughter followed close behind)做状语v1.做时间状语，相当于做时间状语，相当于when引导的从句引导的从句vEg: Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.(when they heard the news)vSeen from t
35、he pagoda, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.v2. 做原因状语，相当于做原因状语，相当于as,since, because的从句的从句vBeing Sunday, the shops are overcrowded.vA bit frightened, he stood motionless.3. 做方式伴随做方式伴随vHe walked down the hill, singing softly to himself.vHe hurried to the hall, followed by two guards.vT
36、he boy ran home, crying.v4.做条件状语，相当于做条件状语，相当于if, unless引导的从句引导的从句vGiven another chance, Ill do it much better.v5.做结果状从，做结果状从， 相当于相当于so that的从句的从句vHe turned off the light, seeing nothing. 6. 做让步状从，相当于做让步状从，相当于though, even if的从句的从句vWounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.vAdmitting what she has
37、said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best.练习练习一一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：v1. The students got on the school bus.v2. He handed me the newspaper.v3. I shall answer your question after class.v4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!v5. They went hunting together early in the morning.S.
38、AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialv6. His job is to train swimmers.v7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.v8. There is going to be an American film tonight.v9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.v10. His wish is to become a scientist.v11. He managed to finish the work in ti
39、me.v12. Tom came to ask me for advice.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateAdverbialv14. Do you have anything else to say?v15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.v16. Would you please tell me your address?v17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.v18. It is our du
40、ty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.v19. He noticed a man enter the room.v20. The apples tasted sweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialPredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative划分划分句子成分句子成分1.we are working .2.I can swim very well .3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .4.Why does the wind blo
41、w ？5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music .二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：vI hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year f
42、or the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. 三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）： vMos
43、t Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter
44、 you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.
45、 句子成分句子成分意义意义充当词类充当词类例句例句主语主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或式，动名词，短语或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样么样动词或动词词组动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象同主语同主语Both of us like English.表语表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质
46、或特征语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名, 副，介词短语或句子副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句副词，介词短语或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补足语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词形容词，名词，介词短语等短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！
