1、2022-4-231l1. 考生应在30分钟内，根据题目要求及写作提纲或规定情节，图表等写出120字以上，语言比较规范的短文。l2. 要求“内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点，表达清楚，文字连贯。句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。”2022-4-232l作文满分为15分，阅卷标准共分为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（8分）相似，即定为该分（8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分，则可以加一分，即为9分，或减一分，即为7分，但不得加或减半分。具体标准如下：l2分条理不清，思路混乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多为严重错误。l5分基本切题。表达
2、思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重的语言错误。2022-4-233l8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。l11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。l14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错，文字运用较好。2022-4-234n注：n 白卷、作文与题目毫不相干，或只有几个孤立 的词而无法表达思想，则给零分。n n 字数不够应酌情扣分。如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句均不得计入所写字数。n n 只写一段者，0-4分；两段者，0-9分（指规定三段的作文）。2022-4-235l 通过对历年英语
3、短文写作考生答卷的分析，考生写作时已具有较大的主动性和创造性。绝大多数考生都有一定的英语基础，也已经基本上掌握了表达自己观点和想法的词汇和语法知识。但从整体得分来看，多数考生短文写作成绩却不尽人意。分数主要集中在5-9分。2022-4-236l考生普遍存在着普遍的问题是思维单调，例证堆切，简单罗例数据，片面描绘画面，缺乏主题提升等方面的通病。究其原因，一方面存在着教学过程中忽略了对学生书面表达能力的培养，学生缺乏适量的作文训练；另一方面，还有些考生对英语短文写作的考试要求不十分明确，靠背几篇范文，压几道题，抱着碰运气的态度，就仓促上阵。2022-4-237l1. 大小写，标点符号，拼写错误;l
4、2. 卷面不洁，字迹潦草，用铅笔写作；l3. 语法和结构错误，造成文章结构松散，脱节；l4. 代词，连接词或逻辑顺序词错用，而造成文章的逻辑混乱；l5. 用中文思维加英文翻译所造成的语句生硬，错误；2022-4-238l5. 文不对题，部分跑题或主题不突出所造成 的文章不切题现象。l6. 词汇量匮乏，文章中难见高分词汇； l7. 语法不通，复合句使用错误多且表达不清；l8. 句型单一、句子无变化，表达方式单调;l9. 不会正确使用常用套语，文章缺少层次感；l10. 作文普遍缺乏文采，打动人的杰作奇缺。2022-4-239l1. 短文写作大致分为五种类型：lA. 记叙文 (Narration)l
5、B. 描写文（Description）lC. 说明文（Exposition）lD. 论说文（Argumentation）lE. 应用文（Practical Writing）2022-4-2310l2. 命题形式（主要有三种形式） 包括命题提纲式，命题提纲式附首段起始句，命题式附各段主题句等分支。 包括情景式给定标题的论说文和情景式给定标题的记叙文等。 包括无题提纲式图表类作文，无题提纲式漫画或图片类作文；命题提纲式图表类作文和命题提纲式漫画或图片类作文。 2022-4-2311 l 句子构建是写作的关键。字词组合看似简单其实奥妙无穷。不同文化、不同风格的作者肯定会写出不同的句子结构。句子有简单
6、句、并列句、复合句之分。仅仅简单句可分为主谓结构、主谓宾结构、主谓宾+宾结构、主谓补结构、主谓宾补结构、主（系）动表结构等等。而复合句有不同的组合关系如条件关系、因果关系、让步关系、对比关系、递进关系。条件句又细分真实条件和非真实条件（虚拟）。2022-4-2312l根据句子语态，句子有主动语态和被动语态之分。根据排列顺序，句子可分为正常语序句和倒装句。l 一般说来，好的文章包含复合句、非真实条件句、被动语态、倒装句更多，因为它们是受教育程度高低的主要衡量指标。它们的语法规则严格而复杂，受教育少的人是无法正确驾驭这种句子的构建。同时它们也是正式语体和书面语体的集中表现。l 2022-4-231
7、3l 外语习得者要消灭写句子时的错误通常是不可能的，但是朝少犯错误、不犯严重错误的方向而努力奋斗，这应该是受到鼓励和劳有所报的过程。l正确无误的句子的标准如下：2022-4-2314l 1. 保持句子结构完整。 2. 首字母要大写。 3. 结尾要有句号或问号或感叹号或省略号。 4. 句子应表达一个完整的意思。 5. 句子前后要符合逻辑推理。l 6. 主语为代词时要指代明晰。 7.句子时态要正确，主要指前后一致或符合 上下文场景。2022-4-2315l1.1.From Shanghai, he at last became a From Shanghai, he at last became
8、a high official in Beijing.high official in Beijing.llNote: This sentence is correct in Note: This sentence is correct in grammar but not effective or logical grammar but not effective or logical in meaning, because his birthplace or in meaning, because his birthplace or former worksite does not ens
9、ure his former worksite does not ensure his promotion in Beijing. So this sentence promotion in Beijing. So this sentence lacks unity.lacks unity.l 2022-4-2316l2. Mr. Bush said to his brother that he had done a good job.l lNote:Note: The reader is not sure whom “he” should be referred to. So this se
10、ntence lacks coherence.2022-4-2317l1. In the month of May people of different professions from all circles in each city hold voting meeting to elect their representatives, and these representatives will go to Beijing, the Chinese capital, in the month of October to attend a notional congress of mode
11、l workers from all corners of China.l 2022-4-2318lNote: There are too many repetitions and unnecessary words in the sentence, such as “in the month of May”, “in the month of October”, “different professions from all circles”, “voting m e e t i n g t o e l e c t ” , “ t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t
