1、1. debt债，借款，债务，欠款，欠账external debt外债gambling debt赌债internal debt内债national debt国债in debt负债cancel debt取消债务clear a debt还清债You must spend less until your debts are paid off.你必须少花钱，先把债还清。Her debts amount to over $ 1000.她欠的钱超过1000美元。The company is deep in debt.这家公司正负债累累。2. pace n.速度；步伐；进度，节奏 v.踱步；(用步)测；(马
2、)溜蹄走keep pace (with)并驾齐驱,齐头并进set the pace起带头作用I cannot walk at that pace.我不能以那种速度行走。The work progressed at a slow pace.这项工作进展缓慢。She works so fast that I cant keep pace with her.她工作得很快，我跟不上她的速度。3.inform v.通知；告诉；inform sb. of sth.告知某人某事 inform sb. that/wh-告知某人 inform sb.+疑问词+不定式If you see anything sus
3、picious, inform the police at once.你要是看到什么可疑的东西就马上通知警察。We regret to inform you of the cancellation of the tour.我们遗憾地通知您，此次旅行取消了Can you inform me when to begin our final examination?你能告诉我们什么时候期终考试吗？Teachers inform me that Traceys behaviour has improved 老师们告诉我特雷西的行为大有改善。Please inform us how to find Dr
4、. Browns house.请告诉我们怎样才能找到布朗医生的家。Can you inform me when to begin our final examination?你能告诉我们什么时候期终考试吗?I informed him that he must start at twelve oclock.我通知他必须12点钟出发。We regret to inform you that we cannot help you.我们很遗憾地通知您,我们无法帮助您。3. dread n.恐惧，令人恐惧的事物 adj.可怕的;恼火的 v非常担心,极为害怕The boy dreads his fath
5、er.这个孩子畏惧他的父亲。He doesnt dread death.他不怕死。I dread to see him again.我不敢再见他。She dreaded going to the doctor.她怕去看医生。The child dreads going to bed in the dark.小孩害怕在黑暗中上床睡觉。I dread that I may never see you again.4. rarely 很少地；绝佳地；杰出地She rarely went anywhere except to her office.她除了去办公室以外, 很少去别的地方。Rarely d
6、id he fail to keep his promise.他真的很难得失信。Rarely have I seen such a scene.我难得看到这样的场面。5.overnight adv.在夜里；过夜；突然adj.整晚的；很快的The wind had strengthened overnight.夜里，风更大了。The city was conquered overnight.那座城市在夜里被攻克。Overnight rain will end by morning.下了整晚的雨会在早上停止。The book was an overnight success.这本书很快获得了成功。
7、The actress won overnight fame with her first film.这个女演员的第一部电影使她一举成名。6.rejection -reject 拒绝Her rejection dashed him.她的拒绝使他难堪。Her rejection of him seems to have made him go back into his shell.他遭她拒绝后就更不爱吭声了。Her proposal met with continual rejections.她的建议一再遭到拒绝。I was annoyed at her rejection of my off
8、er.我为她拒绝我的提议而感到不快。She took the rejection very hard.她痛苦地接受被拒绝这一现实。Constant rejection has sapped her will.不断的被拒绝逐渐使她丧失了信心。7. Neverthelessadv.尽管如此；不过；仍然conj.然而；不过Our defeat was expected；nevertheless，it was disappointing.我们的失败是意料中的事；尽管如此,还是令人失望。We cant take your advice. Nevertheless, thank you for putti
9、ng it.我们不能接受您的建议。不过,谢谢您提出来。We are going nevertheless we shall return.我们要走了, 不过我们还要回来。8.persevere锲而不舍,坚持不懈；固执己见；持续,保持同义词：persist； endure； continue； carry on； keep onpersevere at / in /with something，Youll need to persevere if you want to succeed. 要想成功就要持之以恒。再来举两个例子，She persevered in her efforts to wi
