1、Uterine CancerUterine CancerXi-Shi Liu Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Fudan university2009.09. .General Description Uterine cancer is one of the most common malignancy of female genital tract. The incidence is increasing worldwide in recent years. Overall,2%-3% of women develop uterine cancer du
2、ring their lifetime. .General Description A malignant epithelial disease that occurs in endometrial gland of uterus Also called endometrial cancer. .Classification(pathogenetic,biologic behavior ) Estrogen dependent type- have a history of exposure to unopposed estrogen (either endogenous or exogeno
3、us).-Hyperplastic endometrium-Better differentiafed-ER(+),PR(+)-Mere favorable prognesis. .l Estrogen independent type- Have no source of estrogen stimulation of endometrium.-Arising in background of atrophic endemetrium-Less differentiated-ER(-)PR(-)-Poor prognosis. . Risk Factors1. Medical conditi
4、onsa. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension.b. Overweight-obesity (excess estrogen as a result of peripheral conversion of adrenally derived androstenedione by aromatization in fat).c. Late menopause. . .Risk Factors2. Some gynecologic diseases ( Long-term endogenous estrogen exposure ) - polycystic ovary
5、 syndrome - functioning ovarian tumors - anovulating dysfunctional bleeding - Infertility, Nulliparity. .Risk Factors3. Prolonged Use of estrogena. Prolonged menopausal estrogen replacement therapy without progestogen.b. Prolonged use of the antiestrogen tamoxifen for breast cancer. .Risk Factors4.
6、Genetic factors and other factorsa. Endometrial and ovarian cancer are the simultaneously occurring with other genital malignancy ,reported incidence (1.43.8%).b. Family history of tumor is higher.(12-28%) . .Five histological subtypes Endometrioid adenocarcinoma Mucinous carcinoma Serous adenocarci
7、noma Clear cell carcinoma Other rare subtypes. .Five histological subtypes-Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma Account for about 8090%. Well differentiated. Prognosis is better. .Five histological subtypes -Mucinous carcinomaRare (about 5%)a. Most of them is a well differentiated.b. Behavior is similar to t
8、hat of common endometrial carcinoma. . Five histological subtypes -Serous adenocarcinoma a. Architecture is identical with complex papillary.b. More aggressively with deep myometrial and lymphatic invasion.c. Simulating the behavior of ovarian carcinoma. .Five histological subtypes-Clear cell carcin
9、omaa. A rare subtypeb. Is high grade and aggressivec. Prognosis is similar to or worse than that of papillary serous carcinomad. Survival rate is lower 33%64%. .Five histological subtypes-other rare subtypes Squamous adenocarcinoma Undifferentiated carcinoma Mixed adenocarcinoma. .Clinical Features-
10、Symptoms Asymptomaic (about less than 5% ) Abnormal vaginal bleeding (premenopausal or postmenopausal, minimal or nonpersistant) Abnormal vaginal discharge(25% infection of uterine contents) Pelvic pressure or discomfort (uterine enlargement or extrauterine disease spread). .Clinical Features-Signs
11、No evidence in early stage on physical examination Slight enlargement of uterine size and soft Uterus fixed, immobile, adenexal mess in advanced stage. .Special ExaminationDilation and fractional curettage ( D. C) Most effective ,definitive procedure and commonly used Significance-Established correc
12、t diagnosis, clinical stage-differentiated from cervical cancer or cervical involvement . . Ultrasonography Useful adjuvant method Significances Size of lesion Invasion of endometrium or cervix Resistant index of new vessels. .Endometrial carcinoma in a 58-year-old woman with substantial postmenopau
13、sal bleeding. (A) Sagittal transvaginal US scan shows the endometrium with a thickness of 44 mm and a large area of mixed echogenicity suggestive of a mass. (B) Transverse sonohysterogram shows a 50-mm-diameter polypoid mass protruding into the endometrial cavity (calipers indicate the stalk of the
14、mass). Histopathologic findings indicated poorly differentiated endometrial carcinoma. AB. .HysteroscopySignificance-Direct observation-Taking sample correctly-Identifying polyps and submucous myoma. .Pap test-Unreliable diagnostic test-30%-50% abnormal pap test resultsOthers-MRI, CT, chest x-ray, I
15、V urography, cystoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, . .Diagnosis History, and clinical sign , related risk factors symptoms Diagnostic methods. .Differential Diagnosis Senile endometritis / vaginitis Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Submucous myoma / Endometrial polyps Cervix cancer / Sarcoma of uterus/ Primary c
16、arcinoma of fallopian tube. .Metastasis Route Direct extension Lymphatic metastasis: important route Hematogenous metastasis . .Clinical Stage(FIGO 1971) Stage I Ia The carcinoma is confined to the corpus and the length of the uterine cavity is 8 cm Ib The carcinoma is confined to the corpus and the
17、 length of the uterine cavity is 8 cm Stage II The carcinoma has involved the corpus and the cervix, but has not extended outside the uterus. .Clinical Stage(FIGO 1971) Stage III The carcinoma has extended outside the uterus, but not outside the true pelvis Stage IV IVa The carcinoma has extended ou
18、tside the uterus and involves the mucosa of the bladder or rectum (a bullous oedema as such does not permit the case to be allotted to Stage IV) IVb The carcinoma has extended outside the true pelvis and spread to distant organs. .Surgical pathologic staging (FIGO 1988) Stage I Ia* Tumour limited to
19、 the endometrium Ib* Invasion to less than half of the myometrium Ic* Invasion equal to or more than half of the myometrium Stage II IIa* Endocervical glandular involvement only IIb* Cervical stromal invasion. .Surgical pathologic staging (FIGO 2000) Stage III IIIa* Tumour invades the serosa of the
20、corpus uteri and/or adnexae and/or positive cytological findings IIIb* Vaginal metastases IIIc* Metastases to pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes Stage IV IVa* Tumour invasion of bladder and/or bowel mucosa IVb* Distant metastases, including intra-abdominal metastasis and/or inguinal lymph nodes.