12、i v e s , a n d t h e s e representatives”, “Beijing, the Chinese capital”, “nationalfrom all corners of China”. So this is a wordy sentence.2022-4-2319l1. What is common to all heroes is that they do not fear death, danger and hardships.l lNote: They emphasize the last meaning or thing whenever the
13、re are several additional words and phrases in the English culture. We stress the first word or phrase while there is parallelism in Chinese culture. Now that we are writing in English, we have to follow their suit.l 2022-4-2320l1. Xiao Li was born in a small village. The village was not printed on
14、any map. His father was a teacher in the village school. He never left the village. Later he graduated from that school and entered a junior middle school in a town. On weekdays he had to live at school. Without parents there, he learned to look after himselfbuying food and washing clothes.l lNote:
15、This is a childish composition, just as a diary from a pupil. As an adult, we are advised upon more sophisticated writing at least not that monotonic. So to be various in style is to be encouraged if a good essay tends to turn up.2022-4-2321l1）There are three reasons for this.l2）The reasons for this
16、 are as follows.l3）The reason for this is obvious.l4）The reason for this is not far to seek.l5）The reason for this is that.l6）We have good reason to believe that.2022-4-2322l例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. Firstly，peoples living standard has been greatly
17、 improved. Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like. Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.2022-4-2323l1） It has the following advantages.l2） It does us a lot of good.l3） It benefits us quite a lot.l4） It is beneficial to us.l5） It
18、is of great benefit to us.2022-4-2324l例如：l Books are like friends. They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons. Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.2022-4-2325l1） It has more disadvantages than advantages.l2） It does us much harm.l3）
19、It is harmful to us. 2022-4-2326例如： However，everything divides into two. Television can also be harmful to us. It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.2022-4-2327l1）It is important（necessary，difficult， convenient， possible）for sb. to do sth.l2）We t
20、hink it necessary to do sth.l3）It plays an important role in our life.2022-4-2328l例如：lComputers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business. Soon， computers will be found in every home，too. We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly im
21、portant role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.2022-4-2329l1）We should take some effective measures.l2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties.l3）We should do our utmost in doing sth.l4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with.2022-4-2330
22、l例如：lThe housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.2022-4-2331l1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years.l2）A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications.l3）The comput
23、er has brought about many changes in education.2022-4-2332l例如：Some changes have taken place in peoples diet in the past five years. The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek. Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk
24、 for vitamins.2022-4-2333l1）We cannot ignore the fact that.l2）No one can deny the fact that.l3）There is no denying the fact that.l4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.l5）However，thats not the case.2022-4-2334l例如：lWe cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it th