10、n the scholarship. 她为了获得奖学金而不断努力。Its difficult, but Im going to persevere with it. 难是难，但是我一定要坚持到底。 persevere with sb，意思就是“不放弃某人”He was hopeless at French, but his teacher persevered with him. 他怎么也学不会法语，可是老师还是坚持帮助他。When things get difficult, you just have to grit your teeth and persevere.遇到困难只需咬紧牙关坚持
11、下去。If you persevere with work, youll succeed in the end.你如果把工作坚持下去，最终会取得成功的。Although he is in poor health,he still perseveres in his studies.尽管他身体不好，他仍孜孜不倦地学习。9. criticize v.批评；评论；吹毛吹疵=criticize（美）.Criticism n He always picks on small points to criticise.他老是找些小问题进行批评。Many people criticise George Cat
12、lin.许多人批评乔治卡特林。10. endure vt.容忍 vi.忍耐；持久；持续I cannot endure her rudeness any longer.我再也不能忍受她的无礼了。The company has endured tremendous losses.这个公司承受了巨大的损失。He endured cold and hunger.他忍受着寒冷与饥饿。I cant endure to hear about it.听说了这件事叫我无法忍受。I cant endure talking to them.与他们交谈,我可真受不了。He cant endure being dist
13、urbed in his work.他工作时不容许别人打扰他。I cannot endure you should say that.你竟然说出那种话真让人受不了。11.guarantee n.保证；保证书；担保；担保人；抵押品 vt.保证；担保We cant guarantee our workers regular employment.我们不能保证我们的工人经常受雇。We cant guarantee the punctual arrival of trains in fog weather.雾天我们不能保证火车准时到达。Our goods are guaranteed, you may
14、 return any bad ones.我们的货物是有保证的,有问题可以退货。I guarantee to fulfil the task.我保证完成任务。I guarantee that he will come.我保证他会来的。I cannot guarantee what he told me is reliable.我不敢说他告诉我的话都可靠。The students are not guaranteed jobs when they graduate.不保证学生毕业时能够获得工作。Can you guarantee the watch to keep good time?你能保证这
15、表走得准吗?The machine is guaranteed to run well.保证机器运行良好。Can you give me your guarantee that the goods will be delivered before Friday?你能给我保证这批货在星期五之前交货吗?This guarantee is valid for one year.这份保证书有效期为一年。12 delight n. 1.U高兴； 快乐； 愉快 2.C使人高兴的原因 v. 1.T给（某人）乐趣；使愉快 2.I以某事物为乐（常为残忍的事）；喜好某事物with delight 高兴地,愉快地,
16、欢欢喜喜地 take delight in 嗜好,乐于,喜欢这部电影给千百万人以莫大的快乐。误：The film gives great delights to millions of people.正：The film gives great delight to millions of people.析：delight 用作名词时，根据情况可以可数也可以不可数，其区别是：表示具体意义的“乐事”，为可数名词，表示抽象意义 的“快乐”，为不可数名词。比较：Raising flowers is a great delight.(养花是件很快乐的事)。我高兴地拜读了你的来信。误：I have re
17、ad your letter with my delight.正：I have read your letter with delight.析：with delight(高兴地)是习语，其中不可加入限定语，但有时可插入形容词，如：with real delight(十分高兴地)，with great delight(十分高兴地)等。现在许多人都喜欢看电视。误：Now many people take delight to watch TV.正：Now many people take delight in watching TV.析：take delight in (doing) sth 是
18、delight用作名词时的一个常用句型，注意后接 in (doing) sth，不用不定式。使他大为高兴的是, 他的小说被接受出版了。误：On his delight his novel was accepted for publication.正：To his delight his novel was accepted for publication.析：to ones delight(使某人高兴是)是习语，注意用介词to，类例：to ones joy(使某人高兴的是)，to ones surprise(使某人吃惊的是)等。他喜欢挑别人的毛病。误：He is delighted in fi
19、nding fault with others.正：He delights in finding fault with others.析：delight用作不及物动词时，其后通常接 in (doing) sth，表示喜欢做某事。注意：此时 delight不能用被动形式，因为它是不及物动词。见到你我真高兴。误：Im really delighted in seeing you.正：Im really delighted to see you.析：要注意 delight 用作及物或不及物动词时在结构上的差别： 用作及物动词的delight 在用于 be delighted结构时，其后根据情况可接不