21、.Stage Ia* Tumor limited to the endometrium Stage Ib* Invasion to less than half of the myometrium Stage Ic* Invasion equal to or more than half of the myometrium. .Stage IIa* Endocervical glandular involvement onlyStage IIb* Cervical stromal invasion. .Stage IIIa* Tumor invades the serosa of the co
22、rpus uteri and/or adnexae and/or positive cytological findingsStage IIIb* Vaginal metastases Stage IIIc* Metastases to pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes. .Stage IVa* Tumor invasion of bladder and/or bowel mucosaStage IVb* Distant metastases, including intra-abdominal metastasis and/or inguinal l
23、ymph nodes. .Treatment Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Hormone therapyEarly stage - surge+ postoperative adjuvant therapyAdvanced stage - radiation+ surge+ medicine. .Principle of choice General condition (Age, complication) Clinical stage Tumour pathologic type. .Surgery Object Operative pathologic
24、stage, finding prognosis risk factors Remove uterus and metastasis tumour Stage I : Abdorminal hysterectomy + bilateral salpingoophorectomy + selective lymphadenectomy clear cell or papillary carcinoma omentectomy+appenditectomy. . Stage IIRadical hysterectomy + pelvic lymphadenectomy + paraortic ly
25、mphadenectomy Stage III,IVCytoreductive surgery. .Indications of pelvic lymphadenectomy Special pathogenetic pattern Endometrial cancer, grade 3 or no differentiation Myo-invasion more than Size of lesion more than 50% of uterine cavity Involvement in isthmus of uterus. .Radiation therapy Radiation
26、alone Radiation with surgery. .Radiation combined surgery-Radiation after surgery Adenexal / serosal / parametrial spread Vaginal metastasis Lymph node metastasis Intraperitoneal spread Bladder / rectal invasion Myoinvasion 50% G3 50% myoinvasion. .Indications for radiation alone Elderly or obesity
27、Multiple chronic or acute medical illness(hypertension, cardial disease, diabetes, pulmonary, renal) Advanced stage unsuitable for surgery. .Hormone Therapy mechenism Most endometrial cancers have both ER & PR.(Estrogen dependent subtype)lIndications: Advanced or recurrent stage Early stage and desi
28、re for fertility Used drugs MPA. .Chemotherapy Advanced stage or recurrent carcinoma Postoperative adjunctive treatment for high risk factor Used drugs: DDP (cisplatin), CTX (cyclophosphamide), ADM (doxorubicin ), 5-Fu,Taxal MMC, VP16. .Prognostic Factors Tumour bilologic bihavior Cell type Histolog
29、ical grade Depth of myometrium infiltration lymph-node metastasis Presence of lymph vascular space involvement Positive peritoneal cytology General condition Old age Acute or chronic medical illness Choice of treatment . .5-Year Survival Rate Stage I b: 94% Stage I c: 87% Stage II : 84% Stage III :
30、40-60%. .Follow-up 75-95% disease will recur within 2-3 years after operation. Items Main complaints Pelvic examination Vaginal discharge smear Chest X ray Serum CA125 Blood routine test Blood biochemistry examination CT/MRI. .Questions How to make diagnosis of uterine cancer? Whats the principle of treatment on patients with uterine cancer? Whatre associated with prognosis of uterine cancer?. . .