25、e problems of pollution.To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.2022-4-2335l1）ComparedwithA，B.l2)AandBhasseveralpointsincommon.3)ItistruethatA.,butthechie
26、ffaultB(obviousdefects)are.l4)AandBdifferinseveralways.l5)TheadvantagesofAaremuchgreaterthanthoseofB.l6）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV.l7）Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem.2022-4-2336l例如：lCompared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable. Firstly，they do not consume natu
27、ral resources of petroleum. Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem. Last but not least，they contribute to peoples health by giving them due physical exercise.2022-4-2337l 1)Agoodcaseinpointis.l2)Asanillustration,wemaytake.l3)Suchexamplesmightbegiveneasily.l4).isoftencitedasanexample.2022-4
28、-2338l1）It has increased（decreased）from.to.l2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000.l3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January.l 2022-4-2339l例如：lWith the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of peoples income spent o
29、n food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.l再如：lFrom the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 20002022-4-2340l1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towa
30、rds sth.l2）People have different opinions on this problem.l3）People take different views of（on）the question.l4）Some people believe that.Others argue that.2022-4-2341l例如：People have different attitudes towards failure. Some believe that failure leads to success.lEvery failure they experience translat
31、es into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor. However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.l再如：Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it.2022-4-2342l1）In short，it can be said that .l2）It
32、may be briefly summed up as follows.l3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that .l2022-4-2343l例如：lFrom what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved.2022-4-2344l1）Its well known to us that
33、 .l2）As is known to us，.l3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about.l4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that .l5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way.2022-4-2345l例如：lAs is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside ca
34、mpus.l The reason for this is obvious. Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower. As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus. Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.202
35、2-4-2346l再如：lDoes it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it.2022-4-2347l1.组织素材：l要想尽快，高效地收集，罗列素材，可分两个步骤走：l第一步，围绕文章的主题展开风暴式思考（Brainstorming),尽可能多地 调集脑海中已有观点和词汇，可无序排列，但必须剔除不熟悉和不会拼写的部分；l第二步，按素材的重要性，逻辑归属等标准，对素材加以筛选，归类和排列，整理，以备
36、后用。2022-4-2348l要求：l 1. Present situation for fast food.l 2. Possible reasons for its popularity.l 3. Prospects of fast food in China.l 文章构思根据主题句将内容分为几个要点，再给出若干细节具体说明，如图所示：2022-4-2349l Reasons for the popularity of Fast Food RestaurantA variety of fast foodSatisfy peoples needsReasonsrelaxTaste foodW
37、ashing dishesTraditional Chinese foodPizzaReasonable priceListen to musicFrench frieshamburgerDo more important thingnutritiousBenefit people a lotSave time and troublecookingconvenientdeliciousshoppingCleaning up tables2022-4-2350l l Nowadays, fast food is popular in China. Fast food restaurants ha
38、ve mushroomed everywhere and many working couples and school children now enjoy having their breakfast and lunch there.l 2022-4-2351l Fast food restaurants are rapidly gaining popularity in China for quite a few reasons. Firstly, there are a variety of fast food available. If you are busy or tired o