20、定式，介词短语(at, by, with等)和从句等，但 是不能接介词 in 引出的短语(而用作不及物动词的 delight后通常接介词 in)。如：He was very much delighted with the result.(他对结果十分满意)，They were delighted atby the news.(听到这消息他们很高兴)，I was delighted that you were successful.(你成功了我很高兴)。那确实是一次令人愉快的聚会。误：It is really a delighted party.正：It is really a delightf
21、ul party.析：delighted 表示“感到高兴的”，delightful表示“使人高兴的”。注：表示后者的意思不能用 delighting(此词在现代英语几乎不用)。13.worthwhileworth, worthy, worthwhile 这三个词均可表示“值得的”，由于它们词形相近，意义相似。worth 通常只用作表语，不用于名词前作定语；worthy 和 worthwhile 可用作表语和定语。It isnt worth the trouble. 不值得费那个事。He is a worthy gentleman. 他是位值得尊敬的绅士。His behavior is wort
22、hy of great praise. 他的行为值得高度赞扬。They achieved a very worthwhile result. 他们取得了很有价值的成果。We had a long wait, but it was worthwhile because we got the tickets. 我们等了很久，但还算值得，因为我们把票买到了。be worth后可直接跟名词、代词或动名词。如：The picture is worth $ 500. 这幅画值500 美元。The clock is hardly worth repairing. 这台钟简直不值得修理。What is wor
23、th doing is worth doing well. 值得干的事就得干好。注意：其后可接动名词，不能接不定式，且接动名词时，总是用主动形式表示被动意义。2. 有关 be worthy 的搭配习惯。(1) be worthy 后不能直接跟名词、代词或动名词，若要接，应借助介词 of。如：Their efforts are worthy of your support. 他们的努力应得到你的支持。 Her behavior is worthy of praise. 她的行为是值得赞扬的。(2) 与be worth后只接动名词不接不定式不同，be worthy后不接动名词，而接不定式(若该不定
24、式要表示被动意义，则应用被动形式)。如：He is worthy to receive such honor. 他应该得到这种荣誉。This suggestion is worthy to be considered. 这个建议值得考虑。(3) 若要在be worthy后接动名词，与后接名词时的情形一样，应借助介词of，且该动名词若要表示被动意义，要用被动形式。如：He is worthy of filling =to fill the post. 这个职位他当之无愧。This suggestion is worthy of being considered =to be considered
25、. 这个建议值得考虑。3. 有关 be worthwhile 的搭配习惯的搭配习惯be worthwhile 后接动名词或不定式均可。如：It is worthwhile buying the dictionary. 这本词典值得买。(其中的 worthwhile 也可换成 worth)It is worthwhile to discuss the plan again. 这个计划值得再讨论一次。worthwhile 不能换成 worth，因为其后接用了不定式)一句多译在很多情况下，同一个意思可用几种不同的形式表达。如：那个地方值得一去。正：The place is worth a visit
26、.正：The place is worthy of a visit.正：The place is worth visiting.正：It is worth visiting the place.正：The place is worthy of being visited.正：The place is worthy to be visited.正：It is worthwhile visiting the place.正：It is worthwhile to visit the place.14.enthusiastic adj 热情的; 热心的; 热烈的; 狂热的 They are enth
27、usiastic admirers of that movie star.他们是那位电影明星的狂热崇拜者。 My parents are enthusiastic skiers.我的父母是滑雪迷。David is very enthusiastic about the plan.大卫对该项计划十分热心。15.【1】game：指决定胜负的比赛，游戏，通常有一定的规则，参加者必须遵守，且多以个人对抗或集体对抗形式根据一定的规则进行的比赛。【2】match： 多指重要的，参加队数较多的大型体育运动项目比赛，隐含势均力敌意味。【3】competition： 多指体育运动中的各项比赛、角逐，也指知识、技
28、巧等方面的竞赛。【4】contest： 多指在音乐、书法、演讲等方面所进行的比赛或竞争。其结果，由评判委员会裁决。16. Upsetadj.心烦的；苦恼的；不安的；不适的v.推翻；打乱；使心烦n.混乱；推翻The child upset the glass of milk.孩子打翻了奶瓶。He upset his car at the turn of the road.他在公路拐弯的地方翻了车。The wind has upset the birds net.风把鸟巢吹翻了。The rain upset our plans for a picnic.这场雨打乱了我们的野餐计划。The unex