39、f cooking, you may have American hamburgers, French fries, an Italian pizza or numerous traditional Chinese food cooked quickly by modern techniques for a change. The food often looks so nice and smells 2022-4-2352lSo good that you cannot help trying it yourself. Secondly, fast food satisfies people
40、s needs. It is convenient, nutritious and delicious; the price is also reasonable so that everybody can afford it. Finally, with fast food, you can save time and a world trouble, such as shopping, cooking, cleaning up tables and washing greasy dishes. Consequently, it benefits people a lot. You may
41、taste all kinds of food, listen to soft music, relax, and have time to do more important things.2022-4-2353l Fast food has already changed our ways of living. With the rapid development of science and technology, fast food will give us better service and possibly will become indispensable to our mod
42、ern life.2022-4-23541.合理布局篇章结构 引言Introduction交代背景Background )点明主题Thesis概括性介绍文章的发展，内容和作者的观点 正文 Body主题句 Topic S .拓展句 Supporting S.总结句 Conclusion S.详细具体地展开（叙述，论述，说明）文章的话题和作者的态度 结论Conclusion小结 Summary概括大意，重复要点，得出结论，提出建议2022-4-2355l2. 写好引言，主体部分和结尾段落l3.遵循科学的写作步骤lA. 审题lB. 组织素材lC. 撰写提纲lD. 行文lE. 修改与修订l 2022-
43、4-2356l段落可以概括地定义为围绕一个主题而展开的一组相关的句子。这组句子是密切关联的信息组合，也是文字表达的一个基本单位。段落的中心思想通常有主题句概括，而主题句中提出的问题和论点要在段落中通过扩展句进行讨论与回答。l段落常常有三部分构成：l1. 主题句（topic sentence)l2. 扩展句（supporting sentences)l3. 结尾句（concluding sentence)2022-4-2357l1. 开头段：开头段：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，点明写作目的。吸引读者的兴趣与好奇心。l2. 中间段：中间段：是一篇文章的正文，其作用是对文章主题进行解释和证明。l3
44、. 结尾段：结尾段：是简要地呼应前面段落的内容进行总结，点明主题，使文章的意思更明确，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。2022-4-2358 general introductory remarksIntroductionnarrow controlling ideaBody Topic sentence _ supporting details ( examples, reasons or arguments) _ concluding remarksconclusion restatement of controlling ideafinal statement2022-4-2359lOutlin
45、e:l 1. Personal experience;l 2. Advantages over buses;l 3. Summary and my comments.2022-4-2360l I well remember the days when my mother sent me to kindergarten by bus every morning. We had to wait for hours until we finally got on board a bus. Being squeezed out of breath like satin in an overcrowde
46、d bus, we felt lucky when we saw women with children waiting helplessly at bus stops in heavy rain or bitter cold. Now we have taxi as an alternative, and people like its comfort, convenience and reasonable price.2022-4-2361l Taxi is gaining popularity for several reasons. First, traveling in an air
47、 conditioned taxi cab is comfortable. Wherever you go, the driver takes care of everything; what you do is just sitting in cozy seats, enjoying yourself in all kinds of weather at any time. Besides, it can save you time and a world of trouble of driving. Second, taxi is convenient, especially in an
48、emergency or on special occasions. 2022-4-2362lFor example, if you are suddenly very sick deep at night with nobody to turn for help in an unfamiliar place, taxi is always available to help you to a hospital. Finally, taxi fare is affordable.Even you have a car, you have to pay the bills of gas, ins
49、urance and car maintenance. What is more, the many advantages of a taxi are recognized by more people.2022-4-2363l With the rapid improvement of living standards, taxi has become an important means of transportation in China because of its reasonable price, its availability and the comfort it offers
50、. In fact, many people depend on taxi to go to work and almost everyone has the experience of taking a taxi on special occasions. I am happy for not having buses as the only choice anymore.2022-4-2364l 英语短文写作既然是一种语言创作，就不可能像数学有严格的公式可套用，但却可以找出一定的思路来遵循。l第一段：引言句扩展句限制主题句l第二段：主题句扩展句扩展句扩展句扩展句段落小结；l第三段：连接词+