29、pected visit upset our schedule.意外的访问打乱了我们的日程安排。They were afraid this would upset the world balance of power.他们担心这会打破世界力量均衡。The bad news upset him.坏消息使他心烦意乱。His friends death upset him very much.他朋友的去世使他很难过。The boat was upset by the waves.波浪把那条船打翻了。His mind was too much upset.他心烦意乱。Please dont get u
30、pset. I was only joking.请别生气,我只是开个玩笑而已。She appeared quite upset.她看起来很烦恼。17.mere adj.仅仅的；纯粹的Mere words wont help.光说没用。It is a mere matter of time.这仅仅是时间的问题。The cut was a mere scratch.只不过是擦伤而已。Dont scold him, he is a mere child.别责备他,他只不过是个孩子。18.embarrass 使窘迫；使尴尬；使为难embarrassed adj embarrassment nThe t
31、eacher always embarrasses the students.那位老师总是使学生们局促不安。She was embarrassed when they asked her age.当他们问及她的年龄时她感到很窘。She was embarrassed when they kept telling her how clever she was.当他们不停地说她非常聪明时,她很不好意思。He was embarrassed by many debts.他被很多债务弄得焦灼不安。She may embarrass you with her uncouth behavior.她的粗野行
32、为可能会让你尴尬。You didnt embarrass me in the slightest.你一点也没让我为难。19.we regret to inform you regret to do 表示很遗憾地做某事(事情还没有做I regret to tell you that you cant pass the examination.我很遗憾地通知你，你不能通过这次考试We regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you the job.我们遗憾地通知你，我们没法给你这份工作。regret doing表示后悔或遗憾做过某事（为已经
33、做过的的事情感到遗憾），I regret disturbing you so long.我很抱歉打扰了你那么久I regret spending having spent so much money. 我很后悔花了这么多钱。比较下面两句：I regret to say that I cannot come.很抱歉，我不能来了。I regret saying that I cannot come.我后悔说过我不能来。20.response n. 反应；回答；响应；答复respond (to)She has received a response from that college to her
34、application.她已经收到那所大学对她申请的答复。She made no response to my letter.她没有回复我的信。There was an enthusiastic response to my suggestions.我的提议得到了热情的响应。It gave relief workers a dry run at how to respond.它让救援人员演习如何作出反应。Your baby may respond to unfamiliar faces too.宝宝对不熟悉的面孔可能也会作出反应。in response to, 响应.The meeting w
35、as called in response to a request from China应中国的要求召开了这次会议。21.Their hearts sinking独立主格结构独立主格结构，是由“名词或代词+现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语或副词短语”构成的一种独立结构。在该结构中，名词或代词与其后的部分构成逻辑上的主谓关系，用来修饰谓语动词或整个句子。在句中作状语，表示 “时间、条件、原因、伴随，方式或结果” 等含义。其位置比较灵活，放于句首句末均可。1. 名词（代词）+ 现在分词The clock striking twelve, I went to bed. （
36、表原因）These women having produced works of the highest quality, any survey of the 19th century English literature must include them. （表原因）2. 名词（代词）+ 过去分词He lay there on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast. （表伴随）Enough time given, she will surely do the job better. （表条件）3. 名词
37、（代词）+ 不定式Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month. （表伴随）He proposed a picnic, he himself to pay for the railway tickets and John to provide the food. （表方式）4. 名词（代词）+ 形容词短语Her face pale with anger, she rose to go away. （表原因）I saw a deep pond, the water blue like the sky
38、. （表结果）5. 名词（代词）+ 介词短语Then, last night, I followed him here and climbed in, sword in hand. （表方式）Child in arms, a few women stood there chatting. （表方式）6. 名词（代词）+ 副词短语Summer over, the students returned to school. （表原因）7. 名词（代词）+ 名词短语His first shot a failure, Tom fired again. （表原因）1. 独立主格结构的转换独立主格结构可以根
39、据其语法作用，进行句式转换。例如：The clock striking twelve, I went to bed. 转换为状语从句：When the clock was striking twelve, I went to bed. 也可以转换成一个并列句：The clock stuck twelve and I went to bed.2. 独立主格结构与冠词在“名词+ 介词短语”独立主格结构中，如果逻辑主语和介词短语中的名词都是可数名词单数，这些名词前不要用冠词，目的为了更加简练。He was standing over there, pipe in mouth.Flag on shou
40、lder, the soldier rushed to the top of the building.但若与with连用，名词前则要加冠词或物主代词。如：Then, last night, I followed him here and climbed in, with a sword in his hand.3. 独立主格结构中being 的省略在下列句子中，being 可以省略，若不省略，则是现在分词短语。Summer (being) over, the students returned to school.His first shot (being) a failure, Tom f
41、ired again.Her face (being) pale with anger, she rose to go away.Take for exampleHe wrote many great dramas. Take Hamlet for example. 他写了很多大剧作，比如哈姆雷特。Let me take Edison for example. 让我以爱迪生为例。22.Stick n. 手杖；枝；杆vt. 刺入；插于；竖起vi. 钉住；坚持，遵守；粘贴；生效，起作用过去式: stuck 过去分词: stuck 现在分词: sticking 第三人称单数: sticksA wal
42、king stick is a must for me now.如今我行走离不开手杖了。We made the fire out of dry sticks.我们用干柴枝来生火。A pin stuck me in the hand.一根针刺入我的手。Stick the fork into the potato.用叉子插土豆。His hair sticks up.他的头发竖起来。We must stick to our policy.我们必须坚持我们的政策。Stick a label on your suitcase.把标签粘贴在你的手提箱上23.Survive survival一.作及物动词1
43、. 在.之后仍然生存,从.中逃生Only two passengers survived the air-crash.这次飞机失事只有两名乘客幸免于死。She was the only girl to survive the accident.她是这次事故的惟一幸存者.Few of the houses survived the war没有一所房子经受住了战争的洗礼.2. 比.活得长;丧失(配偶,亲人等)She survived her husband by twenty years.她丈夫去世后她又活了二十年。Surprisingly, John survived his younger b
44、rother.出乎意料的是约翰竟然活得比他弟弟还长.Few survived after the flood.洪水后极少有人生还。Of the six people injured in the crash, only two survived.因这次撞车事故受伤的六人中,只有两个人活下来了.Of the wounded,only three survived.伤员中只有三个活了下来.survive on靠 . 活下来； 靠 . 生存These players have to survive on their wiles.这些运动员得靠诡计才能不被淘汰。They can survive on
45、very little money.他们用很少的钱就可以生存。24.Turn down关小,调低;拒绝,不接受;拉下来(衣领等)Turn the heat down or your cake will burn.把热度调低吧,要不蛋糕就要糊了。Please turn the radio down a bit.请把收音机关小点。She petitioned her neighbor to turn down the radio.她请求邻居把收音机关小点声。I turn down the offer.我拒绝那个提议。The board turn down all approach on the s
46、ubject of merger.董事长拒绝了有关合并事宜的任何协商。She turned down every offer of help.别人提出的帮助他都拒绝了。turn down,refuse,reject,decline,在表示拒绝的意思时的区别如下：refuse “拒绝”，语气较强。refuse to do dh. 表示不愿做某事；refuse后接宾语，相当于动词短语turn down的用法。名词为 refusal。He was very obstinate. He persisted in doing his own way and refused to listen to any advice.（他很固执，坚持要自行其事，不听任何劝告。）I think that it is wise for the manager to refuse/turn down the lucrative offer to their company.（我认为对他们公司有利可图的报价经理应该明智地予以拒绝。） I tried ve
